Preface was written by Gao Shi, and was selected as one of the 300 Tang poems. Gao Shi was ordered to go to the frontier fortress three times and wrote about twenty frontier fortress poems, the most important of which was Ge Yanxing. This poem is the most outstanding representative of frontier fortress poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The theme of the poem is to condemn the generals who were encouraged by the emperor for being arrogant, underestimating the enemy and neglecting their duties, which led to the failure of the war and made the soldiers suffer great pain and make great sacrifices. The poet wrote about the frontier war, but the focus was not on ethnic contradictions, but on sympathizing with soldiers and satirizing and criticizing generals who did not sympathize with soldiers. Ge Yanxing is not only Gao Shi's "first masterpiece" (evaluated by Zhao Xi), but also a masterpiece of frontier poems in the whole Tang Dynasty. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
original text
Yan Gexing He Xu
Author: Gao Shi
In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, a guest returned from and made a song of Yan as a consolation. I feel defensive, so I am harmonious.
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families.
Stride forward together, looking like heroes should watch, and received the emperor's most cordial favor.
They walked through the elm pass between the flag stones with the sound of gongs and drums.
Until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain.
The highlands and rivers on the outer border were cold and desolate, but soon the barbarians' horses ran wild in the wind and rain.
Half of us were killed at the front, but the other half are still alive, and the beautiful girls are still singing and dancing for them at the camp.
In autumn, the desert is full of grass, the sun sets, and there are only a few surviving watchmen by the lonely wall.
Serve the just cause and despise life and enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still unsafe.
Still on the front line, the real armor was worn and beaten thin, and the wife at home was crying.
Still in this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken, while the soldiers on the northern border are looking forward to going home in vain.
The wind is blowing, and in the place of death and blue void, there is nothing ahead.
Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rose over the camp. All night, the drums on the hour trembled and gave a cold rumble.
Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame?
However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, today we will mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago.
To annotate ...
1. Ge Yanxing: The old title of Yuefu's "Xiang He Ge Ci Ping Diao Qu" written by Cao Pi, Yu Xin is mostly the work of thinking about women and husbands.
2. Doctor Zhang Gong: This refers to Zhang Shousheng, our envoy in Youzhou. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Baifu was Guo Jiangjun and an ancient counselor in recognition of his meritorious service in fighting against Qidan. Therefore, he is arrogant and doesn't care about his soldiers. In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), Zhang Bing was defeated by Qidan, but he concealed the defeat, lied about his exploits and bribed Niu Xiantong who was ordered to investigate. Gao Shi learned the truth from the guest and wrote this poem as a "warning".
3. Four sentences in The Han Family: In May of the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), the Khitan and the Japanese rebelled against the Tang Dynasty. Since then, wars between the Tang Dynasty and the Qi and the Han Dynasty have continued (refer to Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Volume 2 13). General Han: It refers to General Zhang Shousheng. "Extraordinary color": abnormality gives glory.
4. "Beating drums with gold": The military sounded gold and beat drums. Guan Yu: Shanhaiguan. Wandering: continuous. Jieshi: the name of the mountain, in the north of Changli County, Hebei Province. This refers to the northeast coastal areas.
5. Feather book: an emergency military document with feathers. The vast sea: the great desert. Fire hunting: a fire that rises when hunting. Langshan: The western section of the yinshan mountains lies in the middle of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In addition, the vast sea and Wolf Mountain refer to the battlefield at that time.
6. Author: Ling.
7. Poor autumn: late autumn. Phil (rebuffed): Turn yellow. Sui Yu Shi Ji "Long Tou Yin" "Autumn grass flies, dust flies outside the Great Wall".
8. "Being a Man" two sentences: First, write that the coach is favored by the emperor and underestimates the enemy; I wrote that the soldiers struggled hard and failed to break through the encirclement of the enemy.
