Li He is a romantic poet in the mid-Tang Dynasty, and also a representative of the transition period from the mid-Tang Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems lament the untimely birth, feel depressed and express the pursuit of ideals and ambitions; It reflects the situation that the vassal region was divided, the eunuchs were authoritarian and brutally exploited the people. He likes to gallop in the world of fairy tales and ghosts, and with his bold and bizarre imagination, he builds a ups and downs artistic realm, expressing the sentimental artistic conception that the good times are not long and the time is fleeting. He said in the "General Examination of Literature": "The Duke of Song Dynasty is in the museum, tasting Tang poetry:' Taibai is a fairy and grows into a ghost. ""Old Cold Hall Poetry "said:" Li He has too white words, not too white talent. "
Li Heshi was influenced by Chu Ci, Gu Yuefu, Qi Lianggong, Du Li, Han Yu, etc., and formed a very unique style through his own casting and bitterness. The greatest feature of Shi Li's poems is rich and strange imagination and gorgeous and strange language. Changji wrote to Tianhe and Youyue Palace; Talking about ancient and modern times and exploring ghosts and gods, his imagination is magical, magnificent and gorgeous. Changji deliberately honed his language to make it fantastic, concise, steep and colorful. There are many ingenious, strange and novel languages in his works. For example, strange words such as He Kou Cup Day (drinking by the King of Qin), Walking Clouds to Learn the Sound of Water (a ballad in the sky), and "Jade wheel rolls with wet light" (a dream of heaven) abound. It can be said that "new" is the pursuit of Changji's era, especially Han Meng's poetry school represented by his mentor and friend Han Yu. He also has many vivid and easy-to-understand works, such as Persuading Love, Five Satiries, Beijing, Mocking Teenagers and so on. Like Li Bai, Du Fu, Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi, there is also a four-letter word called "Shi Gui" because of ghosts, weeping, blood and death. Another major feature of Changji's poetry is that he wrote more ancient poems and Yuefu poems, and rarely wrote modern poems that were popular at that time. There are no seven-metrical poems in the existing poems. Li He has made outstanding contributions to the inheritance and innovation of Yuefu poems, borrowing the past to present, satirizing or sighing, being flexible, careless and innovative. In addition to Yuefu schools such as Zhang and Wang, it is unique. He is especially good at short stories, such as Song of the Sky, Dream of Paradise and Song of Di Zi. And it is a masterpiece called "Dragon Ridge" by later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin and Wen's ancient poems followed the path initiated by Li He. He Zuoxiu, Zhou Bangyan, Liu Kezhuang, Xie Ao and Wen Tianxiang in Song Dynasty, Sadula and Yang Weizhen in Yuan Dynasty, Tang Xianzu in Ming Dynasty, Cao Xueqin, Li Jian and Yao Xie in Qing Dynasty were all influenced by Li Heshi. Li He's poems also have many shortcomings. On the one hand, due to excessive carving and curiosity, some works are obscure in meaning, piled with words, incomplete in artistic image and incoherent in emotional context. Li Bai [1](70 1-762), a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now near Tianshui, Gansu). According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Li Bai is the ninth grandson of Gui Li, the King of Liang. According to this statement, Li Bai and the kings of Li Tang are actually the same clan, so he should be the same generation brother of Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin. It is also said that his ancestors were Li or Li Yuanji, who moved to the western regions because of genocide; But this statement lacks evidence. According to Old Tang Book, Li Bai's father, Li Ke, was appointed as the city guard. Jia Fei, a famous young writer, said that Li Bai was the most talented and talented poet in China for 5,000 years. However, the rich second generation and the descendants of sinners in the Tang Dynasty could not take the imperial examination, so it was a great pity that Li Bai failed to pass the examination and became an official all his life. Li Bai was born in the first year of Chang 'an (70 1). Li Bai's ancestral home is Ji Cheng (now Qin 'an County, Gansu Province). There are different opinions about his birthplace. According to Biography of Li Bai in Old Tang Dynasty, Li Bai was born in Shandong. There are few talents, ambitious and ambitious, and have the heart to surpass. My father is from Ren Chengwei because of his family. Confucius, Han Mian, Pei Zheng, Zhang Shuming, Tao Mian and other middle school students are all hiding in Culai Mountain, singing and drinking, and the time number is "Zhu Xi Liu Fu". Another way of saying it is that his father was born from the Central Plains in Broken Leaf City (now tokmak, Kyrgyzstan) in the Western Regions, and moved to Changlong County in Jiannan Mianzhou at the age of 4 (7 12 was renamed Changming County, now jiangyou city, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province).
