1 What development stages did ancient Greek and Roman literature go through? What are the main achievements and characteristics of each stage? What are the representative writers and works?
Greece
The first period (the transition period from clan society to slave society) is called Homer era (BC 1 1-BC9).
Major achievements: myths and epics
Hersiod (Oracle Bone Inscriptions's Poetic Works and Time, Episode of Narrative Poetry)
Homer's Iliad and Odyssey
The second period (the formation and prosperity of the Greek slave city-state) is called "the formation period of the city-state" (BC8-BC5).
Main Achievements: Lyrics and Fables. Qin Song has made great achievements in lyric poetry.
The representative poet of piano solo: Anacreon: creating "Anacreon style". Sappho: Plato called her "the tenth goddess of literature and art".
The representative poet of chorus piano music: Pinda: masterpiece Ode to Victory
Fable: Aesop's Fable Aesop's Fable (prose style)
The third period (the heyday of Greek slavery) is called the "classical period" (BC6-BC4).
Main achievements: drama, prose and literary theory.
Three famous tragic poets in the history of European literature in its heyday
Aeschylus: Prometheus bound by the Teia trilogy (Agamemnon, Drunk, Avenger).
Sophocles: King Oedipus
Euripides: Medea and Trojan women.
Comedy poet:
Akanai people, birds and frogs in aristophanes
Literary theorists: Plato's Literary Dialogues, Shadow Theory and Morality Theory. Aristotle: poetics
The third period (the decline of slavery) is called "Hellenistic period" (the end of 4th century BC-BC2).
Main achievements: Little achievement, only the new drama has a certain influence on later literature.
New Comedy: Menander (Athenian), World Hater and Samos Woman
Pastoral Poetry: Toth's "Pastoral"
Rome
The first stage: Early Roman literature "* * * and period" (BC3-BC2).
Major achievements: drama
Inherit the tradition of "new comedy" in ancient Greece, mainly the world comedy.
Plautus boasted soldiers, twin brothers and a bucket of gold.
Terrence's mother-in-law and two brothers.
The second stage: Mid-Roman literature "* * * and its later period and Augustus period" and "Golden Age" (BC 1-AC 1).
Major achievements; Prose, poetry, literary theory.
(* * * and later)
Prose writer and orator: Cicero
Poet and philosopher: Lucretius
Lyric poet: Catullus
(Augustus)
Virgil's pastoral poems about farming Aeneas
The principles of "entertaining" and "combining" in Horace's poetry art
Ovid's love songs, metamorphosis and sad collections
The third stage: "Imperial Age" (in AC 1-AC5)
Main achievements: satirical poems and novels
Irony: Martialis, Youvinaris
Novel: The Transformation of Epilepus
1. What are the two aspects of Greek mythology? What are its main features? Why is he said to be the "arsenal" and soil of Greek art?
Greek mythology includes stories of gods and legends of heroes.
Main features:
First, it reflects the essence and features of Greek clan society in an artistic way.
Second, God and man are isomorphic, and God is highly personalized.
Third, people-oriented, emphasizing human strength and spirit of struggle.
Fourth, lively, fresh and simple, full of optimism.
Marx once said: "Greek mythology is not only the arsenal of Greek art, but also the soil." Ancient Greek poetry, tragedy and comedy are all based on myths and legends. Almost all the Romans inherited Greek myths and legends. Greek mythology has become an inexhaustible source of literary creation in later generations, and many fairy tales have become the source of literary motifs. Since the Renaissance in Europe, many writers and artists have been drawing nutrition from myths, so the influence of Greek mythology on later European literature is immeasurable.
2. How did Homer's epic come into being? What is its basic content? How to analyze its main ideas and several main figures?