9. Iron clothes: refers to soldiers. Mulan Ci: Cold Light and Iron Clothes. Jade chopsticks: white chopsticks, metaphorically thinking of women's tears.
10. South of the city: south of Chang 'an, which was then a residential area for ordinary people; Northern Hebei: Yuyang (now Jixian County, Tianjin), where Jizhou was ruled by the Tang Dynasty. Here refers to the northeast battlefield.
1 1. The border wind is floating: a border court is floating, describing the turmoil in the frontier battlefield. Absolute realm: a more distant boundary. "More": more desolate and barren.
12. Three points: morning, noon and evening. Array cloud: War cloud. Diao Dou: Bronze used to tell the time when the army patrols at night.
13. Death Day: Death for chastity refers to the sacrifice of the country.
14. General Li: refers to Li Guang, a general of the Han Dynasty. He is good at fighting, always takes the lead in the battlefield and shows compassion for soldiers. He is regarded as a model of an excellent general by later generations. See Historical Records Biography of General Li.
Rhyme translation
In the twenty-sixth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, a man who came back from the cottage with the head coach wrote a poem "Ge Yanxing" for me to read.
I was deeply impressed by the frontier defense, so I wrote this song Ge Yanxing to meet him.
Smoke and dust on the northeast border cover the sky; The generals went to the front to wipe out the fierce enemy.
The hero in my mind attaches importance to Chi's defending the country on the battlefield; The son of heaven of the Korean family especially appreciates this spirit.
The team beating gongs and drums went out of Shanhaiguan; The flag covers the sky and winds along the northern seashore.
A captain sent an emergency military book from the arrogant desert; It is said that Khan burned the war to the Wolf Mountain in Inner Mongolia.
The landscape of mountains and rivers is depressed, extending to the end of the border; The enemy's invasion was as violent as wind and rain.
Soldiers fight in the front line, half dead; The general is still watching beautiful women's songs and dances in the camp.
In late autumn, the desert in the north is full of rotten grass; As dusk falls, there are fewer and fewer soldiers to fight and defend in the lonely city.
Soldiers often fight to the death because of the emperor's favor, regardless of stubborn enemies; Despite efforts, the siege of Guanshan has not been lifted.
The soldiers wore armor and defended the border for a long time; The wife at home must be in tears and always sad.
Young women dare not cry at home in Chang' an; Recruiting people to look back at their hometown in vain on the northern border of Hebei Province.
If you want to go back to your hometown, you can cross the border by plane. There is only vast territory and chaos in the world.
At 3 o'clock in the morning and 3 o'clock in the afternoon, there are murderous battle clouds; The frequent fighting at night makes people shudder.
You and I look at each other, and there is blood on the snow-white combat knife; Since ancient times, loyalty has died, regardless of merit.
You didn't see those soldiers who suffered on the battlefield; I still miss General Li Guang in the Western Han Dynasty.
explain
This is a new frontier fortress poem, which is the most outstanding representative of frontier fortress poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The theme of the poem is to condemn the generals who were encouraged by the emperor for being arrogant, underestimating the enemy and neglecting their duties, which led to the failure of the war and made the soldiers suffer great pain and make great sacrifices. The poet wrote about the frontier war, but the focus was not on ethnic contradictions, but on sympathizing with soldiers and satirizing and criticizing generals who did not sympathize with soldiers.
The first paragraph is eight sentences, written by the teacher. At the beginning, I explained the location and nature of the war and wrote the indomitable scene when Tang Jun debuted. From resigning and going home to going abroad to Guan Yu, Jieshi, Hanhai and Langshan, the journey was gradually advanced, and the atmosphere was gradually tense from relaxation.
In the second paragraph, I wrote eight sentences about failure. Hu Zema fell to the ground, the Han army fought bloody battles, and the generals were still enjoying the songs and dances of beautiful women, suggesting the reasons for the failure of the war. Then write exhausted and outnumbered, and solve the problem through encirclement.
