His first collection of children's stories, including Light Box, Little Klaus and Big Klaus, Princess on the Pea and Little Flower, was published in the spring of 1835. 1837, two stories were added to this episode, which were compiled into the collection of fairy tales 1. The second volume was completed in 1842, and 1847 wrote a picture book without pictures.
From 1840 to 1857, Andersen traveled to Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Asia Minor and Africa, and wrote many travel notes during his travels, such as A Poet's Market (1842) and Scenery in Sweden. He met many famous writers and artists in Germany, France and other countries. I met Dickens in England from 65438 to 0847.
Andersen wrote three autobiographies: 1832 (1926), 1847 The True Story published in Germany, and a later biography (1855). Most of his novels and fairy tales are autobiographical. For example, the impromptu poet Ault (1836) is just a violinist (1837) and two baroness (1848), to be or not to be (1857), while in his works, such as A Dream under the Willow,
1843, Andersen met the Swedish female singer Yan Ni Linde. Sincere friendship has become an inspiring force in his creation. But he is not satisfied with his personal life. He has never been married. His closest friends in his later years were Henrik and melcher. 1875 On August 4th, Andersen died in his mansion in melcher, Copenhagen. The fairy tale master worked tirelessly all his life and dedicated his genius and life to the "future generation". Until three years before his death, * * * wrote 168 fairy tales and stories. His works have been translated into more than 80 languages.
Andersen's fairy tales reflect the democratic tradition and realistic tendency in Danish literature. His best fairy tales are well known, and today they are told by many adults and children all over the world. Some fairy tales, such as The Little Match Girl, The Ugly Duckling and The Gatekeeper's Son, not only describe the miserable life of the poor, but also are full of romantic feelings and fantasies. Because the author was born in poverty, he deeply felt the inequality between the rich and the poor and the law of the jungle. Therefore, on the one hand, he enthusiastically praised the working people, sympathized with the unfortunate poor, and praised their noble qualities such as kindness and purity with sincere brushwork; On the other hand, he angrily lashed the cruel, greedy, weak and stupid reactionary ruling class and exploiters, exposed the ugly behavior of church monks and the people's bad habits, and spared no effort to criticize the ugly phenomenon of society. "The Emperor's New Clothes" satirizes the ugly state of the emperor's incompetence and courtiers' flattery; The Nightingale and The Princess on the Pea mocked the ignorance and fragility of the nobility. Some stories, such as Snow Queen, show the author's optimistic belief that "truth, goodness and beauty will eventually win". In his last work, The Gardener and the Master, he also made great efforts to create a true patriot image, which reflected the author's unswerving patriotism.
Some of Andersen's fairy tales, especially some of his later works, also show his ideological limitations. Although he showed full sympathy for the poor, he couldn't find a way out of his misfortune. He looked at the world with sad eyes and showed negative emotions. He believes that God is the embodiment of truth, goodness and beauty, and can lead people to "happiness". In his works, he preached morality, Christian fraternity and the spirit of tolerance and reconciliation.
Andersen's fairy tales are closely related to folk literature, inheriting and carrying forward the simple and fresh style of folk literature. Most of his early works were based on folk stories, and many folk songs and legends were quoted in his later works.
In terms of genre and writing techniques, Andersen's works are diversified, including fairy tales and short stories; There are fables and poems; It is suitable for children to read and adults to enjoy. His artistic images, such as naked emperor, determined tin soldier, Thumbelina, ugly duckling and red shoes, have become allusions in European languages.
As far as language style is concerned, Andersen is a very creative writer. In his works, he used the daily spoken language of the lower class people in Denmark and the structure of folk stories. The language is vivid, natural, fluent and beautiful, full of strong local flavor.
Andersen's works were introduced to China long ago, and Zhou Zuoren's translation of The Little Match Girl was published in the issue of New Youth1919. From 65438 to 0942, Beijing Xinchao Society published the Travel Guide translated by Lin Lan and Zhang Jinfen. Since then, the Commercial Press, Zhonghua Book Company and Ming Kai Bookstore have successively published translations of Andersen's fairy tales, biographies of Andersen and comments on his works. Translators include Zheng Zhenduo, Mao Dun, Zhao and Gu. But before liberation, all the translations were from English, Japanese or other national languages. After liberation, Ye Junjian made a systematic study of Andersen's original works and directly translated all Andersen's fairy tales from Danish into Chinese. People's Literature Publishing House published "Selected Fairy Tales of Ye Junjian" for many times in 1955, 1958 and 1978.
