(1) Modern Poetry in China: Poetry before the first half of the 20th century is called Modern Poetry in China.
(2) China's contemporary poetry: Poetry after the second half of the 20th century is called China's contemporary poetry.
According to the hierarchical classification of poetic language rhythm and harmony;
(1) Modern Style Poetry
(2) Modern metrical poetry
According to the expression of the content of the work:
(1) Narrative Poetry
(2) Lyrics
According to the phonological rhythm and structural form of the language of the work:
(1) Metric Poetry
(2) Free verse
(3) Prose poetry
(4) rhyming poems
Question 2: What are the types of ancient poems?
The memory of ancient poetry is generally the memory of ancient people and things.
Poetry about history often distorts historical facts and reality, or regrets personal experience or criticizes social reality. For example, Su Shi's Niannujiao. "Red Cliff Nostalgia" lamented his personal experience, the contradiction between ideal and reality, and achieved nothing over half a year. Xin Qiji's Forever Happiness. "Looking Back at the Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou" expressed his dissatisfaction with the court's drag out an ignoble existence and attacked the social reality.
There are also poems about history, which only reflect and evaluate history calmly and rationally, or just describe it objectively. The poet's own experience is not among them, and the poet's feelings are just the sound outside the painting. For example, Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane compares the past and the present, expressing the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes.
The appreciation of epic poems should first understand historical facts and allusions, then understand intentions and feelings, and finally taste techniques.
1. Form tag:
There are monuments and ancient names in the title, or "Yong" is the front, or "nostalgia for the past" and "eternal nostalgia" are the back.
Second, poetry.
Characteristics of object-chanting poems: the content takes a certain object as the description object, and describes it by grasping some of its characteristics. Ideologically, it is often to express one's wishes. From things to people, from reality to nothingness, write spiritual character. Commonly used metaphor, symbol, personification and contrast. (1) takes image as the theme; (2) chanting (topic, gift, praise)+object.
Third, write landscape poems.
Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty created landscape poetry, Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty created pastoral poetry, and in the Tang Dynasty, the school of landscape pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran appeared.
Landscape pastoral poetry is good at describing natural scenery, pastoral scenery and comfortable seclusion life, with meaningful and beautiful poetic landscape, quiet and elegant style and clear and elegant language.
This kind of poems often borrow scenery to express feelings and send feelings to the scenery, and the writing style is often sketched and set off.
4. Landscape pastoral poetry can live:
(1) Retire from the countryside and love mountains and rivers; ② Depicting the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers and loving the motherland;
(3) I hate the darkness of officialdom, express my carefree mood, and express my noble character of never colluding with others.
Fourth, war poems.
Poems about frontier fortress and war have existed since the pre-Qin period and developed into the Tang Dynasty. Because of the frequent wars, the rulers value martial arts over literature, and it is easier for literati to win fame and fortune by inviting the border court than the imperial examination. In addition, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, frontier poems with magnificent feelings developed greatly, forming a new school of poetry, with representatives such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling.
1. Official symbol: the words "blockade", "levy" and "army" appear in the title; There are also some old Yuefu poems, such as Liangzhou Ci, Youth Travel, Guan Shanyue and Joining the Army.
2. Basic theme:
The desire to establish a career; The determination to defend the country; The pain of mountains and rivers falling; Homesickness living in the border for a long time; The hardships of life beyond the Great Wall and the tragic battles of successive years; Anger that there is no way to serve the country and sorrow that there is no hope of returning home.
3. Analysis focus: To appreciate frontier fortress poems, we should combine the author's life thoughts and the specific time of poetry creation, appreciate what the poet wrote in the poems and what kind of emotions he expressed, and pay attention to the scenery with frontier fortress characteristics and the events and psychology with war characteristics. Five, travel poems and in my heart forever's poems.
The ancient people's long-term exile, long-term wandering, or long-term guarding the border will always cause strong homesickness and homesickness, so there are many such poems. They either write about their nostalgia for a trip, or their thoughts about their relatives and friends, or their homesickness, or their thoughts about being pregnant in the boudoir. In writing, I feel emotional about the scene, the moon (Mid-Autumn Festival, Chongyang Ascending, Spring Sorrow, Returning Home at Sunset), or lyrical about things (moon, geese, flute and willow), or lyrical about dreams, or lyrical about wonderful metaphors.
To appreciate this kind of poetry, we should determine the emotional category on the basis of overall perception; Grasping the image and constructing the picture; Grasp the key words and appreciate the artistic features.
Travel poems: mainly express the hardships and loneliness of travelers, as well as the thoughts of their hometown and relatives.