Eight sentences in the third paragraph, write besieged. Soldiers in danger of being besieged are also flesh and blood, and they can't live without their children and husband and wife. However, at present, the enemy can only bear the feeling that "still in this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken, and the soldiers on the northern border are looking for their homes in vain". For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
At the end of the fourth paragraph, four sentences, hand in hand, mocking the aggressive and insatiable Han generals with the historical allusions of "Li Guang is hard to seal" and revealing the ideological realm of the soldiers. They fought to the death, went through hardships and even died for their country, not for personal fame and fortune. This is many times more noble than many frontier people who have made great contributions to the waiting list.
Writing characteristics
1. Combine general description with specific description.
This poem was written on the basis of the poet's past life in the North, which was triggered by Zhang Shousheng's military affairs. In fact, it summarizes the frontier life of Tang Junbing in Kaiyuan period. Through the description of a March, the author highly praised the soldiers' selfless dedication and meritorious service in killing the enemy, and also showed their long-standing homesickness, attacking the arrogance of the frontier generals.
2. Reveal the contradictions within the army by means of comparison.
Judging from the whole poem, there is a sharp contrast between the grandiosity at the beginning and the sadness after the defeat. From the description, soldiers' loyalty to their duties and Han generals' love and greed; Soldiers fought hard for a long time, and their families were ruined, which was in stark contrast to the dereliction of duty and debauchery of Han generals. Finally, Li Guang is put forward, which is a comparison between ancient and modern times. The whole article "Half of our men were killed in the front, but the other half are still alive, and there are still beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp", "The second sentence is the most profound" (Wu Rulun's comments are quoted in Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties). This contrast is very obvious, which greatly strengthens the power of irony.
3. Flat and flat alternate.
Poetry is extremely fluent, and four sentences change rhyme. Four sentences are both musical units and meaning units. The four verses not only change rhyme, but also become flat tones, resulting in the effect of alternating flat tones and cadence. Although this poem is ancient, it also uses some antithetical sentences, such as "Until their captain pulls the feather on the sand sea, the hunting fire of the Chief Tatar flashes along the Wolf Mountain", "The heart of the young wife who is still in this southern city is broken, and the soldiers on the northern border are looking for their homes in vain". These are all good poems. After the dismal operation, they were naturally absent. It shows the ancient characteristics of the era when metrical rules prevailed.
Does Ge Yanxing praise "unjust war"?
There is a small preface before the poem, which seems to indicate that what the poet is chanting is a certain war, and the reference is very specific. Because of this, there have been different views on the evaluation of this poem for a long time.
This poem was written in the Kaiyuan period. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, there were not only the prosperity of Kaiyuan, but also the Anshi Rebellion and Tang Jun's frequent quarrels and wars in the frontier. Especially in the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), before and after writing this poem, Tang Jun was beating its surrounding ethnic minorities. According to this, it was pointed out that Gao Shi praised "unjust war", so this work should be criticized.
We think that history and literature are interlinked, but they are not exactly the same. Of course, if it is documentary literature, it is another matter. But this poem is a literary creation of "love and harmony", which is obviously illusory and not completely realistic. This is a work lamenting the general characteristics and problems of war at that time. China's classical literature and history permeate each other. However, there are many significant differences between historical materials and artistic images and realms created with this material. For example, Cao Cao in The Romance of Three Kingdoms is different from Cao Cao in The Romance of Three Kingdoms, and Yang Yuhuan in Life is not equal to Yang Yuhuan in The Palace of Eternal Life. Therefore, Ge Yanxing is not only Gao Shi's "first masterpiece" (Zhao Xi's evaluation), but also a masterpiece of frontier poems in the whole Tang Dynasty.
Make an appreciative comment
Ge Yanxing is not only Gao Shi's "first masterpiece" (evaluated by Zhao Xi), but also a masterpiece of frontier poems in the whole Tang Dynasty. This is not accidental, it has been told through the ages.