Formation process: At the end of12nd century BC, there was a ten-year war between achaean in the south of the Greek Peninsula and the Trojans in the northwest of Asia Minor, and finally the Greeks destroyed the city of Troy. This is a war between tribes. After the war, there were many short songs in Asia Minor praising the heroic deeds of clan and tribal leaders in this war. In the process of recitation, the legend of heroes was intertwined with fairy tales, which were orally taught by folk singers and passed down from generation to generation; Whenever there is a banquet or festival, it is sung in the official residence of the clan nobility. In the eighth and ninth centuries BC, Homer, a blind poet, based on short songs, finally formed two epics with complete plots and unified styles-The Ilion and the Odysseus. This is the general situation of the formation of Homer's epic. In the middle of the 6th century BC, under the leadership of the Athenian ruler Petrato, the epic was recorded in words. This epic was revised by several scholars in Alexandria in the third and second centuries BC, and has a final version, which has been passed down to this day.
Basic content: The Iliad takes the Trojan War as the background and describes what happened in the past 5 1 day. This poem ends with Hector's grand funeral. The Odyssey tells the story of Odysseus, the designer of the wooden horse meter, who has been at sea for ten years and the reunion of the returning couple.
Purpose: People-oriented, love reality, and affirm the people's spirit of struggle. Emphasize a positive attitude towards life.
Main characters:
Achilles: Courage, loyalty, stubbornness, willfulness and personal consciousness in Clan Heroes.
Odysseus: scheming, self-restraint, cunning and heartless.
3. What are the artistic features of Homer's epic?
1) created the form of "heroic epic"
With the hero as the center, it is grand in scale and noble in style.
2) Clever structure and neat layout
The Iliad's ten-year war, the last year, 5 1 day, 4 days of fierce fighting (accounting for half the length of the whole article).
3) Nature is not a metaphor of language and Homer.
Take some phenomena in nature, daily life and labor as metaphors.
4) Using two creative methods: realism and romanticism.
5) Different styles of the two-step epic, the beauty of masculinity and the beauty of femininity.
4. Briefly describe the formation process and basic characteristics of Greek tragedy.
In the mid-6th century, with the rapid development of industry and commerce in Athens and the expansion of foreign trade, festivals such as singing and dancing performances to worship Dionysus entered the city. With the increasingly complex society and active politics, simple song and dance performances can no longer fully express people's thoughts and feelings, and gradually evolve into drama. The predecessor of tragedy is Dionysus' ode.
Basic features:
(1) generally based on myth, but also often reflect the reality at that time.
Tragedy runs through the concept of fate.
(3) Pay attention to heroism, lofty style and tall image.
(4) majestic, solemn and stirring but not sad.
5. Why is the creation of three tragic poets in ancient Greece "reflecting the social life of slave owners in different stages of democratic development, and also showing the ideological and artistic characteristics of Greek tragedies in different periods?"
Aeschylus, whose plays reflect the social life of slave owners in Athens during the establishment of democracy.
Seven Generals Attack Thebes embodies the consistency of the author's patriotic thought and his pro-democracy thought.
Through a series of revenge stories, the trilogy "Teia" reflects the idea that new ideas and newcomers are superior to old ideas and old morality, and democracy is superior to old traditions.
Sophocles, whose works reflect the social life during the prosperity and decline of democracy in Athens.
In King Oedipus, he advocated the spirit of democracy, heroism and human resistance to fate. This is the characteristic of the democratic consciousness of the slave owners in Athens during their prosperity.
Euripides, whose works reflect the social reality and ideology of slave owners in Athens during the democratic crisis.
6. How does Aeschylus' Prometheus reflect the reality and express the writer's ideological tendency by deepening the theme?
The plot is based on the story of Prometheus stealing fire from the sky and giving it to mankind in Greek mythology, but it is endowed with rich practical significance to reflect the struggle of Athenian Democrats against oligarchs at that time.
Zeus was portrayed as an autocratic tyrant, showing the image of the tyrant at that time.
Prometheus was portrayed by the poet as a great god who resisted Zeus because of human progress. His passion for freedom and tyranny reflects the spirit of Greek freemen resisting tyrants and striving for democracy. However, the final reconciliation with Zeus showed the compromise of the slave owners' Democrats and also reflected the ideological limitations of Aeschylus.
