Prose is a popular genre for reading literary texts. The slogan of the new curriculum "Examination Outline" clearly requires: "Understand the basic characteristics and main expression techniques of prose. Reading appreciation of literary works pays attention to aesthetic experience. Feel the image, taste the language, understand the connotation and analyze the artistic expression; Understand the social life and emotional world reflected in the works and explore the national psychology and humanistic spirit contained in the works. " As can be seen from the requirements in the examination syllabus, prose reading mainly examines candidates' grasp of the basic characteristics and main expressions of prose, so as to examine candidates' ability to understand, analyze and evaluate prose. Only by clarifying these requirements can we have a clear aim in the review and do a good job in the review of prose reading, so as to improve the ability of "understanding", "analysis and synthesis" and "appreciation, exploration and evaluation". Let's talk about the reading methods and problem-solving skills of prose.
First, the reading method of prose
1. Understand the main idea of the article as a whole
When reading prose, we should start with the whole article, quickly grasp the author's thoughts and feelings between the lines, understand the author's feelings in the article, and finally grasp the main idea of the article. Setting topics according to themes is favored by proposers, and almost every year prose reading is examined.
2. Deep analysis of prose thought
The material of prose needs some ideas to organize into articles, and this idea is the structure of articles. When reading, we should be good at grasping sentences that can reflect time, space, people, events and feelings, and grasp the development context of the article. College entrance examination often tests students' ability to grasp the ideas of works by asking questions about the structure of works.
3. Carefully taste the language of prose
Prose language is exquisite, profound and rich. When reading, we can correctly understand its meaning only by carefully tasting and pondering the main idea and specific context of the article. Proposers will set questions to ask candidates to understand and appreciate the language in prose, which is loaded with a lot of information, profound and expressive.
4. Correctly appreciate the expressive skills of prose.
When the materials are organized into articles, the author must use the most appropriate methods to express his feelings, express his views and attitudes, and reveal the theme. These methods are the expressive skills of prose. For example, primary and secondary details, borrowing scenery to express emotion, borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting objects to express ambition, restraining desire before, comparing reality with reality, symbolism and rhetoric. When reading, we should pay attention to the specific application of these skills in the text and think about their expressive effect.
Second, problem-solving skills.
(1) Questions about sentence understanding or meaning
This kind of question usually asks: "Analyze the meaning of this sentence" or "How to understand this sentence". To understand the meaning of a sentence, we should grasp the key words, rhetoric and sentence characteristics in the sentence, and pay attention to the characteristics of the sentence in combination with the specific analysis of the context. Sentences with different characteristics have different understanding points. Philosophical sentences are often profound and thought-provoking, which can enlighten people and make the finishing point; Emotional sentences can clearly express the author's emotions and praise and criticism of things, so we should grasp the breakthrough of the author's feelings and understand them in combination with the main idea of the article. Variant sentences emphasize the part where the position has changed according to the characteristics of sentence transformation; Rhetoric sentences should be combined with the rhetorical devices used by the author to judge what the author wants to express; Contradictory sentences seem contradictory, but in fact they contain the author's profound intention, so we should dig its deep meaning when understanding them; Implicit sentence is to think about its unspoken meaning through literal meaning. For example, 20 10 Chongqing Volume 14: "That day, I felt as if I had turned my back on them all spring." What does this sentence mean in the text? This is a sentence that can reflect the author's feelings and belongs to emotional sentences. On the surface, it means that birds can't live in their old nests, and they bother to build new ones. In fact, it expresses admiration for the behavior of birds. Although the feeling of admiration suddenly sprouted that day, this deep feeling seems to run through the whole spring.
(2) Problems related to language features (features)
This kind of question generally asks: What are the characteristics of a sentence, a paragraph or a language? To do this kind of questions, we should first point out its language style, point out its place and way in the article, and then point out its rhetoric and its function or effect in the article. Usually, we should recite some terms with language characteristics, such as euphemism, implication, conciseness, frustration, multi-use of spoken language, simplicity, freshness, brilliance, boldness, freshness and elegance, distinctive local colors, strong local life flavor, and strong classical Chinese colors. For example, the title of Shanghai Volume 1 1 in 2008: Summarize the language style of this article and appreciate it with the main content of the article. According to the above answers, it can be summarized as follows: the language of this article is natural and plain, and the article mainly describes the childhood memories of "I" and shapes the image of my great-grandmother as a loving and gentle rural elderly woman. The language conforms to the characteristics of the characters.
