In the ideological and emotional orientation. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the poems about objects were mostly profound and alert satire and criticism. Has a strong realistic critical spirit. At the same time, with the transformation of literati from Ci Fu to knowledge personality paradigm, poems in the middle and late Tang Dynasty can be sung with speculative eyes. It has a strong rational spirit to reflect on political and historical issues and overthrow previous cases. In addition, in the era environment, atmosphere, especially Buddhism and Zen? Empty? Under the influence of sexual thoughts. It is also full of strong mourning, showing historical nihilism and individual life philosophy consciousness.
Key words: middle and late Tang Dynasty; Epic ode; Ideological and emotional orientation
Poetry-chanting is a kind of poetic theme in ancient China. It takes the ancients, ancient events and historical sites as themes or feelings, and expresses thoughts, feelings and understandings through singing and pondering. His creation has a long history. Ban Gu's epic poems in Han Dynasty marked the formation of such poems. Later, Zuo Si's eight poems about the poor in the Western Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming's seven poems about the poor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Yan Yanzhi's five gentlemen's poems in the Southern Dynasties all had their own characteristics, which promoted the development of poems about the poor. On the whole, however, most writers of the previous generation expressed their subjective feelings by chanting history, with a single connotation. For example, works by Zuo Si and Yan Yanzhi often express their frustrations and frustrations by chanting ancient times. At the same time, due to the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, literary creation was dominated by the gentry. What about cremation? The portal has been set up, so that the commander, servant and third division can advance steadily, disdaining to exhaust their wisdom and offering invitations; And romantic, a rare concern? Paying attention to the lack of realistic spirit leads to the realistic poetic style of chanting history, which is relatively backward in development and less in creation compared with metaphysical poetry, pastoral poetry and palace poetry. Therefore, it is difficult for the previous generation to form a certain ideological and emotional orientation of the times. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, due to the declining social reality and specific historical and cultural reasons (for this, the author has another article "Historical and Cultural Reasons for the Prosperity of Poems in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty"), the creation of poems on poems entered a very prosperous period, showing a specific ideological and emotional orientation.
From the creative subject, compared with the literati born in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, most of the literati in Tang Dynasty were born in poverty, paid more attention to social conditions, and had the character of paying attention to and criticizing reality. However, the social and political situation in the middle and late Tang Dynasty did not have the high-spirited, enlightened and magnificent pattern in the early Tang Dynasty, but the national strength declined and the politics was decadent and dark. In this case, the literati in this period naturally got rid of the narrow theme of expressing their personal feelings and began to criticize and satirize reality and politics with a cold and deep brush strokes, and directly exposed major social and political issues such as the traitor's ruling and the separatist regime in the buffer region with a strong realistic critical spirit. For example, Qin Taoyu's "Reading Five Hou Biography" ("All Tang Poems" Volume 670):
When the Han Dynasty perishes, the Golden Mirror Road will decline, and there will be traitors fighting for help.
Specializing in the country only praises your brother, who cares about the safety of your children and grandchildren.
The harem is favored by people, and Chen Chengdi, the former temple, does not doubt it.
Zhuziyingmen claimed to be expensive, but the area was devastated.
? Wuhou? Refers to Wang Tan, Wang Shang, Wang Li, Wang Gen and Wang Feng. Volume 98 of Han Shu Yuan Zhuan recorded them:? I am tired of millions and unrestrained. Otsuka, first? The people govern the Tao, and the people suffer from it. They have ulterior motives and want to govern the country. Covering up and down, Nesser Wang Lu, diplomatic vassal, overbearing, bad system. ? This poem deeply criticized them, pointing out that when the Han Dynasty declined, there would be traitors to assist them. They only consider their own interests and wealth, which has caused serious harm to the country. Zhuziyingmen claimed to be expensive, but the area was devastated. ? It can be said that this poem is obviously written for the traitor in power in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and it has a strong realistic pertinence. Cao Ye's post-Qin works attacked the warlord regime and melee after the disintegration of Qin, arguing that warlords? Empty-handed, trying to seize the virtue of heaven and earth? As a result, the Lebanese people suffered innocently, the society was out of order, and the country fell into a serious disaster. ? Parents are bones, and insects and snakes eat each other. Ding chaos Yin and Yang doubt, fighting ghosts and gods. The dragon in the eastern suburbs sees blood, and it is nine yellow. Two scenes were cracked by drums, and the demon star moved China? It's just bloodshed, but the artifact won't be terrible. ? (Volume 593 of Complete Tang Poetry) It can be said that it is a wake-up call for the rulers to blindly tolerate the buffer region.
