The first eighty chapters are different from the last forty chapters, but this does not mean that the last forty chapters are complementary, let alone Gao E's.
In content, Lin Daiyu appeared in the last forty times to play the piano and discuss the melody skills. (Chapters 86, 87 and 89) From this point, it can be inferred that the last forty chapters cannot be compiled by those who are mediocre in knowledge and stereotyped in stereotyped eight-part writing.
The most obvious difference between the first eighty chapters and the last forty chapters is that there are a large number of classical literary works such as poems, words, songs, poems and couplets. The first eighty chapters, but there are few such literary forms in the last forty chapters. There are only a few popular couplets. This may be the evidence that the artistic level of the last forty chapters is not as good as that of the first eighty chapters. However, it can be inferred from this point that the last forty chapters are not Gao E's supplement. Because according to Gao E's information, based on his academic background (although it was not given at that time), it is easy to write a few poems and fill in a few blank words. It is impossible for Gao E to make such a low-level mistake by making a fake forty times, so Hu Shi's supplementary theory of Gao E is not credible.
Although there are few classic styles in the last forty chapters, we cannot deny or belittle their value. I think there are two reasons for this difference:
1 is the need of novel creation.
A. The story development of A Dream of Red Mansions is based on the investigation of the Grand View Garden. It is the abrupt point of the rise and fall of the feudal family represented by Jia family in the novel, and it is the turning point of sadness, joy, love, hate, joy and sorrow among the characters in the novel. Before the inspection, all relatives, daughters and Jia Baoyu lived happily in the Grand View Garden. Although there are occasional frictions and small tears, on the whole, I am happy: I set up a poetry club, enjoy flowers, feast, write poems, exchange needed items and so on. Poetry, words, couplets, songs and poems are the main ways for them to express their feelings, entertain themselves and compete. Therefore, the classic literary works of the first eighty chapters appear more frequently. After the raid, the daughter in the Grand View Garden was expelled, the people who were arranged died and died, and there were busy housekeeping and so on. Who has leisure to write poems? Even when Jia Baoyu sacrificed to Qingwen, he wrote "Daughter of Furong", which was deceived into thinking that Qingwen was finished by the goddess of flowers (back to the 78th). The creation of classical literary forms pays attention to artistic conception, which is the perfect combination of emotion and scenery. Only when you are eager to express your inner feelings and have a beautiful dream can you write poems and lyrics to express your feelings. Especially poetry, the so-called poetry expresses ambition, and poetry is beautiful because of emotion. When Lin Daiyu learned that Jia Baoyu and Xue Baochai had become big gifts, she was completely desperate, and her beautiful dreams were dashed. It can be said that she was exhausted to the extreme, so she burned the manuscript and broke her infatuation. Jia Baoyu learned that Lin Daiyu was stupid and desperate after her death. Lin Daiyu burned all the poems. Can he still write poetry Let alone others, Xue Baochai can't write poetry. Imagine a woman who focuses on her family and work. Can she write poems and express her feelings creatively? Therefore, it is a normal objective reality that there are few poems in the last forty chapters. If Xue Baochai saw that Jia Baoyu was seriously playing autumn waters, she would definitely write poems to persuade her husband to study hard in the name, instead of earnestly persuading him. That's really interesting.
B, an objective portrayal of real life
When the characters in A Dream of Red Mansions first appeared, Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu were both very young and in the early stage of enlightenment education. The enlightenment education in ancient China focused on literacy, calligraphy, reading ancient poems, writing poems and couplets, so Jia Zheng's homework for Baoyu was to write poems, pair up and write a certain number of words in a certain period of time. This is described in many places in the first eighty chapters. Sisters in the Grand View Garden also wrote letters for Baoyu to cope with Jia Zheng's inspection. Later, Jia Baoyu was a little older, and his education focused on scientific research. Therefore, in the last forty years, Jia Baoyu's homework changed from poetry and books to composition, and this kind of homework of poetry, music and fu was bound to be shelved. Since the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties became a national selection official, scholars had the opportunity to embark on official career. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu and others thought that poetry and fu were not conducive to the expression of people's ideas and opinions, so they launched the ancient prose movement, advocating that articles were of different lengths and were not limited by composition and physique, which was the embryonic form of later scientific research strategies and eight-part essay. It is advocated that literature should carry Tao, which is difficult for poetry and songs to do. Jia Zheng in the novel knows his way well, so Jia Baoyu later studied Confucian classics with Jia Dairu, such as Mencius. The poems of chanting Huai were put aside by Jia Zheng. Women represented by Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai have no life goal of participating in scientific research. Their learning purpose is not to be illiterate, but to know a few words (Lin Daiyu and others often use this as modesty). They also dare not let Jia Baoyu write poems and couplets again. Lin Daiyu's motivation is Jia Zheng and others' ardent expectations of Baoyu. Besides, how can she tempt Baoyu to "do nothing"? Xue Baochai's purpose is the same as Jia Zheng's, so he often tells Jia Baoyu to study hard. When Jia Baoyu was about to catch the exam in the examination room, Xue Baochai was surprised and dissatisfied when he saw that Baoyu was still fiddling with reading casual books (the first time 1 18).