(C) Keyword or title functional issues
This kind of question usually asks: how to understand the meaning of the words added in the text or why the author uses this word? What is the function of a sentence (paragraph) in the text? How to understand the title of the article? Why do you want to take this topic or what is the purpose of taking this topic? To appreciate words, we should understand the meaning of words in combination with sentences, and then appreciate their beauty from the aspects of accuracy, vividness, image and appeal. The function of the answer sentence (paragraph) first summarizes the function of the structure, and then explains the function of the content. When answering, you should also look at the position of the sentence (paragraph) in the text. Take care of the problem; The full text of the general manager; Render the atmosphere and pave the way; Set suspense to pave the way for the following; Create an atmosphere and lay the emotional tone of the full text; Lead the following personnel; Fascinating or thought-provoking; It has a strong lyrical effect. ② Text: connecting the preceding with the following (transition); Below the general collar; Summarize the above; Echoing the previous article. 3 At the end of the article: Zhang Xianzhi, a chess piece; Point out the center; Sublimate feelings and deepen the theme; Take care of the beginning (echo before and after) and have a rigorous structure; Make the finishing point; Words have infinite meanings, which stimulate readers to think. For example, 20 10 National Volume II Question 14: What are the functions of the first three paragraphs of the article? The function of a paragraph depends on its own function, its function with the title, the beginning, the top, the bottom and the end, and its position in the article. In the first three paragraphs of this paper, the first paragraph points out the significance of the topic; The second paragraph introduces the basic situation of Dahe family, points out the theme and points out the following; In the third paragraph, write down the reasons for writing and express your feelings.
To understand or appreciate the title of an article, we should start with understanding the words, and at the same time grasp the meaning and function of the title: ① Some titles can reveal the center or theme of the article; ② Some titles can play a clue role; ③ Some titles are symbols of characters and themes; ④ Some titles are metaphorical; ⑤ Some titles have false or pun meanings. Therefore, when understanding or appreciating a title, we should first analyze the text, second pay attention to rhetoric, third pay attention to truth, fourth contact the content and structure of the full text, and fifth combine the theme and background of the article. It is not difficult to do this. For example, Beijing Volume 17 (20 10) ②: Briefly analyze the function of "Begonia Flower" in this paper. The title of the article is Begonia Flower, which runs through the whole article as a clue from the structure; From the content point of view, it is to entrust homesickness and express patriotism.
(d) the theme of the article.
This kind of topic generally asks: what is the center, how to embody this theme, what is the author's viewpoint and attitude, and what is the emotional attitude involved. There are often the following ways to answer such questions: analyzing the topic, analyzing the materials, analyzing the first paragraph, analyzing the arguments or lyric sentences in the article, analyzing the end of the article, summarizing the meaning of the paragraph or analyzing the events of people. "Expression .............................................................................................................................................................................. The topic directly requires candidates to start from the last sentence and find out the author's writing intention through the analysis of the last sentence, so as to grasp the author's point of view and understand the main idea of the full text.
(5) Appreciate, explore and evaluate problems.
This kind of topic will generally ask: taste the expressive force of wonderful sentences, appreciate the image of works, appreciate the connotation of works, understand the artistic charm of works, and evaluate the value and aesthetic orientation of works. For example, to appreciate a wonderful sentence, you can accurately answer it with the help of keywords such as "technique, connotation and effect" and write the characteristics of the sentence. By expounding semantics (superficial meaning, contextual meaning, figurative meaning, symbolic meaning, etc. ), we can analyze its expression effect from two aspects: content and structure. For example, National Volume II 17 in 2008: What rhetorical methods are used to express Elliot Ngok in the last paragraph of the article? What are the advantages of writing like this? The answer to this question needs a technical description ("Once they choose to rise, it can be seen that ... their life has undergone some qualitative change" uses personification, and "Yue Hua is more like the wind" uses metaphor), and illustrates its role in expression with examples (through personification, the process of Yue Hua from the bottom to Gu Feng and from ordinary to excellent can be more vivid; Through metaphor, the inner temperament of Yuehua can be displayed and promoted.