But generally speaking, the epics of this period focus on the satire and criticism of the monarch. Faced with the incompetent and dissolute monarch, the poet deeply felt that it was difficult to wake up the ruler who was drunk and dreamy only by writing directly about reality. Only by transcending reality and touching the serious consequences hidden behind reality can we serve as a warning to the misty monarch. In this way, the monarch of national subjugation in history entered the poet's field of vision. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the prince of Wu, the kings of the Southern Dynasties and Yang Di naturally became the objects of * * *. The success or failure of Xuanzong era in this dynasty is a better contemporary proof: hard work can rejuvenate the country, while decadence will bring heavy disasters to the country. For example, Li Shen's "Gusutai Miscellaneous Sentences" ("All Tang Poems" Volume 482) is a feeling? King Huang of Yue gave gold to the lintel, and Wang Jian of Wu gave gold to the lintel, so he decorated the building with gold to destroy his country? ("Introduction to Gusutai Miscellaneous Sentences"), written in homesickness. There are beautiful ups and downs in the poem, writing that the king of Wu is dissolute and addicted to women: Shi's Drunk Dance is full of flowers, and she is jealous and arrogant. Gusu spread out a hundred feet, and the lintel became Huang Jintai. ? The final result is:? In Song and Qing Dynasties, Yan Chun's music was unfinished, and the teacher drifted away. ? Wu Xu watched Wu perish and dominated West Vietnam. ? In fact, it is ironic that rulers should learn from history. Another example is Si Kongtu's A Brief History of the North and South, the fifth of ten: soldiers surround Liang Dian, burn Yushu, Chen Gong. Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. ? ("All Tang Poems" Volume 633). By the subjugation of Liang Chen in the Southern Dynasties, it was alluded that the Tang Dynasty was overthrown by peasant rebels in Huang Chao, and Nuo people fled. It is believed that the deep reason is not the traitor's mistake, but the monarch's own problem. It can be said that the understanding is very profound. Another example is Zhang Hu's Mawei Po: the standard is not complete, but there are few southerners and many northerners. The smell of dust is rich, and litchi is located in Maweipo, Yuda. ? (Complete Tang Poetry, Volume 5 1 1) refers directly to Xuanzong's poems about historical affairs and figures, and euphemistically points out that the root of the relocation and the alienation between the army and the people lies in Xuanzong's worship of the imperial concubine and his dissolute and misunderstanding of the country. Rulers' rules and criticisms are self-contained.
However, the epic poems in the middle and late Tang Dynasty were not limited to the simple criticism of reality, but contained deeper historical reflection and had a strong rationalism spirit. In the personality paradigm, the literati in the middle and late Tang Dynasty have changed from the gifted scholar type in the early Tang Dynasty to the scholar type, and they can examine and reflect on problems with the rational thinking ability of intellectuals. Therefore, for history, poets no longer narrate and lament in rhyming form, and rarely express their personal feelings by comparing their paintings with those of the ancients. Instead, they explore the real reasons for the success or failure of life and the rise and fall of history from the superficial phenomena of the previous generation. Or get rid of the historical saying that people are echoing other people's views, make a hypothetical thinking about historical facts, dig out judgments and put forward new views. In this way, the historical essay style and the conviction style have been formed.
Generally speaking, the focus of reflection in this period focused on the political gains and losses of the previous generation and the rise and fall of the country. Zhu Qingyu Great Wall:? Qin Shihuang was very concerned about preventing Land Rover. A man with virtue is at home everywhere. ? (Volume 515 of Complete Tang Poetry) It is pointed out that the monarch mainly governs the country by virtue, so that the world will have a home, the world will be peaceful, and the border defense problem will be fundamentally solved. Nostalgia of Li Shanfu in Yuan Dynasty:? The emperor of the Southern Dynasties loved romance, and he kept the country to the end. It's always war, but it's broken by song and dance. Yao Xing's morality is invincible, but Qin can get golden soup for free? Where is the prosperity? The ancient city of rain, moss and smoke is autumn. ? (* * * 3) Contrary to the writing mode of feeling the vicissitudes of history from the description of historical sites, the poet, with a conscious sense of exploring history, questioned the real reason for the rise and fall of the Southern Dynasties, thinking that the emperors of the Southern Dynasties were dissolute and romantic, and did not know that the national luck was mainly determined by internal morality, but tried to rely on external defenses such as the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, which led to the ruin of the country and the absence of prosperity, showing a strong sense of political exploration.