In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (727), Gao Shi went north to accumulate Yumen. In twenty years, Li Yi, the king of Xin 'an, conquered Xi and Qidan. He went north to Youyan, hoping to work for the Xin 'an shogunate, but failed to do so: "Without the letter of guarantee, all the generals would be in debt. Disappointed with Sun Wu, he went back to the door alone (Ji Zhong Zuo). It can be seen that he has studied the military affairs of the northeast frontier fortress. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan, Youzhou made Zhang Shouxuan make some achievements. But in twenty-four years, Pinglu made An Lushan beg and qidan, saying that "An Lushan relied on courage and lightness skill, and was defeated by Lu" (Zi Jian, Volume 215). Twenty-six years, Youzhou ordered Zhao Kan and Bai Zhentuo to keep Zhang Shouxuan, and forced Lu Army to send troops to attack Xi and Qidan, winning first and then losing. "Keep the prince in seclusion, but play in vain" (old Tang book. Zhang Shousheng biography). Gao Shi was deeply impressed by the two defeats after Kaiyuan twenty-four years ago, so he wrote this article.
The main purpose of the poem is to condemn the generals who were encouraged by the emperor for being arrogant and underestimating their enemies and neglecting their duties, which led to the failure of the war and caused great pain and sacrifice to the soldiers. The poet wrote about the frontier war, but the focus was not on ethnic contradictions, but on generals who sympathized with soldiers, satirized and resented them.
The whole poem describes the whole process of a battle with very concentrated pen and ink: the first paragraph, eight sentences are about division, the second paragraph, eight sentences are about defeat, the third paragraph, eight sentences are about besieged city, and the fourth paragraph and four sentences are about the outcome of a desperate struggle. Between these segments, the pulses are dense.
The first two sentences in the poem show the direction and nature of the war. Seeing refers to current events, and I feel it. "quick march, great minds think alike, and is favored by the emperor" is ostensibly a boast of Korea's majestic voyage to the West, but it is actually an irony. Fan Kuai said in front of Lv Hou, "I would like to have 100,000 troops running amok among the Huns." Lu Bu rebuked him to his face for cheating the monarch. (See Historical Records. "Biography of Ji Bu") Therefore, the origin of this "rampage" refers to relying on courage and underestimating the enemy. Tang Ruxun said, "It is said that the smoke and dust is in the northeast, but it was not committed in our mainland. It was destroyed by the Han Dynasty. Gai Ming is heavy and rampant, and the son of heaven is thick and polite. Can you not bother? " (Interpretation of Tang Poetry, Volume 16) This understanding is correct. Then he described the process of marching: "They marched in the sound of gongs and drums and passed through the Yushu Pass. They surrounded the stone tablet with a row of flying flags." We can know the general's arrogant attitude before the war through the scene of beating the sky with a golden drum and swaggering forward, which also played a role in setting off the following. At the beginning of the war, the word "flying" warned the military crisis: "The hunting fire of the Chief Tatar flashed on the Wolf Mountain", just like "watching the Ming king hunt at night, riding the fire clearly, beating drums and wailing, shocking people!" (Zhang Xiaoxiang's Song of Six Kingdoms) Unexpectedly, the "remnant thief" is so powerful. From resigning to the countryside, to Guan Yu, Jieshi, and even Hanhai and Langshan, eight poems summarize the course of the expedition, gradually advancing and the atmosphere gradually tense.
The second paragraph is about losing in a key battle. Putting pen to paper is "the mountains and rivers outside are cold", which shows an open and steep area and brings out a cold atmosphere. "Hu Qi" came quickly and fiercely, rolling in like a storm. The Han army struggled to meet the enemy and was killed in the dark. However, at this moment, the generals are far away from their positions for fun: "There are still beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp!" " Such a harsh contrast of facts has effectively exposed the contradiction between the generals and soldiers in the Han army and hinted at the reasons for the failure. So what is written behind is the tired soldiers, the difficult encirclement, the lonely city sunset, the decaying grassland and the gloomy scenery, which have distinct frontier characteristics and set off the desolation of the defeated soldiers. When you are lucky, you despise your enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still unsafe. In view of the above, Han Jiang's heroic spirit of "rampaging" has vanished, and his guilt is certain.