Inquiry topic is interpreted as exploring the rich connotation of the works from different angles and levels, exploring the national psychology and humanistic spirit contained in the works, and reading the works individually and creatively. Such questions often ask candidates "What do you think?" For example, title 19 of Beijing Volume 20 10: Paragraph 8: "Hometown and motherland are far away, but now they are just around the corner. The farther I am from them, the closer they are to me. " How does this sentence express the author's experience of "distance"? Try to talk about your feelings about this distance experience by combining your memory of growing up or the literary works you have read. Such a topic not only examines the examinee's grasp of the meaning of the text, but also examines the examinee's concern for life. When answering questions, we should combine the written views with real life and extract our own personalized views from them.
Reading Skills of Explanatory Text in Junior High School
I. Classification
1. From the description object: things description text, things description text.
2. From the linguistic features of expository writing: simple expository writing and vivid expository writing.
Second, the order of interpretation.
Chronological order, spatial order, logical order.
The concreteness of logical order: subject-secondary, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concreteness, whole-part.
Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role?
Standardized answer format: In this article, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (The first blank should be filled with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )
Third, the method of explanation.
1, the common interpretation methods are: example, classification, comparison, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, numbers, charts and quotations.
2, the role of common methods:
Normative answer mode is as follows:
The main explanation method adopted in this paper is ... to explain ... (content: the characteristics of things or things) so as to explain ... (function: refer to the previous explanation method to clarify its function)
Example: illustrate ..., explain ... concretely and truly, and make the explanation more convincing.
(2) Classification: explain the characteristics/reasons of things clearly, so that the explanation is more organized and the content of the explanation is more clear.
③ comparison: compare ... with ... emphasize the characteristics/reasons of ... ....
④ Interpretation: A specific explanation of the characteristics/reasons of things to make the explanation easier to understand.
⑤ Metaphor: compare … to …, thus vividly explaining the characteristics/reasons of things and enhancing the interest of the article.
⑥ Imitation: Vividly describe the characteristics/events of things, so as to make the explanation more specific.
⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
(8) Enumerate figures: explain … concretely and accurately, making the explanation more convincing.
⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive.
⑩ Quotation: Quotation has the following forms-
First, cite specific cases; (The function is the same as the example)
B, citing specific data; (Functions in the same column)
C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms, proverbs and poems; The function is to make the explanation more convincing, increase the literary appeal and avoid the dullness of the article.
D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.
(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )
Fourthly, the language analysis of expository writing.
1. Generally speaking, the whole language is analyzed from two angles: A, accuracy, rigor and science;
B, vivid or concise.
This is also the characteristic of general expository writing. B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language features of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example.
The standard answer format is as follows: This article fully embodies the accurate/vivid/concise characteristics of Chinese, such as the sentence "……", which accurately/vividly/concisely explains the characteristics/facts of things. There are many other examples like this.
2. Comment text
A, what is the function of adding words? B, can you change the word? C. Add some words that can be deleted?
I. (1) statement (delete or not delete).
(2) Qualitative (restriction or modification). Attention: for example, the degree of words such as "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Tables such as "about", "possible" and "about" estimate the number of "more" and "more" tables.
(3) What kind of original intention, if deleted, will become what kind of meaning, which is unrealistic and too absolute.
(4) It embodies the accuracy, rigor and scientificity of language.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Reference-What exactly do these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth mean in this article?
Countermeasures: generally refers to the sentence before pronouns, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part.
Argumentative reading skills
First, grasp the argument.
1. Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument to prove or supplement the central argument.
2. When reading an argumentative essay, the most important thing is to find out the central argument of the article. In most articles, the title only puts forward a topic, and the central argument is implied in the discussion of the article. From a standpoint: the title of some articles is the central argument. Some articles put forward a central argument at the beginning. There are also articles that put forward central arguments in the middle or at the end of the article.
