The east-west mountain range runs through the central part of China, which is an important natural geographical dividing line. Du Liang Fu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty has been named "Qinling Mountain". Historically, it was once the land of Qin, so it was called Qinshan or Qinling. It is roughly located at 32 30' ~ 35 north latitude and 103 ~ 1 13 east longitude. The west is bounded by the Mindie Mountain System and Kunlun Mountain System in Lintan, Diebu and Zhouqu. East to the foot of Funiu Mountain in Henan; The western section of the northern boundary starts from Baishishan (3908m above sea level) in the north of Lintan, east to Huoenzan Yijiu (2559m above sea level) in the southeast of Tianshui, and then east to the great fault zone at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains. The eastern section of the northern boundary enters Henan with the mountains on the south bank of the Yellow River as the boundary. The southwest is bounded by Gansu and Sichuan provinces; South of Hanjiang River borders Micang and Daba Mountain; Yunxian county in the southeast.
[Edit this paragraph] Name source
There are many famous mountains in China, but the Qinling Mountains are the most unique. As a very important ecosystem in China, Qinling Mountain is not only reflected in the ecological environment, but also in the history and culture. It is no exaggeration to say that no mountain has nurtured the process of Chinese civilization like Qinling, and no mountain has profoundly influenced the process of Chinese civilization like Qinling. If the Yellow River is compared to the mother river of the Chinese nation, Qinling Mountain should be the father mountain of the Chinese nation.
Tracing back to the historical records of ancient Qinling Mountains, Yugong is the first monograph describing the distribution of mountains in ancient China, and there are mountains with "three lines and four pillars" in China. The author thinks that Qinling Mountain is in the middle, which is classified as the middle zone. Secondly, there is a saying of "three rivers and two precepts", and Qinling mountains are divided into yin and yang; Kunlun has three dragons, and Qinling is the middle dragon; There are three branches in the Green Ridge, and the Qinling Mountains are the middle branches, and so on. Therefore, the Qinling Mountains became an important mountain range in China a long time ago.
The Qinling Mountains were called Nanshan in ancient times, the Book of Songs was called Nanshan, Gong Yu was called Nanshan, and Shan Hai Jing was also called Nanshan. According to historical records, the name Nanshan has a long history. "Historical Records" says that "Qinling Mountain is a great obstacle in the world". After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Dong Fangshuo had "the danger of the South Mountain in the world". In particular, Han Yu's poem "Where is home in Qinling?" The name of Qinling Mountain is well known with Han Yu's poems. Nanshan is also known as Zhong Nanshan, and Zuo Zhuan has "the danger of ending South Kyushu Island". Gu Zuyu's Minutes of Reading History and Geography said: "Gaizhong starts in Kunlun Mountain, the southern vein, and ends in Song Yue". During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, Mao wrote "An Examination of the Ancient Mouth of Nanshan", "From Tongguan in the east to Baoji in the west, whoever goes to the north of the ancient mouth of Nanshan will get 150 miles", which is the mountain of Qinling Mountain in southern Shaanxi.
[Edit this paragraph] Landform features
It is about 1600 km long from east to west and tens of kilometers wide from north to south, ranging from two to three hundred kilometers. Living in Gansu, southern Shaanxi and western Henan, a small part of it extends into the northwest of Hubei, showing a "I" shape, with both ends slightly inclined to the north. The area is about10.2 million square kilometers. This Shanxi is high and low in the east. On the north side of the mountain range are the Loess Plateau and North China Plain, and on the south side are the low mountain red bed basin and Jianghan Plain.
There are different natural landscapes in the north and south of Qinling Mountains. The north slope is warm temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain brown soil and mountain cinnamon soil belt; The south slope is a deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, yellow brown soil and yellow cinnamon soil belt dominated by evergreen broad-leaved trees in the north subtropical zone; Subtropical economic trees such as citrus, loquat, tung tree, camellia oleifera, palm, tea, tallow, Chinese fir, Pinus massoniana and cypress are planted in the valley basin.
Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi Province is the backbone of Qinling Mountain System, with steep north slope, gentle south slope and majestic mountain. General elevation 1500-3000m, higher than Guanzhong basin and Hanzhong basin 1000-3000m. The main vein is distributed in the northern part of the mountain, and there are many peaks above 3000 meters above sea level, which constitute the alpine and Zhongshan topography of Qinling Mountains. Steep in the north and gentle in the south lead to short and steep valleys on the north slope. The waters on the south slope have a long history, and the mountains are cut from east to west, forming numerous canyons, which are rich in hydraulic resources and can be described as high mountains and high waters.
[Edit this paragraph] Climate characteristics
Qinling Mountains is the climatic dividing line between north and south of China. Especially under the huge barrier of winter and summer monsoon. Qinling also blocks water vapor. The average annual precipitation on the southern slope is above 800 mm, and the precipitation on the northern slope is mostly below 800 mm. The rivers at the northern foot of Qinling Mountain have small water volume, large flow change, short flood season, large sediment concentration and freezing in winter. Nanhe is the opposite. Traditionally, it is divided into the northern slope of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, with a warm temperate humid and semi-humid climate in the north and a subtropical humid climate in the south.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical legends
Early, middle and late Paleolithic cultural sites have been discovered in Hanzhong, Ankang and Shangluo. It can be inferred that there were human activities in southern Shaanxi100-200,000 years ago. The bronze dings, chimes and ceramics unearthed in Yang Jiacun, Majia Town, show that the ancestors have a long history of living and developing in the Qinling area, covering many primitive social sites in many counties in the Qinling area, and confirming the footprints of ancient humans in this activity.
According to legend, during the period of Yao and Shun, the son of Yao Feng was a businessman. Qi is the ancestor of Yin Shang. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the Qinling Mountains in southern Shaanxi belonged to Liangzhou. During the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shangluo belonged to Jin, while Hanzhong and Ankang belonged to Chu. During the Warring States period, most areas of Qinling belonged to the land of Qin State. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Qin established 12 county in southern Shaanxi, including Lueyang, Fengxian, Shangluo and Shangxian in Qinling Mountains. Lueyang and Fengxian in Jialing River valley were called Jialing Road in Qin and Han Dynasties, which belonged to Beidu County, while Shangluo and Shangxian in Danjiang River valley were the bases of Qin Dynasty. There are Nanshan Tan Zhe in Historical Records and Hanshu. Tianshui Longxi Mountain is densely forested; Bashu Guanghan was originally a southerner, and Qin thought that bamboo and wood fruits in Xianshan were spared; Wudu is a mixed place, and the southwest is a foreign country. Liang Wudi began to rule; In the Han Dynasty, Chu had the kindness of mountains and rivers, or plowed by fire, and took fishing and hunting as his profession, praising the kindness of oblique wood, bamboo and arrow, which was enough to show that the forest in Qinling Mountain was prosperous at that time, and agricultural planting, fishing and logging were the main modes of production.
During the 300 years from the end of Han Dynasty to the unification of Sui and Tang Dynasties, there was a saying in Hanzhong that "Zhang Lu lived in Hanzhong, changed to Hanning County, and Cao Cao made peace, and then became Hanzhong County". In other words, when the Three Kingdoms split, Hanzhong was still Hanzhong County. The Western Jin Dynasty belongs to Liangzhou, and Nanzheng is the seat of state governance. It was called Xingyuan House in Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou, Xingzhou 12 County, and Xingyuan House in Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties. Ankang area broke away from the original Hanzhong after Cao Weiping's Zhang Lu, and was set as Weixing County, which ruled the same Han Dynasty. Weixing County was still ruled by the old government in the Jin Dynasty, and Yongjia belonged to the Eastern Jin Dynasty after getting rid of chaos. Hanyin County of Jinzhou was established in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Ankang County of Jinzhou was established in Song Dynasty, which belongs to the southwest road of Beijing, and the county ruled and attacked Tang Dynasty. The Qin dynasty in Shangluo area belongs to internal history. From the early Han Dynasty to the sixteen countries in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were frequent changes in county governance, but the county governance remained unchanged. Luo County, Shang Shang Zhou in Tang Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty was ruled by the old Tang Dynasty, and it was changed to Yongxing Army Road and Jingzhao Mansion.
There is another reason for the heavy feeling in Qinling Mountains. The Qinling Mountains not only separate the Yellow River from the Yangtze River, but also form the distinctive Yellow River culture and the Yangtze River culture, which nourishes the self-improvement, restrained and heavy Yellow River culture and embodies the heroic and courageous development of China in the past 5,000 years. The importance of Qinling Mountain is not only reflected in its unique ecosystem, but also in its history and culture.