2. The novel is in the process of revision, reproduction and circulation.
Cao Xueqin's "December 20" may have a lot of lyrical and vivid poems. The first eighty chapters appeared earlier, which can be considered as the first draft of the author was circulated as soon as it was written. We know that the early communication mode of Stone was handwritten, not copied by one person, but by many people. The level of copywriting is different, and it is likely that the content of poetry has been ignored or omitted in the process of copying for many years. Why did the copywriter do this? First, the novel is a literary style, which belongs to ordinary literature and is open to the public, that is to say, ordinary people who can understand it should also understand it. This is also the ultimate goal of novel creation. However, it is difficult for ordinary people to understand the classical literary poems and songs such as "Daughter of Furong" and "Sacrifice to Qingwen". This is not conducive to popularization, so the text of the novel should be vernacular. Many people tell me that I have a headache if I don't understand a dream of red mansions. I think it has something to do with a large number of poems and classical literature in the novel. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the cultural level of ordinary people was not very high, and the poems in the second half of the novel suddenly disappeared, which may be due to the author's deliberate deletion or the deletion of the copy when it was revised again based on popularization. Copying a famous work (writing brush) like A Dream of Red Mansions should be a very hard and arduous task, so the copywriter will probably delete poems and other contents that he thinks are not easy to understand.
The last forty chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions were not written by Gao E.
Forty times after Hu Shi published A Dream of Red Mansions, Gao E continued to write. Most people agree with this statement. Now, almost all published versions of A Dream of Red Mansions bear the name of Gao E. I think this is unscientific, not in line with the objective facts, and there is no definite evidence to prove that Gao E is the complement author of the last forty chapters. Based on Cao Xueqin's family background and life, it is considered that the last forty chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions are Gao E's sequels, and Gao E's viewpoint of copying Cao Xueqin's original works cannot be established. It is unscientific to establish academic views only by guessing and belittling the value of the last forty chapters, and the artistic level of the last forty chapters is not as good as that of the first eighty chapters. The disadvantages of doing so will make literary research in a state of chaos, and all kinds of strange ideas will flood the academic circles and even deceive the world. This cannot be said to have nothing to do with the proliferation of literary spoofs today. This is also a great disrespect for history, the original work itself, and the novel communicators Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan who have made great contributions. I think the academic research of literature and art should be based on the public security criminal investigation and procuratorial organs' emphasis on evidence, not on speculation and conjecture.
I don't think Gao E wrote the last forty chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions. First of all, although the novel was the first heyday of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was not regarded as an orthodox literary form, but was regarded as unorthodox, vulgar and contemptuous by orthodox scholars. In other words, its social status is not very high, it is street literature, and most of the novelists are frustrated intellectuals. Only they have enough time and energy to create novels and express real social life in a tortuous and euphemistic way. Pu Songling wrote Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and Cao Xueqin wrote A Dream of Red Mansions. Their life actions are the same. Secondly, anyone who has written a novel knows that the conception, first draft, revision and final draft of a novel need a lot of experience, time and financial support. Therefore, Cao Xueqin, who was in distress, was probably temporarily interrupted in the process of writing. It should be difficult for him to write, so it is objective and realistic that the last forty chapters will take a long time to appear intermittently. A Dream of Red Mansions cannot be completed overnight, and it will take a long time to complete. It is possible and normal to make mistakes before and after. Flowers and plants flourish and wither day by day. So do people. Cao Xueqin is not a god, and his thoughts and outlook on life will change with time. This is an objective law. Therefore, it is normal that A Dream of Red Mansions, a novel that spans more than ten years, has different versions (manuscripts) in different periods. It is normal for some manuscripts to be revised little, others to be revised much, and even to produce contradictions. For example, my long online novel "Just Be a Lover, Don't Get Married" was published online in June, 2006 +065438+ 10. Due to various reasons, it has been revised many times, both in content and title, so now the same novel on various websites (including illegal reprinting) is different. I think it should be a long and repeated process of revision and early dissemination of A Dream of Red Mansions from Cao Xueqin to the last word. Before there is convincing evidence, Cao Xueqin should have written A Dream of Red Mansions 120.
A Dream of Red Mansions 120 was originally written by Cao Xueqin and processed by Gao E.
It is unscientific and unrealistic to say that all versions of A Dream of Red Mansions handed down today were written by Cao Xueqin, and the handwriting is not bad. Just like the spread of The Book of Songs, there will be different annotation versions. Among them, the traces of the later organizers have been revealed. "A Dream of Red Mansions" has been spread up to now, and in different communication processes, especially in the era of handwritten copy, it is bound to be branded as a copywriter, and Gao E is no exception. In the process of printing the movable type edition, it is bound to leave his mark, that is, to modify or supplement the novel, but this does not mean that it will be written 40 times after writing, at most, it will be adapted. Therefore, I think the story of A Dream of Red Mansions 120 should be Cao Xueqin's original work, and Gao E's works are processed.
Wu Yuyang was born in Jixian County, Tianjin on February 5, 2008.
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