Li Bai did not show fame in his life, but he had high expectations, was not afraid of and despised the powerful. There were "Lux took off his boots", "Imperial concubine held the inkstone" and "Imperial hand?" The stories of "spoon" and "dragon towel wipes saliva" unscrupulously mocked the hierarchical order centered on the regime, criticized the corrupt political phenomenon at that time, and carried forward the heroism in the prosperous Tang culture with a bold gesture of resistance. Li Bai's anti-power thought has matured with the enrichment of his life practice. In the early days, it was mainly manifested in the equal requirements of "self-improvement, not being human" and "making friends with princes", as he said in his poem: "I was drunk in Chang 'an, and five kings and seven people shared a glass of wine. In the face of heroic spirit, the romantic spirit will fall behind others! " ("Liu Yelang gave the judge Xin") "Encourage the nine masters to make waves and be young and ignorant." ("Ode to the Jade Pot") He sometimes makes grandiloquence that shows contempt for powerful people, such as "Golden jade buys songs and laughs, and drunkenness makes the moon light of princes" ("Remembering the past" sends the county yuan to join the army), but it mainly shows his inner pride. With the understanding of the actual situation of high-level power groups, he further revealed the opposition between grassroots and powerful people: "Zhu Yu buys songs and laughs, and dross raises talents." ("Antique" back to the fifteenth) "Wu Tong nest finch, orange. "(article 39 of the ancient style) and the ugly behavior of those who stole power because of flattering the emperor is even more ridiculous, such as:" The cart flies in the dust and the pavilion is dark in the afternoon. China is more expensive than gold, and Lianyun has a room. He Huihe was dubbed cockfighting. When the rainbow is dried in one breath, pedestrians are afraid. There is no such thing as a deaf ear, who knows Yao and wisdom! When he climbed Mount Tianmu in his dream, he made the biggest cry: "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high officials whose sincere faces will never be seen!" "The significance of this artistic generalization in Li Bai's poems is just like Du Fu's famous sentence" The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death "("Sing 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian "). In the deteriorating political situation at the end of Tianbao, Li Bai linked anti-dignitary with extensive social criticism. For example, Answering the King on a Twelfth Cold Night: If there were no Beihai in Li See, where would Britain be today? If you don't look at Pei Shangshu, there are three feet of wormwood thorns in the earth grave. Teenagers have long wanted to go to the Five Lakes. Seeing this, I will spare Zhong Ding. Fight for the just cause of the late sages. ("it is hard to go"): You don't see it. In the past, the prince of Yan worshiped talents and built a platform, and his festival was undoubtedly. Juxin and Le Yi were grateful for their kindness. They tried their best to serve the monarch with their talents. But Yan Zhaowang died early, who can reuse the wise men like him? Expressed the poet's disappointment and anger at the court because he was not reused. Li Bai even sharply reprimanded Xuanzong himself in the way of satirizing modern people in his poems, such as "Feeling the Book, My Friend", "Ancient Style" and "Ascending to the Far Sea". In a word, it can be said that he developed the anti-power theme in Tang poetry to the point of dripping and hearty. Ren Hua said that Li Bai "lived for decades and never lost his color for a day" ("Miscellaneous Words Send Li Bai"). This consciousness of never giving in to powerful people and bravely fighting for self-dignity is an important content of attaching importance to personal value since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it is also a tradition of attaching importance to strength and character. It is under the new historical conditions that Li Bai inherited and carried forward this excellent tradition and became a star in poetry.