3. The argument should be a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete and concise sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.
Second, clarify the argument.
Argumentation is generally divided into factual argument and rational argument.
Facts and arguments: typical cases, historical facts and statistical data;
Reasoning: generally, it is verified truth, famous words, aphorisms, proverbs, principles, laws and formulas of natural science.
(1), using facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language.
(2), used as an argument, must have certain authority, direct quotation, to record the original, check with the facts, not out of context; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.
Third, find out the methods and means of argument.
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, which is the link between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments.
1, demonstration method (must be four words)
2, commonly used demonstration methods are:
(1) Illustration: Give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument. "Facts speak louder than words" is a commonly used argument method, which can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
(2) Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams in ancient and modern Chinese and foreign famous works, and the formula of recognized theorem to prove the argument. The function of citation method-authoritative and powerful. (3) Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.
(4) Comparative argument: it is a method to prove an argument by comparing positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.
3. Argumentation methods of argumentative essays: argumentation and refutation.
Argumentative writing is to directly clarify one's views and opinions on things or problems;
Refutation is to establish one's correct view by opposing wrong or reactionary views.
Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".
Fourth, make clear the structure of argumentative paper.
The basic structure of argumentative writing: asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems is divided into two categories: one is "horizontal". You have 1 "general theory-sub-theory-general theory" 2 "general theory-sub-theory" 3 "sub-theory-general theory". The "vertical" structure is mainly layered and deep.
5. Linguistic features of argumentative writing: accuracy, strictness, accuracy, generalization and strong logic.
Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing;
A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate. B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.
C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.
Sixth, common test sites:
Generally speaking, the reading of argumentative essays is also examined from the following aspects: the refinement of topics and arguments, the induction and generalization of arguments, the application of argumentation methods, the combing of argument structure and the taste of argumentative language.
1, argumentation test site:
First, distinguish between the issue under discussion and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, grasping the arguments of argumentative essays can generally start from three aspects:
First, examine the questions. Some argumentative essays, such as "continuing to work hard" and "saving self-cultivation", are the arguments of the article itself; Some argumentative essays, such as Tan Gu, Doubt and Learning, although the title is not the argument of the article, it shows the theme of the article and provides clues for grasping the argument of the article.
Second, find the central sentence. Argumentative papers often have statements at the beginning or end, indicating the author's attitude towards the issues under discussion. This statement is the argument of the article. Sometimes, this central sentence will appear in the middle of the article.
Third, refining and induction. That is to find out the author's basic attitude towards the topic, and then summarize it accordingly. If the article discusses several sub-arguments, it will be properly collected and expressed in complete and clear sentences.
2, argumentation test sites:
Question 1: What arguments are used in the article? What's the role?
Thinking of answering questions: * * argument is used to prove * * * argument.
Question 2: Write an appropriate argument for the paragraph according to the passage.
First of all, you should read the paragraph carefully and make clear what the argument is. Then, you need to see whether the topic requires you to supplement factual arguments or theoretical arguments, and then search whether the arguments you usually accumulate meet the requirements. According to the requirements of the topic, pay attention to the connection with the context and fill in appropriate factual arguments or rational arguments. When adding arguments, we must pay attention to generality, and there must be arguments between the lines to serve the arguments.
3. Argumentative argumentation method test center
Question type: point out what argumentation method is used in the following paragraphs? What's the role?
Answer the idea:
(1) give an example: give an example.
(2) Reasoning argument: quoting famous sayings or proverbs.
Contrastive argument: It is discussed from both positive and negative aspects, which effectively demonstrates that ... makes the argument more convincing. (or "compare ... with ... highlighting the key points ...")
Metaphorical argument: Comparing X to Y vividly demonstrates the viewpoint of …, thus making the abstract and profound truth vivid and easy to understand.
Sometimes there is more than one argument for a paragraph, and you have to find all the answers. ※.