The description of soldiers' sufferings in the third paragraph is a deeper condemnation of Han Jiang. It should be noted that this is not a general description of the war process, but a portrayal of the soldiers in danger of being besieged. The next trio of "still at the front line, dressed in rags", a sentence of finding a husband and a sentence of losing a wife in the suspense of finding a husband are intertwined, and the pain of parting gradually deepens. The young women in the south of the city are sad day and night, but "the fury of the wind cuts my man?" It is futile to look back on the people in northern Hebei. After all, "in a place of death and blue emptiness, there is nothing ahead!" Leave Wan Li, and you'll never see it again. "Life is here, and Heaven is better!" What's more, what you can see during the day is just that "the clouds of slaughter three times a day rise over the camp"; At night, I only heard that "and the whole night is on the hour-the drums are shaking their chilly rumbling". Such a critical desperate situation really died in front of me, and people can't help but wonder who pushed them to this desperate situation. This is an indispensable part of deepening the theme.
The last four sentences are the whole article, and the tragic feelings are incisively and vividly. "Until the White Sword is seen again, blood is everywhere. When death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think of fame?" Finally, the soldiers fought hand-to-hand with the enemy and fought bloody battles. Is this the spirit of sacrificing one's life for righteousness? How simple, kind and brave they are, but how sad they are! For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
The poet's feelings contain sympathy and praise, while Gu Xun is a powerful mockery of the Han generals' rash expansion of territory and rash claim for credit. In the last two sentences, the poet said emotionally: "However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, today we are going to mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago!" Eight or nine hundred years ago, Li Guang, a flying general in Weizhenbei, took good care of his foot soldiers everywhere and made them "die of joy". This is in stark contrast to those arrogant generals. It is of great significance for the poet to put forward General Li. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, there have been thousands of years. There are countless generals who drove the soldiers to the chicken to fly and the dog to jump. There are more soldiers who worked hard to prepare their bodies and bury them in foreign countries than Qian Qian! However, there has only been one Li Guang for thousands of years, so why not teach people to remember him hard? Du Fu praised the poems of Gao Shi and Cen Can: "The meaning is just flying, and the articles are always mixed." ("Thirty Poems about Sending Your Envoy and Cen Chang") This poem ends with Li Guang, and its artistic conception is more vigorous and far-reaching.
The whole poem is magnificent and vigorous, but after some bleak management, it has become muddy and seamless. The atmosphere is solemn and stirring, and the thought is profound and implicit. "The mountains and rivers on the border are cold, and soon barbarians are stepping on the wind and rain", "The desert is poor in autumn, and the sunset ruins and grass are crowded with few watchers". The poet deliberately hinted and exaggerated this tragic scene, exposing the sins of generals who are eager to achieve success with desolation and terror. Especially in the fierce war, the poet described the complex and changeable inner activities of soldiers, which was tragic and touching and deepened the theme. The whole poem hides sharp contrast everywhere. From the description throughout the whole article, the soldiers' loyalty to their duties is in sharp contrast with the Han generals' pampering and greed, the soldiers' hard work and long-term separation from their families, and the Han generals' dereliction of duty and debauchery. Finally, Li Guang is put forward, which is a comparison between ancient and modern times. The whole article "Half of our men were killed at the front, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp" and "Two sentences are the most profound" (Wu Rulun's comments are quoted in Tang and Song poems). This contrast is very obvious, which greatly strengthens the power of irony.