Hans christian andersen grew up in two towns, two social environments, two worlds and two times. Therefore, in the process of growing into a writer, his heart is full of contradictions, and sometimes there will even be fierce ideological struggles. The promotion of social status provides direct and indirect themes for many of his fairy tales, novels and plays. In the process of seeking a brand-new identity and becoming a celebrity in many aspects, the promotion of social status has become the source of his creation of a large number of works, but it has also brought him permanent and difficult wounds.
Two towns
The two cities that had a decisive influence on him were his hometown of odense and Copenhagen, where he lived and worked and spent most of his adult life.
As a poor boy living in odense, a small but self-sufficient capital city, Andersen accepted the impressions and experiences that later played a decisive role in his literary creation in the first 14 years of his life. Andersen emphasized in his autobiography "Levnedbogen" (published only in1926) when he was young that odense's lifestyle retained some old customs and superstitions unknown in Copenhagen, which gave him a colorful imagination. However, what is more decisive is the annoying social experience from the bottom of society and his urgent mood to get rid of poverty and end his innate social status. At the same time, he was eager to realize that there was only one way out of his potential at that time-the art world, and this sense of urgency was the most affected in his whole childhood.
In addition, the old woman who shared a room in odense Relief Home told him some folk stories, which later proved to be the origin of his adaptation of old stories and his own fairy tales. In this respect, Andersen is also between two worlds: the oral narrative tradition and the modern world represented by book culture, which can fully reflect the role of the author.
One of the factors that decided hans christian andersen's life direction and his extraordinary 18 19 year's move to Copenhagen-after that, his social status and literary achievements have been improved-is that odense, as the only city outside the capital, has a theater. In addition to being addicted to literary works in his early years and being far away from the real world (his father hans andersen was a shoemaker with many books, including the Bible, Holberg's Comedy and Arabian Nights), he also kept in touch with theaters (including itinerant actors from the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen), which gave Andersen knowledge and direction for his dreams and ambitions. 18 19 September 4th, 14 years old left home. At that time, just a few months after his confirmation ceremony, he went to the theater in Copenhagen to find his future. Although the adventure was not very successful, Andersen was closely connected with the theater for the rest of his life. He became a writer who created a large number of plays and a translator and arranger of foreign plays. Drama made his life, so it can really be said that if he was born in any other capital city in Denmark, his career would not be the same as later.
During his first few years in Copenhagen (18 19-22), Andersen tried his best to gain a solid position in the theater as a ballet dancer, actor or singer. Finally, when all these attempts failed, he tried to become a playwright in vain, but as a result, a drama director decided to send him to school so that he might be trained as a useful person, so this experience, like the days spent in odense, played a decisive role in his later life and work. In Copenhagen, he was accepted by two families-the Colin family and the Ulf family, who became his spiritual relatives. Here, he also began to understand the middle class and the upper class in capital, as well as the proletariat at the bottom of society. He began to understand the struggle for survival and the pain of being a supplicant who lives on the goodwill of others.
After leaving odense and deciding to engage in artistic work, Andersen had only one choice: stand up and continue. However, it was during this period that he experienced the pain and humiliation of leaving one world but not being accepted by another higher-level world. This experience is reflected in his fairy tale "Mermaid" (1837), the protagonist of the novel "O.T." and the drama "mulatto".
However, after studying in Srager Sese and Elsinore, Copenhagen played a positive role in his development: here, as a proletarian, Andersen gained the culture and education related to the middle class circle in its heyday, including the last few years of the monarchy, when he was sensitive and emotionally fragile, he learned to use relaxed and ironic Copenhagen one-liners. In particular, he learned from the Colin family in the most amazing way, which he also learned from the mainstream playwright circle and critic John Ludvig Heiberg. It can be said that all Andersen's fairy tales seem to be suspended between the following two poles: emotion and wisdom, sensitivity and irony, nature and culture. His works are full of tension, which is first manifested in his works. The Tour de France is a hiking trip from the Hormones Canal to the easternmost tip of Amartya 1828 to 1829, which is his first time.
Denmark and Europe
As a continuous journey from odense to Copenhagen or a leap in life, Andersen spent his whole life shuttling between Denmark and other parts of Europe, especially Germany, and became his second hometown. At the same time, his travel also brought him a literary reputation in the world. Andersen also felt the feeling of going home in other parts of Europe, especially Italy, which left him a deep impression of nature, secular life and art. Andersen's feelings for Denmark were contradictory. He can't live without this country, but sometimes he feels completely disgusted by the meanness of this country. He was the first famous victim of Gentrov and was later recognized. In the later period of Andersen's literary career, Seren Kierkegaard followed closely as another victim. But compared with Kierkegaard, he never went further than Berlin, and Andersen became the farthest Danish writer of his time. He has traveled abroad 29 times and lived outside Denmark for more than 9 years.