For example, "Life is a big stage. We are all performers. However, a truly excellent actor wins more applause by virtue of the sincerity and richness of his inner world, not just by virtue of his gorgeous appearance to please the audience. As Mr. Fu Lei, a famous translator in China, said, "As long as a person is sincere, he can always impress others. "What is the method of argument used in this article? What is the function?
A: (1) Metaphorical argument. The author compares life to a stage and demonstrates that honesty is valuable, thus making the abstract and profound truth vivid and easy to understand.
(2) argument. Citing Mr. Fu Lei's words, it effectively demonstrates the argument that honesty is valuable and enhances the persuasiveness of the article.
4. Argumentative language features test sites:
Question 1: Can the words added in the text be deleted? Why?
Answer train of thought: (1) No (2) this word means * * *, (3) it means * * * after deletion, and (4) this expression is not rigorous and the language is not rigorous, which leads to the unconvincing argument.
Question 2: What's the function of adding some words?
Thinking of answering questions: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language.
Question 3: Can the word order be reversed?
Thinking of answering questions: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.
5. Demonstrative pronouns in argumentative essays:
This kind of examination questions is common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations:
First, it needs to be summarized in the context.
The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.
6. The structure of argumentation test center
Question type: What is the structure of this article?
Analysis hint: the article directly puts forward the argument at the beginning, then discusses it directly or in several sub-arguments, and finally summarizes it. Such a structure belongs to the total score structure. Sometimes give an example first, then draw an argument from the example, and then discuss it further.
The first half of the article discusses one aspect of the problem, and the second half discusses another aspect of the problem. Use a connecting sentence in the middle to fully show the author's point of view. This turning point is the central argument. Most of these structures are parallel, but if the following discussion goes deeper, it is progressive.
At the beginning of the article, only the topics to be discussed are put forward, some sub-arguments are put forward in the middle of the article, and then the central argument is summarized at the end of the article. This structure belongs to asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems. If the meaning expressed in the argument is deepened layer by layer, its structure belongs to progressive structure. Some articles don't put forward the central argument in one sentence, so it is necessary to carefully analyze how many layers of meaning the article talks about, and then summarize these layers of meaning.
7. Open and expand the test site.
Question type: combine the author's life experience and his own reality to evaluate the author's point of view, or talk about his own personalized reading enlightenment and sentiment.
Although the form of this kind of questions is open, fundamentally speaking, the questions are generally closely related to the central argument or sub-argument. So as long as you find the argument of the article and stick to its solution, you can get half the score, and then discuss it according to the requirements of the topic and the social reality. The language is concise, coherent, appropriate and reasonable, and we can all get the scores of such topics.
Thinking of answering questions: (1) argument. (2) Explain the origin of the argument with the article. (3) Connecting with reality (using theoretical arguments or factual arguments) (4) Calling for action.
8. Question type: What role does the following sentence (or paragraph) play in the full text?
(1) Common functions: lead out the next article (full text), summarize the previous article (full text), and connect the preceding with the following.
(2) The function of the opening paragraph of an argumentative paper: (1) serves as the theoretical argument or factual argument of the article. (2) Lead to an argument or topic. (3) Enhance the interest of articles and stimulate readers' interest in reading.
Function of the first paragraph:
(1) Put forward _ _ _ central arguments (or lead to _ _ _ topics) by writing * * * cases (quoting famous sayings).
(2) By quoting interesting stories of celebrities (allusions, legends, poems and fables), put forward _ _ _ arguments (or lead to _ _ _ topics) to attract readers' interest in reading.
(3) Take * * * cases (famous sayings) as factual arguments (rational arguments) to prove the _ _ _ argument of the article and enhance the persuasiveness of the argument.
9. Question type: Can the positions of the two paragraphs be interchanged? Why?
Let's see if these two paragraphs have anything to do with the previous paragraphs. If not, let's see if there is a sequential relationship between these two paragraphs. For example: time, logic, etc. , you can answer after analysis.
Two answering skills:
(1) No. Because these paragraphs are in one-to-one correspondence with the * * in the * paragraph.
(2) no. Because these paragraphs have a logical order or time relationship. (or does not conform to people's cognitive habits from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. )
I hope I can help you. )