Ge Yanxing is a typical representative of seven-character poems in Tang Dynasty. The rhymes of the whole poem are "Entering Tone", "Deleting Tone", "Singing", "Slight Tone", "Having Tone" and "Writing Tone" in turn, which happens to be even and restrained. In addition to the last two sentences, rhyming sentences and antithetical sentences are self-evident, and non-antithetical sentences are also in line with the level of the sentence, such as "They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums, and the noise hindered the stone room"; The rhyming sentences are also very neat, such as "Three times a day, Tuyun rises in the camp, and the drums are chilling all night." The beauty of this tone is "the sound of an iron horse, the festival of singing the ball on a jade plate" ("Tang").
Comment and analysis
From the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730) to the 22nd of December, the Khitan invaded the border of the Tang Dynasty many times. Zhao, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty in Youzhou, was a greedy and incompetent person who could not resist. In the spring of 20 years, Xin 'an Wang Liwei led the army to win the Khitan; In the spring of 2 1 year, five generals in the Tang Dynasty were defeated, and more than 6,000 Tang Jun died. In December of the same year, Zhang Shousheng was appointed as our army's envoy to Youzhou, won the Khitan, and was rewarded the following year. Twenty-six people were defeated in Kaiyuan. Zhang concealed his failure. This poem written by Gao Shi is the war that lasted for many years.
The ideological content of this poem is rich, complex and profound: 1, praising patriotic soldiers for their heroic resistance to the enemy and hard struggle; 2. Condemn the blunder of border defense and the incompetence of generals, which led to a protracted war; Writing about the grievances in the army makes the soldiers chilling, satirizing the arrogance of the general and not caring about the soldiers; 3. sympathize with the homesickness of the soldiers in the hard war. There is contrast, criticism, resentment, irony, praise and sympathy in the poem. It involves all aspects of the combatants: the son of heaven, generals, soldiers, homesick women and enemies. It expresses the poet's complex feelings and deep thinking about this war, which is enough to represent the general attitude of scholars in the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the war, so it is known as the masterpiece of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty: "The words are shallow and profound, and the arrangement is ironic." This theory came from Three Hundred Articles, which faded in the Tang Dynasty and died out in the Song Dynasty. "Tang Poetry Express": "This is the true face of singing. "For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's three hundred Tang poems. com。
? This poem laments the sufferings of the expedition, denounces the pride and dereliction of duty of the generals in underestimating their enemies, leads to the failure of the war, and causes great pain and sacrifice to the soldiers, reflecting the different realities of bitterness and joy, solemnity and desolation between soldiers and generals. Although the poem describes the border war, the focus is not on ethnic contradictions, but on satirizing and resenting the generals who have no sympathy for the soldiers. At the same time, I also wrote about the hardships of defending the country against the enemy. The theme is still vigorous, generous and tragic.
? The whole poem concisely describes the whole process of a war. The first eight sentences were written by the teacher, explaining the position and nature of the war: "? Under the golden drum, Guan Yu, the flag is swaying among the stones. " In the second paragraph, eight sentences are about key battles and failures. The soldiers risked their lives, and the generals said shamelessly, "Half of our soldiers at the front line were killed, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp." In the third paragraph, twelve sentences are about the suffering of the besieged soldiers: "Still on the front line, the armor is worn out and thin" and their bloody battle: "When death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame" and "Until the white sword can be seen again, splashing red blood." On the other hand, I also wrote about the suffering of husband and wife after a long separation, the desolation of frontier fortress, and the desire for a good general to lead. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
? This poem is magnificent, vigorous in brushwork, solemn and stirring, and profound in meaning. The rhyme is even and flat, cadence and beautiful tone. It is a famous frontier fortress poem, which has been spread through the ages and is well known.