He is never satisfied with loneliness and loneliness, such as drinking the bright moon alone, which shows that only a poet full of vitality can make such fantastic ideas. He has a "short song line", and the idea is: "If you want to win the Six Dragons, go back to the car and hang the Fusang. With the help of the Big Dipper, every dragon advised them to drink a glass of wine, so they all fell asleep and couldn't stay awake. Wealth is not what you want, you are in your twilight years. " There is no old man's sigh here, but the naive imagination of "persuading wine" is used to express infinite attachment to life. These poems, with their pure taste, appeal to the beautiful humanity submerged by vulgar life, thus gaining permanent charm. Li Bai has a strong feeling for nature, and he is good at integrating his personality into natural scenery, which makes his landscapes and valleys have idealized colors. He said in the poem "Sunrise": "I will include a big piece, and I will be noble and have the same topic." He also said: "Yangchun told me to smoke, and I took articles during the holidays." (From the preface of my brother's spring banquet in Taohuayuan) Li Bai is heroic and pursues a pure and noble state of mind. These different personality aspects also form two types of his artistic conception of mountains and rivers: one is to highlight the beauty of strength and movement in the majestic mountains and rivers, and express his lofty aspirations in the magnificent artistic conception; The other is interested in pursuing the beauty of Ming Che and expressing innocent feelings in a beautiful artistic conception. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in his works roared and roared: "How does the water of the Yellow River move out of the sky and into the ocean, and never return" ("Into the wine"); "The Yellow River Wan Li touches the mountains, and the vortex hub turns to Qin Mine ... djinn growls and breaks the two mountains, and Hongbo jet shoots the East China Sea ("Xiyue Yuntai Song Send Dan Qiu Zi "); "I climbed up. I look at the world and I can't go to the river. " The wind blows Huang Yun for hundreds of miles, and the snow peaks are white around the nine streams. "(Song of Lushan's suggestion and Lu Xuzhou) Poseidon has been to the evil wind, and the waves hit the stone walls of Tianmen. What happened to Zhejiang in August? Snow in Taosi Mountain (Hengjiang Ci). The peaks in his works are towering and steep: "The highest cliff is only one foot below the sky, and the dry pine trees hang their heads from the surface of the cliff" (Shu Dao Nan); On a straight line leading to heaven, its peak enters heaven, with five holy peaks on top, casting a shadow across China; The ladder mountain range stretches for hundreds of miles, starting from here and extending to the southeast "(Tianmu Mountain rises in my dream). He endowed mountains and rivers with lofty aesthetic feeling with heroism in his chest. His praise for the great power of nature is also a tribute to the far-sighted and unremitting pursuit of life ideals. Extraordinary natural image and proud heroic character are integrated. At the same time, Li Bai also wrote many beautiful landscape poems. For example, "people travel around the moon and ships travel in the air" ("Send Weiwan, a man from Wuwangshan, back to the palace"); "People ride on the sea, and sail down the lake to the sky ("Looking for Yang to send a younger brother to swim in Poyang Sima Zuo "); The moon turns with the castle peak, and the castle peak flows with water. It's like being on the Milky Way, but I feel the clouds are quiet ("On a Moonlit Night, Jiang Xing sends a chronicle of Cuiyuan"); Jinling night is quiet and cool, watching the five mountains in the west wing alone. The white clouds reflect the water and shake the empty city, and the white dew drops the beads and the autumn moon ("The Moon on the West Tower of Jinling City"). These poems are famous for their clarity and purity. Li Bai's landscape poems are not so much a realistic description of natural features as a reformed and idealized picture according to the poet's personality. He just wants to grasp the overall momentum or atmosphere, splash ink on the basis of sudden excitement, while ignoring the specific details, and even the visual transfer order of the scenery is often not concerned. Li Bai's landscape poems are pervasive and lyrical. He is good at blending mountains and rivers with specific emotions, and there is a subtle relationship between the situation of "scenery" and the characteristics of "emotion" For example, seeing a friend off: to the north of the Great Wall is a blue mountain range, and to the east is a white waterline. Here we say goodbye to each other, and you, like losing your father, are floating in the wind and traveling far away. Floating clouds are like wanderers, like wandering, and the sunset slowly goes down the mountain, which seems to be nostalgic. With a wave of his hand, he will be separated from now on, and his friend