Throughout the historical development of China, the Qinling Mountains not only provided an ecological barrier for the progress of Chinese civilization, but also provided abundant natural resources. Therefore, it can be said that Qinling Mountain has played an important role in the formation and development of China culture, and it is one of the important natural ecological factors in the cultural development of China. In this process, many rich cultural and historical landscapes have been deposited in the Qinling ecosystem and the Qinling Mountains, thus giving the Qinling ecological environment a very heavy cultural and historical background, including the ape-man site 6.5438+0.6 million years ago, the complete skull fossil of Lantian ape-man 6.5438+0.65438+0.5 million years ago, and the fossil of Dali Homo sapiens 6.5438+0.8-0.2 million years ago. There are rich Yangshao culture and Longshan culture sites in Qinling area of Shaanxi Province. As we all know, the ancestral homes and tombs of Yan Di and Huangdi, ancestors of the Chinese nation, are in Shaanxi. Since 1 1 century BC, 13 dynasties and countries, including the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, Xin Mang, the Eastern Han Dynasty (the last year), the Western Jin Dynasty (the last year), the former Zhao Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Qin Dynasty, the Great Xia Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty, have all been there. This long history has endowed Shaanxi with inexhaustible cultural heritage and formed a natural history museum.
Such a primitive, Gu Zhuo and profound mountain temperament has been valued, developed and utilized by people since ancient times. As early as the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang built a palace at the northern foot of Qinling Mountain, which is 100 km west of Epang Palace, as a royal garden. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he often trained cavalry and military formations on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains from Lantian in the east to Zhouzhi in the west. Shanglinyuan built by the royal family on the mountain is the summer resort of the emperor. The ancient book "Sanfu Huang Tu" records: "The emperor of Shanglinyuan hunted in autumn and winter, and brought countless animals, leaving the palace to watch the war in 70 places, all of which could accommodate more than a thousand chariots and horses. ……"
There is such a description of the emperor's garden: "The forest garden in the Han Dynasty was also the old garden in the Qin Dynasty. ..... Maolin enriches the people Yuan Guanghan has a huge treasure, and his family has eight or nine hundred people. Beishan Yu has built a garden, which is four miles long from east to west and five miles long from north to south. The rapids are injected into it. Stone is a mountain, which is more than ten feet high and stretches for miles. Raising white parrots, purple mandarin ducks, green birds, exotic animals, exotic birds and animals ... exotic trees and exotic grass are difficult to cultivate. All the houses were connected, and the pavilions were repaired ... "It can be seen that the life of the rich in Qinling at that time was prosperous and luxurious. This also shows that the natural scenery of the Qinling Mountains, its green bamboo trails, green roses and elegance are attractive.
In the Tang Dynasty, the Royal Garden was built only twenty or thirty kilometers away from the capital Chang 'an. According to records, its villa was built in Huangfuyu, Chang 'an District. Every summer, the concubines of the harem come here to spend the summer, and they sing every night in the palace, and the maids are good at dancing with long sleeves. This place is also the place where Taizong Li Shimin died of illness, and the ruins of the palace can still be seen on the mountain. Not only the royal family built gardens here, but also officials and gentry followed suit and built villas here, among which Wangchuan Villa of Wang Wei was the most famous. The scenery of this place described in his poems reminds people of ancient love.
Qinling Mountain attracts a large number of literati with its spectacular, vast and beautiful scenery. Li Bai, Du Fu, Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu, Su Shi and others have all traveled to the Qinling Mountains and written famous articles. Li Bai wrote in "Climbing Taibai Mountain": "The Taibai Peak descends in the west and the sunset climbs in poverty. Venus greeted me and opened the customs for me. I would like to ride the cold wind and go straight out of the clouds. You can get close to the moon by raising your hand, and there seems to be no mountain obstacle to fly forward. When will you see that mountain again when you leave Wulin? " How much yearning and imagination did this colorful scenery leave for the latecomers? Because the climate under Taibai Mountain is abnormal and the situation is changeable, it is said that marching under the mountain does not dare to beat drums and blow horns, otherwise a storm will come soon. Even if someone shouts loudly, it will "summon" the storm. Regarding the strange "Taibai Six In the snow Days" in the mountains, Su Shi wrote that "the cliff is strange, and the ice and snow are wrinkled." All these show that Qinling Mountain has been a holy place for people to travel since ancient times.