Two eras
As Andersen rose from the bottom of society to the top, he gradually became a frequent visitor to Danish and foreign manor houses and the residences of Danish and foreign kings and princes. Therefore, Andersen's life has become an example of social class mobility, which really only appears in the middle-class democratic politics after the signing of the 1849 charter. Andersen's life and work are firmly rooted in the culture at the end of the monarchy, but as a social and political layman, he had to learn the ideas in the culture of that period, which led to his thoughts being more modern and progressive than most contemporary writers. The romantic worship of the old days is similar to "the peak of glory, from which we once fell, but now we have found it again" (Adam O 'Renschler? Ger) such a view, he has reason to refuse, but put all his hopes on the future development. Looking at all Andersen's works, he thinks that the direction of future development is to improve human nature and carry forward the spirit of enlightenment (see his travel notes "A Roam in the Yanxia Mountain in the Romantic Zone", Saxony, Switzerland,&; C (written in 183 1), and his story "The Godfather's Album" (written in 1868), when he was in a state of worship, he enthusiastically learned how to travel (see his travel notes "The Poet's Market" (written in1858) He believes that this will turn the world into a "single mental state", just as we think the Internet will do today) and benefit from the revolution of industrial mode (see his article Silkeborg). This article, like Bing Nv (written in 1862) and the Goddess of the Forest (written in 1868), shows that he sometimes looks at development pessimistically. Especially because this view is everywhere in his works, he seems to be the spokesman of "nature", because he emphasizes the value of "nature", especially in his understanding of art and literature (see stories such as The Nightingale (1843) and The Bell (1845)). )。
From the perspective of literature, ideology and politics, Andersen spanned two cultures, two eras, two social systems and two literary periods (The Romantic Period and early realism).
Religious belief
His religious feelings are found in all his works, which developed from a non-dogmatic classification of Christianity, a heartfelt belief and an emotion closely related to human nature and the material world in which we live. This is the starting point for us to fear God (see the mermaid (1837) and the last dream of the old oak tree (1858)). Andersen's understanding of religious belief is by no means naive or naive (although he is often accused of this). His attitude is reflected in some chapters of his works, such as the section "Faith and Science, a sermon inspired by nature" in his travels "Portrait of Sweden" (185 1). In the chapter "Poetic California", this book also expresses his belief in the integration of nature and poetry. This belief comes from his friend H.C. Orsted's similar statement, which can also be used in the religious interpretation novel To Be, or Not to Be? "(1857) and" Cordoba "in Spanish Travels (Danish, 1863). However, Andersen's belief is not unchallenged. His diaries, stories and novels are full of expressions of pain, doubt, anxiety and emptiness, such as the novels Just a Violinist (in Danish, 1847), Earl of Fir (in Danish, 1844) and Toothache menstruation (in Danish,/kloc). 1859) and the poem "Psalm" (meaning "hymn", Danish, 1864), which has been included in the Danish hymn collection.
fame
Andersen's literary works became famous in the mid-1930s, when his novels were widely circulated in Germany. But since 1839, he has created an unusual reputation in that country with his fairy tales. We regard the period from 65438 to the mid-1940s as a period when fairy tales and novels made great breakthroughs in Britain and America.
Honorary citizen
After his youth, Andersen only occasionally returned to his hometown of odense. But in 1867, he was awarded the title of State Councilor. Odense hoped to congratulate this great son of the city in some way, so he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city in that year1February. This activity ended with the compilation of the sequel to Andersen's autobiography My Story (first compiled at 1855, and the sequel started at 1869).
labour union
The following deeds of Andersen are of great significance and play an important role in describing the image of Andersen: He was the first Danish writer who broke the ice and accepted the invitation to read his fairy tale for the newly established trade union 1860. In the last 20 to 25 years of his life, he recited to the following associations in turn: student union, trade union, royal family, seamstress and aristocrat. In the trade union, he met a group of enthusiastic listeners, often 500 to 1000 people listened to him at the same time, and he recited it to them for about 20 times. For this reason, the trade union praised it again and again, and organized an honorary guard at the funeral of Andersen in Copenhagen Cathedral with members of the Student Union.
Resting place
Andersen was buried in Assistens Kirkegard, Copenhagen. At first, this cemetery buried him, his friend Edward Colin and Colin's wife Henriette. 1920 or so, there were some public criticism voices, which involved treating Andersen as the "adopted son" of the Colin couple. In this case, a descendant of the Collins couple moved the tombstones of Edward and Henriette to the family cemetery, so now only Andersen's tombstone stands alone.
Note: Janteloven, from a novel by Aksel Sandemose, clearly stipulates that you should never feel superior or particularly superior under any circumstances.