Reading practice
1. What is this poem about in the campaign life? What is the poet's attitude towards this?
A: This poem describes the whole process of campaign life, including: leaving home for the countryside, starting to attack the enemy, fighting bloody battles, difficult encirclement, emotional suffering, hand-to-hand combat and so on. In particular, it describes the dedication of soldiers and the greed of Han generals; Soldiers have been fighting hard for a long time, and separated families and Han generals have neglected their duties and indulged in debauchery. The poet condemned the generals who were encouraged by the emperor for being arrogant, underestimating the enemy and neglecting their duties, which led to the failure of the war and caused great pain and sacrifice to the soldiers. The poet wrote about the frontier war, but the focus was not on ethnic contradictions, but on sympathizing with soldiers and satirizing and criticizing generals who did not sympathize with soldiers. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。
2. How does this poem enhance the power of irony through sharp contrast?
A: From a large section, the arrogance at the beginning is in stark contrast to the misery after the defeat. From the description throughout the whole article, the soldiers' loyalty to their duties is in sharp contrast with the Han generals' pampering and greed, the soldiers' hard work and long-term separation from their families, and the Han generals' dereliction of duty and debauchery. Finally, Li Guang is put forward, which is a comparison between ancient and modern times. The whole article "Half of our men were killed in the front, but the other half are still alive, and there are still beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp", "The second sentence is the most profound" (Wu Rulun's comments are quoted in Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties). This contrast is very obvious, which greatly strengthens the power of irony.
3. This poem is typical in words, full of "the voice of an iron horse". Try to make a brief analysis.
A: Although this poem is archaic, it is full of momentum and vigorous brushwork. It uses some contradictory sentences, such as "until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain" and "the young wife's heart is still broken in this southern city, while the soldiers on the northern border searched for their homes in vain". After a dismal operation, there is no trace of nature, with the effect of alternating horizontal and vertical lines, showing the characteristics of ancient style in the era when metrical rules prevailed. The language is quite imposing, and it is known as the "Voice of the Golden Goma Iron". Full of vigorous momentum and passionate and generous spirit.
Brief introduction of the author
Gao Shi (70 1-765), Han nationality. Frontier poets in Tang Dynasty. The word Dafu and Zhongwu was born in Cangzhou (now Jingxian County, Hebei Province) and lived in Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province). I am lonely and poor, I love to make friends, I have the style of a ranger, and I have made contributions to my career. In his early years, he traveled to Chang 'an, and later to Jimen and Lulong, seeking ways to enter the body, all of which failed. In the eighth year of Tianbao (749), he was recommended by Zhang Jiugao, the prefect of Suiyang, and was named Qiu Wei. In eleven years, I resigned because I couldn't bear to be bureaucratic, and went to Chang 'an again. The following year, he entered the door of Ge Shuhan, the envoy of Longyou and Hexi, and served as the secretary in charge. After the Anshi Rebellion, he successively served as the envoy of Huainan, Pengzhou, Zhou Shu and Jiannan, and was appointed as the official of Bohai County. The world calls it "high feldspar". Historical Records of Gaochang and Miracle as a Mirror of Zhongxing have been handed down from generation to generation. In the first year of Yongtai (765), he died at the age of 64, and was given the title of Shangshu, posthumous title. Gao Shi was a frontier poet in Tang Dynasty, and he was also called "Gao Cen" with Cen Can. The brushwork is vigorous and vigorous, full of the unique spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. I am lonely and poor, I love to make friends, I have the style of a ranger, and I have made contributions to my career. In his early years, he traveled to Chang 'an, and later to Jimen and Lulong, seeking ways to enter the body, all of which failed. Before and after this, he lived in the Song Dynasty and made friends with Li Bai and Du Fu. His poems are straightforward and not gorgeous, with seven-character songs as the most distinctive, and he writes more about frontier life. For more appreciation of Tang poetry, please pay attention to Guo Xuexi's 300 Tang poems in Gutang. com。 ()
Gao Shi is the leader of the frontier poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and "vigorous and solemn" is the remarkable feature of his frontier poetry. His poems are quality-oriented, magnificent and simple. Lofty and lonely, he has the spirit of a ranger. He once roamed Liang and Song Dynasties and devoted himself to self-sufficiency. In addition, he is generous and upright, so his poems reflect a wide range of aspects and profound themes. Gao Shi's psychological structure is extensive, and his personality is straightforward, so his poems often express his mind directly, or talk to each other, and rarely use metaphors. For example, "Ge Yanxing" points out the national disaster at the beginning, highlighting the tense atmosphere: "The northeastern border of China is dark and filled with smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric aggressors, our generals left their homes"; Finally, he said, "I heard about the battle in the desert today, but it's Li Ye!" There are both ardent expectations and deep sighs, which are implicit and powerful.