China is well-developed in historiography, and he has a lot of knowledge and theories about history, success and success. However, the poets in the middle and late Tang Dynasty deliberately got rid of the barrier of generative theory, reflected and examined history, overturned the old theory and established a new theory, which created the wind of reversing the verdict and made the poetry of this period present a unique style. For example, Wang Rui's "Relieving Zhao Jun's Complaints" (Volume 505 of All Tang Poems): The ugly tattoo doesn't blame the worker, and the Lord doesn't blame the Lord for seeing off his relatives. At that time, if you didn't marry Land Rover, you were just a dancer in the palace. ? Because of the ugliness of the painter, Wang Zhaojun was unknown to the king and had to marry Land Rover. For this matter, I have always been sympathetic and sorry, criticizing the painter and alluding to the monarch. However, this poem has changed this ideological orientation and drawn enlightening historical conclusions from hypothetical historical conditions. This historical perspective of thinking from the opposite side makes this poem more thoughtful and rational than other works with the same theme. Another example is Pi Rixiu's "Bian River Nostalgia:? It is said that the Sui Dynasty perished because of this river, but now it is still flowing, and the north and south ships are unimpeded. If there is no water temple dragon boat, there are not many theories about * * *. ? Luo Yin's Xi poem:? Why do Wu people complain about history when the country rises and falls? If history overthrew the State of Wu, who was the loser of the State of Yue? ? According to the general historical theory, Emperor Yang Di built the Bianhe River for luxury and entertainment, which led to the demise of the Sui Dynasty. While criticizing Emperor Yang Di's subjective motivation of digging canals, the poet affirmed the positive and objective role that rivers brought to the society at that time. The latter takes history as the center. For Shi, people often regard her as the key factor of Wu's demise, which led to Wu's demise. This is actually the theory of national subjugation. On the other hand, Luo Yin thinks that if Shineng leads to Wu's death. So who caused the demise of Yue State? The vigilant and powerful backchat naturally denies this argument and thinks that the country has its own time to perish. In all fairness, historical development is based on multiple factors, and historical results also have positive or negative or multiple meanings. If we look at the development and results of history from different angles, the conclusion will naturally have its own new warning. In fact, the poet's reversal of historical narrative is the result of thinking from different factors and angles, which shows their unique historical knowledge and makes historical poetry emit a strong rational light.
Generally speaking, after the Anshi Rebellion, the political situation in the middle and late Tang Dynasty was chaotic, dark and depressing. Faced with this social situation, poets generally breed? The palace will change, the country will be in danger, the world will die, and the sea will be chaotic? Sense of crisis and? If you don't meet Qinghai horse, it's hard to pull out the snake in Shushan. (Li Shangyin's Poems). The whole society is shrouded in a negative and decadent atmosphere and helpless grief. In this era environment and mentality, the epic of this period is naturally full of strong and sad mourning. For example, Xu Hun's "East Building of Xianyang City": When I was in Gaocheng, Wan Li was sad and willows were like Tingzhou. The red sunset is in the temple outside the temple, and the wind has not yet come, and the wind has already blown the buildings in Xianyang. Under the sky, there are green grass, Qinyuan Xi, cicadas singing yellow leaves, and autumn in Han Palace. Passers-by don't ask about the past, only the Weihe River flows eastward as always. ? (The Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty, Volume 533) The poet climbed a tall building, looked up and felt sad for Wan Li. Is this melancholy for the middle and late Tang Dynasty? Rain is coming, and the wind is blowing? Intuitive experience and cognition. The once prosperous Qinyuan Han Palace is now covered with green grass and yellow leaves. Only birds and cicadas don't know how to rise and fall, or fly up and down, or keep singing. So-called? What happened in Mo Wen? All the prosperity flows eastward like water and will eventually pass away. At the same time, it contains deep sorrow for the irreparable social reality, can it be said? Its meaning is to abandon the old and draw a new picture, and the mountains and rivers are old, which is sad and full of emotions. It can be read as a song with three sighs. ? Another example is Li Qunyu's Mouling Nostalgia: the old Wu Palace with wild flowers and yellow leaves, and the six generations of luxurious candles scattered the wind. Have a good rest. (Historical paper) Phoenix is very famous in Taiwan Province. As the city moves, it becomes autumn and green, and the height of the grave is red. Think of yourself as the most suitable person to do, and come alone in the melancholy cloud. ? (The Whole Tang Poetry, Volume 569) expresses a sense of historical rise and fall and changes to the city. Whether it's Song of Wu Gong or Six Dynasties, everything seems so short and helpless in the face of the eternity of nature, leaving only a thick desolation and desolation, which makes people feel miserable and lament. In fact, this strong sadness is a reflection of the negative and desperate mentality of scholars in the middle and late Tang Dynasty towards the declining political reality.