1200 years ago, Li Bai wrote in his "Difficult Road to Shu" that "the Great White Mountain, to the west, still has only a bird path, reaching the peak of Emei". It can be seen that people at that time regarded Qinling Mountain as a dangerous road. In ancient times, the activities of ancestors were more in the northern slope of Qinling Mountains.
Politically speaking, a mountain can affect the establishment of a dynasty. With its natural barrier, Qinling created the prosperity of the Qin Dynasty and the ancient capital of the 13th Dynasty. After Qin made a great victory in Hexi, the powerful State of Qi was blocked in the east by Hangu Pass, and the tribes of Huo and Rong in the north gradually weakened, while the enemy country Chu, who was eyeing up in the south, was always looking for the best way to attack the land of Sanqin. It is the natural Great Wall, the Qinling Mountains, that stopped the invasion of Chu, supported a nation to grow stronger, and finally completed the earliest great cause of reunifying China. After more than a thousand years of civilization, Chang 'an's prominent position among the four ancient capitals in the world is also closely related to the Qinling Mountains.
In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan said, "Zhongnan lives in heaven and is in the south of the capital. The capital is under the famous mountain, and the famous mountain is far-reaching with the national prestige. " Nowadays, the whole world pays great attention to and loves the Qinling Mountains, and its position is far more than just the "back garden" of Xi 'an, the provincial capital. Her name has spread all over the world.
As a central national park, Qinling Mountain has become a natural gene bank to study the origin, development and evolution of Eurasian organisms, and it is also one of the key objects to study the faunal boundary between Palaearctic and Oriental worlds and the culture, history and archaeology of the Yellow River. With its natural characteristics and rich history and culture, the Qinling Mountains have become a precious natural and historical heritage of China and the world, a wealth of mankind and the well-being of future generations, and truly become the "83rd gift to the earth".
[Edit this paragraph] Tourism resources
Qinling Mountain is the location of the forest ecosystem positioning research station of Pinus armandii, Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus acutissima in Huoditang, Qinling Mountain, and belongs to the forest ecosystem positioning research network of China.
Taibai Mountain National Forest Park, the summer resort of Sui and Tang emperors, is rich in geothermal resources. Taibai Mountain is the main peak of Qinling Mountains, located at the junction of Meixian County, Taibai County and zhouzhi county. Sendai, the main peak, is 3,767 meters above sea level, with a nature reserve of 54,000 hectares, which is 20 kilometers away from Xi 'an/Kloc-0. The name of Taibai Mountain has a long history. "Notes on Water Classics" records: "When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was already Taibai Mountain Temple, and its god name was Gu Chun, which was said to be a fairy." According to the Records of Different Records, the essence of Venus falls to the west of the main peak in the south of the terminal, so it is called Taibai Mountain. Taibai Mountain is majestic and luxuriant in vegetation. Glaciers at the end of Quaternary developed in areas above 3000 meters above sea level. There are four alpine lakes on the top of the mountain: Daye Lake, Ye Er Lake, Sanye Lake and Yuhuang Pool, and the water is unfathomable. Because the mountains are high and the clouds are light, the air is thin and the climate is cold, the snow does not melt all year round. Even if it is hot and snowy, the vast sky is still wrapped in silver, and the scenery is particularly spectacular and beautiful. Known as "too white snow", one of the eight scenic spots in Guanzhong.
Taibai Mountain National Forest Park is located in Tangyu Forest Farm, Meixian County, with dense forests, gurgling streams, numerous birds and animals and charming scenery. It is known as a treasure house of green plants and a natural zoo, and it is also one of the few natural alpine botanical gardens and zoos in the world. Due to the large height difference, climate, soil and plants show obvious vertical distribution law, with warm temperate zone, cold temperate zone and cold zone climate characteristics from bottom to top, showing different forest landscapes accordingly. From top to bottom, there are six vertically distributed landscape oak forest belts, such as Platycladus orientalis, pine oak, birch, fir, larch and alpine shrub. There are many kinds of plants, including seed plants 1500 and medicinal plants 5 10. Sequoia Taibai, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Monopterum uniflora and Stellaria are all national second-class key protected plants. There are about 270 species of wild animals and more than 330 species of birds, accounting for about a quarter of the total number of birds in China. Among them, 55 species are protected by the state, such as giant panda, golden monkey, antelope, giant salamander, blue sheep and golden rooster, all of which are very rare animals.