7. Briefly describe the ideological content and structural art of King Oedipus by Sophocles.
"Perfect Tragedy"-Aristotle
Ideological content:
(1) focuses on the conflict between individual will and cruel fate, and the hero is destroyed in the process of resisting fate.
(2) shows that fate has both irresistible force and unnatural nature.
Structural art:
① The structure is tight and complete, and the plot is complicated, but it is well organized. Everything is the inevitable result of the previous one, and no scene can be moved or deleted.
(2) Using narrative techniques, the plot develops reasonably and naturally, interlocking with each other, pushing the drama conflict to a climax step by step.
(3) Deliberately create a dramatic situation that the audience understands and the protagonist does not understand, thus deepening the tragedy.
8. What new contribution did euripides make to the development of Greek tragedy from Medea?
Euripides inherited his predecessors and made some innovations in art, and his realism and psychological description had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Euripides is especially good at depicting women's psychology in psychological description. In Medea, the conflict between the hatred of the abandoned wife and the love of the loving mother, and the complicated psychology of killing the beloved son are very touching. These are all praised by later writers. Therefore, he is known as "the originator of psychological drama". Euripides uses mythical themes, but reflects pictures of everyday life. His plays mark the end of "heroic tragedy" and the characters are closer to reality. In Medea, Jason is an egoist who covets power and money. He regarded marriage as a means to fight for rights, which reflected the intensification of polarization between the rich and the poor and the degeneration of social morality at that time, as well as the common phenomenon of women's humiliation and family collapse. What happened to Medea was the fate of women at that time.
9. What is the difference between "new comedy" and "old comedy" in Greece? Who are their representative writers?
Old-mostly political satire and social drama. It draws on contemporary real life and expresses opinions on major political and social issues that people are generally concerned about. New relaxed and serious intentions
Aristophanes's "Father of Comedy" and "Akanai"
New-describe daily life more, with the theme of persuading the good to obey the rules, with distinctive personality, tortuous plot and elegant style. But it lacks profound ideological content.
Minand's Hate the World
10. What are the main literary viewpoints of Plato and Aristotle?
Plato's Literary Dialogue and The Republic
① Shadow theory: the origin of the world is rational, the realistic phenomenon is the shadow of rationality, and literature and art are the shadow of realistic phenomenon. Therefore, works of art are the cause of shadows.
(2) Immoralism: literature and art tease despicable desires and emotions, which makes people morally bankrupt, so literature and art should be expelled from the ideal country.
3 inspiration theory: literary and artistic creation needs inspiration, and inspiration is the result of spiritual attachment.
Aristotle's poetics
① Representative theory: Poetry (literature) is higher than history and can better reflect reality. History is individual, and poetry is more general through fiction.
② Tragedy view: Tragedy is an imitation of a serious and complete action with a certain length.
③ Purification theory: The function of tragedy is to arouse the feelings of pity and fear, and urge the audience to reflect and vent their feelings.
1 1. Briefly describe the ideological content, characters and artistic features of Virgil's Aeneas.
Ideological content:
Tell the historical fate of the Roman Empire, praise the founding achievements of Roman ancestors, and praise the glory of Rome and Octavian himself.
Character image:
Aeneas —— It brings together the experiences of heroes (Odysseus, Achilles, hector) in the epic of Haowu, but it emphasizes the ideal quality of being the founder of the Roman Empire. This quality has the virtues of respecting God, being loyal to the country, being kind to people and being fair to things.
Artistic features:
(1) flashback techniques, vivid and appropriate metaphors from daily life and natural phenomena, repetition techniques, etc.
② The style is serious and sad, and the description skills are longer than the psychological description of love.
12. What is the significance of early Christian literature?
It initiated a new era of western literature and was the crystallization of the fusion of ancient Greek and Hebrew literature.
This is what I can copy, and the rest can't be downloaded for free at/p-281792372804.html. You can watch it online.
The New Testament has a specific literary value and has a far-reaching influence on later European and American literature.