on horseback will carry him on a long journey, blowing a long wind, as if reluctant to leave. The "floating clouds" and "sunset" in the poem are not only the foreground of the eyes, but also the concrete images with specific emotional content in ancient poetry, which means that once a wanderer leaves, he will be like a floating cloud, so he will say goodbye to the sunset without leaving a scar. Another example is "the clouds return to the blue sea and the evening, and the geese have no blue sky." The first two sentences not only point out the season and time, but also use the images of "clouds" and "geese" to refer to departure and travel. In addition, for example, "Sometimes white clouds rise and the sky unfolds. "With this in mind, I am grateful for every happiness" (looking at Nanshan to send a hermit song) "Oh, ask this river running eastward, whether it can go further than the love of friends!" ("Parting Nanjing Restaurant"), "Xi Hui chasing water, rippling blue waves", and so on. Li Bai's thoughts and sentiments of freedom and liberation and his personality with the tendency of popularization also enabled him to explore all kinds of human beauty in social life more deeply. There is a yearning for a quiet life here, such as the third part of Midnight Wu Ge: a new moon hangs over the capital, and ten thousand laundry hammers are beating. The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. When will the border war be settled and when will my husband end his expedition? There are praises for working life, such as "Song of Autumn Pu" XIV: "Fire shines on the heavens and the earth, and red stars are everywhere. Langlang moonlit night, winding cold Sichuan. " All these poems, without exception, use the ideal light wheel to make the theme of daily life glow with poetic style. Li Bai is indeed an outstanding poet in China. The great wanderer enriched the scenery of the Tang Dynasty with his feet and poetic pen. He swept away sturm und drang, and then, the smoke in Dongting, the wind and cloud in Chibi, the apes in Shudao and the mighty river suddenly flew. In poetry, the poet is smart and heroic, like a cloud in the sky; He wandered between the eight poles, galloping freely, like a fine horse galloping on the Yuan Ye. In the poem, the poet sweeps away the worldly dust and completely restores his immortal posture: above, he looks for the green void, below, the yellow spring. His romance, madness, love and hate, loneliness and pain, dreams and awakening, heroism and vagrancy all reached the extreme. His poetry creation has a strong subjective color, mainly expressing heroism and passionate feelings, and rarely describing objective things and specific time in detail. Free and easy temperament, independent personality, and strong emotions that are easy to touch and erupt form the distinctive features of Li Bai's lyric style. Once his feelings were aroused, they rushed out without restraint, just like a hurricane in the sky and an overflowing volcano. His imagination is very strange, often has unusual connections, and changes with the flow of emotions.
In terms of artistic achievements, Li Bai's Yuefu, Gexing and quatrains are the highest achievements. His songs completely broke all the inherent forms of poetry creation, with no one to rely on and many strokes, reaching the magical realm of vagaries and swaying. Li Bai's quatrains are natural and lively, elegant and chic, and can express endless feelings in concise and lively language. Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were good at the Five Wonders, while Wang Changling and others wrote the Seven Wonders well. Li Bai is the only person who combines the five wonders with the seven wonders. Li Bai's poems are magnificent and elegant, and his artistic achievements are extremely high. He eulogized the mountains, rivers and beautiful natural scenery of the motherland, with bold and unrestrained style, elegant and fresh, full of romantic spirit, and achieved the perfect unity of content and art, so he was called the "fallen fairy". His poems mainly described the mountains and rivers and expressed his inner feelings. Li Bai's poems have the artistic charm of "the pen is shaken by the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature in his poems. Li Bai's poems are full of self-expression and subjective lyricism, and the expression of feelings is overwhelming. He and Du Fu are called "Big Du Li" (Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li"). In Li Bai's poems, imagination, exaggeration, metaphor, personification and other techniques are often used comprehensively to produce magical brilliance and magnificent artistic conception, which is the reason why Li Bai's romantic poems give people heroic and unrestrained, elegant and immortal. Li Bai's poems and songs had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and Li He in the middle Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi, Yang Shen and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poems.