In my heart forever's poems: First, express women's yearning for their husbands who fought in the war, express their disgust at the war or encourage their husbands to make contributions; The second is to express the thoughts of her husband who is far away from home, and express the tenderness and sadness of women; The third is to express the resentment of women in the palace against the situation of being imprisoned and left out, and to express their yearning for a free and happy life.
Sixth, farewell poems
In ancient times, due to inconvenient transportation and underdeveloped communication, it was often difficult for relatives and friends to meet for several years ... >>
Question 3: What are the classifications and types of Tang poetry?
Different types of poetry have their own characteristics in the form of expression, rhythm and prosody, which can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry and philosophical poetry according to the form of expression. According to the meter, it can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry; According to the language, it can be divided into four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words. According to the content, it can be divided into pastoral poems (landscape poems), event poems (ambition), frontier poems (fighting), homesick poems, historical poems (homesickness) and so on.
1. Landscape pastoral poetry: Landscape pastoral poetry belongs to the category of landscape poetry, focusing on praising the landscape pastoral in natural scenery. The main feature of this kind of poetry is that all scenery words are sentimental words, that is, the author's landscape and natural scenery are integrated into the author's subjective feelings, or the author's thoughts and feelings are expressed by scenery or scenes. Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of landscape pastoral poetry and Xie Lingyun is the originator of landscape poetry in the Southern Dynasties. The school of pastoral poetry was formed in the Tang Dynasty, mainly including Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Chang Jian. Of course, there are Li Bai, Du Fu and Su Shi. There are also a large number of excellent works describing landscapes.
For example, Wang Wei's "Mountain in Autumn" "After the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? By describing the beautiful scenery in the mountains, the simple folk customs in the mountain villages and the hardworking people in the countryside, the poet outlined his ideal social realm, expressed his satisfaction with his current seclusion, and fully embodied Wang Wei's characteristics of "painting in poetry".
(2) Poems about things: Poems about things are characterized by expressing ambition by supporting things. The "things" in this kind of ancient poems are mostly images with specific meanings. For example, peach blossom symbolizes beauty, peony symbolizes wealth, Huayang means autumn and so on. Different images have different connotations. When appreciating poems about objects, we must pay attention to the feelings the author places when describing things. The emotional expression of some object-chanting poems is implicit, which requires us to appreciate it carefully when reading. For example, Yu Qian's Ode to Lime: \ \ \ A thousand hammers chisel out a deep mountain, and a fire burns idle. Not afraid of broken bones, leaving innocence in the world. The value of this poem lies in the self-description everywhere, expressing a person's determination to serve the country faithfully, not afraid of sacrifice, and stick to noble sentiments. Singing lime is singing a person's open mind and noble and innocent personality.
3. Frontier poems: frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, unrestrained and uninhibited, with representatives such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling; However, the frontier poems in the Song Dynasty show more resentment and sadness about serving the country and the hopeless sadness of returning home, with Fan Zhongyan as the representative. The frontier fortress poems are characterized by showing the times from different angles. When appreciating, we should first grasp the characteristics of the times, and then scrutinize the different thoughts and feelings contained in the works. For example, Cen Can's "On Receiving the Envoys from the Capital" said: "The east road of my hometown is long, and the dragon bell with double sleeves cries. I will meet you immediately, without paper and pen, and I will bring your news to report peace. " Reflect the heart song of thinking of relatives while guarding the border. Although things are small, feelings are deep.
(4) Reminiscent poems: If writing scenery poems is lyrical through scenery, then the characteristic of reminiscence poems is instant lyricism. Narrative expression, through the description of specific events to express feelings, express personal feelings of farewell, nostalgia, sadness, sense of time and so on. Such as "Farewell to Du Fu in Shu" and "Wang Chun" by Du Fu. The author often feels something because of one thing, and writes a poem to express his feelings. To appreciate this kind of poetry, we must first understand what the author wrote, and then appreciate what feelings the author expressed. Li Shangyin's Note to a friend in the North on a rainy night \ \ \ Jun asked that the return date was undecided, and the rain rose in the autumn pool at night. When * * * cut the candle at the west window, but talk about the rain at night. The first two sentences of the poem describe the immediate environment in the form of questions and answers, that is, "what is happening \", and expound the feelings and deep nostalgia for his wife, that is, express his feelings, while the last two sentences imagine the joy of meeting again tomorrow and having a heart-to-heart talk, reflecting the loneliness tonight, which is a further expression.
⑤ Poetry-chanting: Poets' chanting of a historical event or historical figure is generally integrated with the poet's unique knowledge, which is based on history and figures ... >>
Question 4: What are the classification methods of poetry? Classification of China's ancient poems.