Gao Shi's poems focus on people rather than the natural landscape, so he seldom writes about scenery, and when he expresses his feelings, he is often accompanied by the part of writing about scenery, so this scene bears the poet's personal subjective imprint. "Song of Yan" describes the bleak scene with "autumn is exhausted in the dust and sand, the grass is withered, and the sun is setting on the lonely wall", and contrasts it with the desert, hay, lonely city and sunset, forming a picture full of subjective feelings, which makes the heroic and tragic battle of the soldiers more intense. Gao Shi uses simple words in his language style without carving. For example, there is a sentence in "Two Poems of Tang Dong": "Huang Yun, thousands of miles away, shines in the daytime, and the north wind blows geese and snow. Mochow doesn't know the way forward, and no one in the world knows you. " Technically, it seems that there is no effort, and the words are from the heart without deliberate modification.
Contrast between English and Chinese
Yan's songs are all in parallel order.
Gaoshi
In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, guests returned from the Yushi Zhanggong Office and wrote songs to show their comfort and defense, so they were harmonious.
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families.
Stride forward together, looking like heroes should watch, and received the emperor's most cordial favor.
They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums. They waved a row of flags around the stone tablet.
Until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain.
The highlands and rivers on the outer border were cold and desolate, but soon the barbarians' horses ran wild in the wind and rain.
Half of us were killed at the front, but the other half are still alive, and the beautiful girls are still singing and dancing for them at the camp.
When autumn ended on the gray beach, the grass withered, and a few surviving observers were by the lonely wall at sunset.
Serve the just cause and despise life and enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still unsafe.
Still on the front line, the real armor was worn and beaten thin, and the wife at home was crying.
Still in this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken, while the soldiers on the northern border are looking forward to going home in vain.
The wind cut off our progress, and there was nothing ahead in the place of death and blue void.
Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rose over the camp. All night, the drums on the hour trembled and gave a cold rumble.
Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame?
However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, today we will mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago.
Song of Yan state
Gaoshi
In the sixth year of Kaiyuan, a friend came back from the border and showed me Yan songs. Moved by the adventure he told me, I wrote this poem in the same rhythm.
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust, and it is dark.
In order to repel the savage invaders, our generals left their families,
Stride forward together, looking like a hero should look;
Received his greatest favor from the emperor,
They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums.
They surrounded the stone tablet with a row of flying flags.
Until their captain gave orders with feathers on the beach.
The hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain.
The highlands and rivers on the outer border are cold and desolate;
But soon the barbarian's horse ran wildly in the wind and rain.
Half of our people on the front line were killed, but the other half are still alive.
Beautiful girls who are still in the camp sing and dance for them.
... as autumn ends on the gray beach, the grass withers,
When the sun sets, the few watchmen who survived by the lonely wall,
Serve a good cause and despise life and people.
However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still not safe.
Still on the front line, the armor is worn out,
Here, food bars are made of jade tears.
Still in this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken,
When soldiers on the northern border searched for their homes in vain.
The strong wind hindered our progress.
In the place of death and blue void, there is nothing ahead.
Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rise over the camp;
All night, the drums were shaking on the hour.
Until the white sword was seen again, splashed with red blood.
... when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame?
However, when it comes to the harshness of desert war,
Today we named Li, the great general, who lived a long time ago.