In the face of the dark and decadent social situation in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, in order to adjust their mentality and establish new spiritual pillars, scholars settled in Buddhism one after another. And what is the core of Buddhism and Zen epistemology? Empty? . Is the essential attribute of all things in the world. Things are illusory and can exist, but existence is only temporary; The external phase and internal quality of things are always in success, living, bad and empty? Four-stage migration? In the process of change; As a thing in the world, so is man, and eventually there will be nothing. In this case, there is no need to care about fame and fortune, life and death; The history of a dynasty, as a process of change, is due to? Four-stage migration? Where will it eventually go? Empty? . After accepting this Buddhist thought, the epics in the middle and late Tang Dynasty showed strong historical nihilism in their ideological and emotional orientation. Such as Shangyuan County in Wei Zhuang:? Thirty-six heroes in the Southern Dynasties fought for their rise and fall. It's a dream to have a country, but it's empty for a dragon to be a tiger. ? Du Mu's title "Shuige of Kaiyuan Temple in Xuanzhou Your Excellency Wanxi Jiaxi Jushi": The cultural relics of the Six Dynasties were even empty, and the sky was light and the clouds were idle. Birds go to the mountains, and people sing and cry. ? Dong Li's Jinling nostalgia:? There has been no such war since ancient times, and the sea breeze is rolling up day by day. When Ling Ao fell asleep, Jiujiang was empty in the Six Dynasties. ? These poems all emphasize history? Empty? Sex? Phantom? Make love. Since history is made up of? Empty? An illusion will eventually disillusion and return? Empty? So why care about prosperity and waste? Let it live.
Since history is a dream and a void, how should we know those heroes and sages who have had brilliant achievements and shown their romantic lives in history? A close reading of the epics of this period reveals that the poet has turned from the worship and praise in the past to the denial and rebellion of his achievements, thus obliterating success or failure, such as Li Shanfu's Looking Back at Yuan Qu. The plan to fight for the emperor and Wang De's failure were nothing, and suddenly they prospered and dominated. Both the monarch and the minister laugh, and the country will mourn for a thousand years. The shore is as far away as a forest, and the waves are still shining like flags. It's hard to look back at the city today, and it's hard to see the ship during the war. ? ("All Tang Poems" Volume * * * 3) After denying heroic achievements, the poet began to look for the main way of life in the vast ancient and modern times, appreciate the real world and think about the meaning and philosophy of life, thus producing a strong philosophy of life in the poems of this period:
It's sad that the past and the present push each other, and both the high and the low return.
Are the people from Hanwu Yutang there? Shi Jia shrine is empty.
Time is dusk from the beginning, and vegetation is from spring to autumn.
Can't keep up with the times, and soon get drunk.
? Feng Xue's Mourning for the Ancient Times (Tang Poetry, Volume 548)
In autumn, reeds rustle and sing to Jinling Gudu.
Throughout the ages, it is a dream of losing butterflies, and a round of storms is a fishing boat.
If there is no immortality, you should be old. Fortunately, if you go back to the mountain, you will have a rest.
Why do you feel more depressed when you board the plane? It turns out that your life experience is just ups and downs.
? Watching the Night in Jinling by Cui Tu (one is Nostalgia in Jinling, 679 volumes of all Tang poems)
Here, everything the world pursues, including power, wealth, poverty and other external things, tends to nothingness in the sudden change of history. Life experience is like ups and downs. People should get rid of the sense of right and wrong in ancient and modern times in the detachment of the cold view of history and reality, and be indifferent in the drunken hometown of Qingshan.
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To sum up, the epics of this period are mostly profound and alert satire and criticism, with strong realistic critical spirit. Because in the personality paradigm, the literati in the middle and late Tang Dynasty belong to knowledge-based literati. They can examine life and historical issues with the rational thinking of intellectuals, overthrow precedents, bring forth the new, and have a strong rationalism spirit. Under the influence of the times and atmosphere, the epics in the middle and late Tang Dynasty were filled with strong and sad mourning feelings. At the same time, writers are interested in Buddhism and Zen? Empty? With the acceptance of sexual thoughts, the historical nihilism in the emotional orientation of epic thoughts is very strong, reflecting the philosophical consciousness of individual life. In a word, can the ideological and emotional orientation of epics in the middle and late Tang Dynasty be used? Criticism? 、? Against grace,? Sad? 、? Nothing? To sum it up.