1. According to the rhythm, poetry can be divided into two categories: ancient poetry and modern poetry.
2. According to the content, it can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, pastoral poems, nostalgic poems, mourning poems and satirical poems.
The question about all kinds of poems is quite complicated. The editor of 300 Tang Poems divides poems into three categories: classical poems, regular poems and quatrains, and Yuefu is attached to these three categories. Ancient poems, metrical poems and quatrains are divided into five words and seven words respectively. This is a classification. The classification of Shen Deqian's Poems on Tang Poetry is slightly different: he did not separate Yuefu, but added the category of five-character poems. Du Fu's poems compiled by Guo Songzhida are simply divided into two categories: ancient poems and modern poems. Now we try to discuss the above three categories with reference to other categories.
From the perspective of meter, poetry can be divided into modern poetry of classical poetry, also known as ancient poetry or ancient style; Modern poetry is also called modern poetry. From the word count, there are four-character poems, five-character poems, seven-character poems and rare six-character poems.
After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so the general poetry collections were divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems, one of which was antique and the other was modern poetry.
Classical poetry is written in the style of ancient poetry. In the eyes of the Tang Dynasty, everything from the Book of Songs to Geng Xin in the Southern and Northern Dynasties is ancient. Therefore, there is no certain standard for imitating ancient poetry. However, the classical poems written by poets are consistent in one thing, that is, they are not bound by the rules of modern poetry. We can say that anything that is not bound by modern poetic meter is everything.
Yuefu came into being in the Han Dynasty. It was originally accompanied by music, so it was called Yuefu or Yuefu Poetry. This kind of Yuefu poetry is called Qu, Ci, Song, Xing and so on. After the Tang dynasty, the ancient poems written by literati imitating this style were also called Yuefu, but they were no longer called Yuefu. Because in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a transitional period before the emergence of ci, modern poetry used new music to write ci, such as Cheng Wei Qu by Wang Wei and Qing Ping Diao by Li Bai.
Modern poetry is represented by metrical poetry. Rhyme, fluency, and antithesis are all important. It is called metrical poem because of its strict metrical rules. Rhyme poetry has the following four characteristics:
A. Each song is limited to eight sentences, with 40 words in five laws and 56 words in seven laws.
B. flat rhyme;
C. the level of each sentence is stipulated;
D. every article should have antithesis, and the position of antithesis is also stipulated.
There is a kind of metrical poem with more than eight sentences, which is called long rhythm. Long rhythm is naturally a modern poem. Long rhyme is generally five words, and the number of rhymes is often indicated on the title. For example, Du Fu's "Thirty-six Rhymes on the Pillow in a Wind-storm Boat" is 360 words; Bai Juyi's "Poems with Hundred Rhymes" is a thousand words. This long method uses antithesis except tail (or head-tail connection), so it is also called parallelism.
The number of words in quatrains is half of that in metrical poems. Five-character quatrains are only twenty crosses, and seven-character quatrains are only twenty-eight.
In fact, quatrains can be divided into ancient quatrains and strict quatrains.
Rhyme can be used in ancient times. Even if it rhymes, it is not bound by the rhyme rules of modern poetry. This can be classified as ancient poetry.
Rhyme is not only a flat rhyme, but also follows the flat rule of modern poetry. In form, they are equivalent to semi-metrical poems and can be classified as modern poems.
To sum up, the so-called ancient poetry generally belongs to ancient poetry, while the regular poetry (including long law) belongs to modern poetry, Yuefu poetry and quatrains, some of which belong to ancient poetry and some belong to modern poetry.
Five words are five words and one sentence, and seven words are seven words and one sentence. Five-character poems are referred to as five laws, and seven-character poems are referred to as seven laws; Five-character quatrains are referred to as five-character quatrains, and seven-character quatrains are referred to as seven-character quatrains.
Antique can be divided into five ancient styles and seven ancient styles, which is only a rough division. In fact, in addition to five words and seven words, there are so-called miscellaneous words. Miscellaneous words refer to long and short sentences mixed together, mainly three, five and seven sentences, and occasionally four, six and more than seven words. Miscellaneous poems are generally not classified as ancient seven-style. There are not even seven sentences in the article.
There are also seven laws of words, such as Du Fu's Qingming Festival.
(2) The Poems of Du Fu, edited by Guo, classified most quatrains as modern poems, while The Variety of Poems, edited by Yuan Zhen, simply classified such quatrains as rhythmic poems.
Classification of modern poetry
1. Narrative poems and lyrics.
2. Metric poems, free poems and prose poems. This is based on the phonological rhythm and structural form of the language of the work ... >>