There are three levels of expression skills: rhetoric method, expression method (expression method, literary expression method) and text structure.
Topic type: What kind of expression is used in this poem?
Variant: What kind of artistic technique (skill) is used in this poem? How do poets express their feelings? Or ask specific questions about one aspect.
Key points: analytical expression skills are to analyze the way poets express their thoughts and feelings. First of all, we should distinguish the requirements of appreciation, that is, we should ask questions from the perspective of rhetoric, expression, text structure or both.
(1) Need to point out exactly what expression or skill is used. Secondly, it is the specific appreciation of related expression skills.
(2) Talk about the content of this technique and its specific application in poetry.
(3) Talk about the reasons why the author adopts this technique. Explain again
(4) How does this technique express the poet's feelings and convey his theme? Advantages of using this technology. The language expression in the process of appreciation must be a smooth and beautiful appreciation that combines the interpretation of poetic artistic conception with the appreciation of formal skills.
Problem solving format:
Appreciating rhetorical methods: revealing skills+analyzing and expressing functions (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
Appreciate expression: how to say (describe)+what to say (describe)+what to express.
Appreciate the expression technique: technique+expression function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
Common mistakes: When answering such questions, a common mistake is to elaborate the rhetorical devices of a certain part of the poem. This is not right. However, when expounding a specific poem, we can talk about the use of rhetorical devices.
Example 1. Read [Tang]' s Ascending the Mountain in Nine Days in the Middle of Shu, and analyze the artistic features of this poem.
On September 9, at Wangxiangtai, he sat in a farewell cup.
Human feelings hate south suffering. Is Hongyan from the north?
[Note] ① That: Why, why.
Answering, guiding and analyzing the artistic characteristics or expressive skills of poetry generally starts from these aspects to see what characteristics the language has (easy to understand; Elegant and solemn; Tragic; Fresh and simple; Euphemism and vividness; Satire, humor, etc. ). See if there are any brave words. See if there are any special expressions and structural features. With these outlines, you can check the poems one by one. Linguistically, the spoken word "Na" appeared, and this poem is simple and friendly in the form of approximate daily spoken language. Rhetorically, three or four sentences are compared, and the last sentence is also rhetorical. In terms of expression, the third sentence is straightforward and the fourth sentence is euphemistic and chic. After such analysis and screening, we can basically grasp the artistic characteristics of this poem, and there is a way to answer it. Say what you say before you answer. You must be clear-headed and clear-headed. If the idea is not very clear, it is best to use a point method and say it in turn. It is also necessary to analyze it in combination with poetry, so that it is justified.
A reference answer This poem uses everyday spoken language, such as "He is sitting in a foreign land" and "That cluster", which is simple and cordial. In terms of techniques, the three sentences of "human feelings are tired of suffering in the south" directly express the pain in the chest, thinking about their loved ones alone in the south and not returning to the north, while the fourth sentence uses the rhetorical question of "Where did Hongyan come from?" In sharp contrast to the previous sentence, the seemingly "unreasonable question" makes the poet's homesickness feel particularly real and moving.
Example 2: Li Bai's Song of the Plug
The mountains in May are still full of snow, only cold, and the grass can't see the grass. Spring can only be imagined in the flute "Folding Willow", but it has never been seen in reality.
The soldiers fought the enemy in the golden drum during the day and slept in the saddle at night. I hope that the sword hanging around my waist can quickly pacify the border and serve my country.
Note: folding willow: that is, "folding willow", the name of ancient music, is mostly a word that hurts spring and leaves sorrow. Loulan: A king of Loulan in the Western Han Dynasty, who repeatedly sent people to stop and kill Ambassador China, was later killed by General Huo Guang.
Q: Talk about the beauty of the expressive skills of this poem. (4 points)
A: The forehead is combined with the code, and the contrast technique is also used. "The flute smells the broken willow" and hearing someone play the tune of "Broken Willow" naturally reminds people of the spring scenery in their hometown and their loved ones, but there is no spring scenery in front of them, so distant relatives can't meet each other; It is under such circumstances that soldiers actively participate in the war and kill the enemy bravely. The concise words of the forehead couplet strongly show the loyalty and courage of the soldiers to the country. (To be in the same strain as the original poem, there are opinions and analysis. )
1, rhetorical method:
Metaphor-comparing one thing or situation with another. It has the function of highlighting the characteristics of things and visualizing abstract things, which is more vivid and touching.
Analogy-people are called anthropomorphic things, or crops are called simulacra. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
Ask questions-ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable.
Rhetorical questions-express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
Metonymy-borrowing something related, not what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.
Duality-using a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two opposite or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
Exaggeration-an enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly.
Allusions-Allusions are a common expression in ancient poetry, which can play the role of suggestion, refinement, euphemism and association. It can not only refine the language of poetry, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implication of expression, receive concise and interesting effects, enhance the expressive force and appeal of works, enhance the meaning of works, and also have a certain impact on reading. There are several ways to use allusions in ancient poetry: ① point out the sentences of predecessors; (2) reference fairy tales; ③ Use historical stories.
Huadian (Application)-Re-processing and re-creating the previous written works and the language created orally by the masses, giving them new content and artistic conception. It can be divided into three types: word articulation, content sublimation and artistic conception development.
Intertextuality-"Intertextuality" means that the words used in adjacent sentences of ancient poetry complement each other and combine to express a complete meaning. It is a special rhetorical device in ancient Chinese. There are generally two forms of expression in the use of ancient poetry: a. In order to avoid monotonous repetition of words, synonyms are used alternately in writing. This intertextuality is characterized by the mutual explanation of words in the same or basically the same phrases or sentences. In this way, we can infer another unknown word meaning from the known word meaning. B is out of the constraints of words and rules or the need of expression art, so it is necessary to express rich content with concise words and implicit and concise sentences, so only one of them appears in the context, and the other is omitted, that is, "two things are one side, and the text is saved", so as to achieve the effect of simplifying the complex. When understanding this intertextuality, we must combine the words preserved in the context to make them complement each other and set each other off to show the original intention, so it is customarily called intertextuality.
Repetition-overlapping, reduplication, reduplication: There are only two functions: enhancing the sense of rhythm or emphasis of language and making it more vivid. The expression of thoughts and feelings is more dense and tortuous, and the syllables are beautiful, which enhances the musical beauty and rhetorical beauty of the language.
Parallelism-Say several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone in succession.
Pun-In some poems, especially in folk songs, the author often uses argot and pun to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion.
Jin Lie —— The so-called Jin Lie is a rhetorical device in which all nouns or noun phrases are skillfully arranged together through selection and combination to form a vivid and sensible image, so as to set off the atmosphere, create artistic conception and express emotions. The artistic effects that can be achieved by using this rhetoric are as follows: ① simplicity and beauty. Poetry sometimes deliberately leaves incomplete elements, thus achieving concise results. Jane is far from beautiful. The so-called simplicity refers to the selection of general things, which are skillfully handled by the writer and condensed into rich and profound ideological content and emotions. 3 implicit beauty. Implicit means not to say the meaning directly and completely, but to say it euphemistically, thus receiving good expression effect.