Taibai Mountain Forest Park has many strange and magnificent natural landscapes. There are three types of landforms in the park: low mountain, middle mountain and high mountain, with deep canyons, numerous peaks, deep waterfalls and beautiful scenery. There is also "Guiguzi Cave" in the park, which was reclaimed by Wang Chan's ancestors during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to legend, it is the place where Han Zhongli and Lv Dongbin, the Eight Immortals, practiced. Laozi, the ancestor of Taoism, rode an ox across the corridor and rested in Tangyu. Tangyu has the "Tangzi City" built by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei, and Taibai has the plank road of Sun Simiao, the medicine king.
The entrance to the Forest Park is Tangyu Hot Spring, which was called "Quanfeng Tang" in the Tang Dynasty. At present, there are three springs with more than 400 tons of sunrise water and outlet water temperature of 60O C, which have certain curative effects on many diseases.
After planning, development and construction in recent years, the forest park has good comprehensive reception conditions. For thousands of years, Red River Ya Dan, Xie Yuxiong Pass, Gu Feng Han Jing, Taochuan meander, Doumuqi Peak, Sea of Peace, Taibai Pearl and Linglong Fairy have attracted more and more tourists from home and abroad.
The Qinling Mountains are 1600 km long and tens of kilometers to two or three hundred kilometers wide from north to south, covering a vast area. The cunning Qinling Mountains are in the middle of Qinling Mountains, located in the middle of Shaanxi Province. Qinling Mountain is the natural dividing line between the north and south of China and the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. As the main peak of Qinling Mountains, Taibai Mountain has more unique natural and geographical conditions. The majestic momentum, ever-changing climate and beautiful scenery are yearned for by Chinese and foreign scientists, literati and tourists.
Taibai meijing
Taibai Mountain is the main peak of Qinling Mountains, and it has been a famous mountain in China since ancient times. Taibai Snow Day in June is one of the eight famous scenic spots in Chang 'an. Shaanxi Taibai National Forest Park, approved by the Ministry of Forestry in 199 1, is located at the northern foot of Taibai Mountain. The park covers an area of 2,949 hectares with a forest coverage rate of 94.3%. With forest landscape as the main body, Cangshan Qifeng as the skeleton, Qingxi Bitan as the vein, and cultural relics and historic sites dotted among them, a vivid picture of dynamic and static harmony is formed, and natural landscape and human landscape are integrated. It is a rare natural scenic tourist area in western China, and is known as a green pearl in western China.
Second, the species are rich and exotic. Qinling Mountain is the natural dividing line between north and south of China, the intersection of flora of North China, Central China and West China, and the transitional zone between Palaearctic and Oriental flora. Park is a natural gene bank, with a variety of organisms, rich resources, complex flora and ancient origin. There are more than 850 species of seed plants and bryophytes 1690 species of forest animals and insects1690 species, 26 species of national protected tree species and endangered protected plants, and 9 species of rare protected animals.
Third, the mountain landform is strange and steep. The valleys in the low mountainous areas are narrow and deep, and the clouds of the mountains are properly opened and closed; Zhongshan District has steep mountains, jagged ridges, opposite peaks and overlapping mountains. The landforms of Quaternary glacial remains in alpine areas are diverse and interesting.
Fourth, hot spring resources are unique. There are abundant geothermal fields in the low mountain area of the park. The hot spring water temperature reaches 72 degrees Celsius, and it contains more than 20 kinds of minerals and trace elements beneficial to human body. It is an excellent medical mineral water.
Fifth, the human landscape has a long history. Taibai Mountain is also one of the main places for Taoist activities in China. According to historical records, Taibai Mountain was praised and sealed by emperors in previous dynasties, leaving a large number of cultural relics, poems and folklore, adding charming colors to the forest park. After inspecting Taibai Forest Park, Comrade Li Ruihuan pointed out that in the north of the Yangtze River in China, such a magnificent natural landscape with beautiful scenery and high scientific value is rare. Spoke highly of the landscape of the park.