The appreciation of artistic skills generally includes three aspects: the evaluation of expressive techniques, the appreciation of artistic techniques and the appreciation of rhetorical techniques.
First, the expression of evaluation
The forms of expression are narration, description, lyricism and discussion. The so-called evaluation of expression means the ability to distinguish which expressions are used in poetry and their functions.
1, narrative. Explain and introduce the characters and events in the works, such as "Prepare chicken rice for me, so you entertain me on your farm" (Meng Haoran's Crossing the Ancient Village) and "Bow in the corner of the wind and the general hunts the acropolis" (Wang Wei's Hunting). "Gou Jian, the king of Yue, destroyed Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home dressed in gold" (Li Bai's Visit to Vietnam)
2. description. Give a concrete and vivid description of people, things, environment and other forms and characteristics in vivid language. Let readers see their people, such as hearing their voices and seeing their affairs, such as their surroundings. For example, "there is moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream" (Wang Wei's "Mountain Living in Autumn Evening"), "Three mountains and a half fall outside the sky, and a water egret island" (Li Bai's "On boarding Nanjing to Phoenix Terrace").
3. Lyric. Express subjective feelings and self-feelings in the works, such as "I would like to put down my sword to cut Loulan" (Xia Sai Qu by Li Bai), "We met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? " (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip) and so on.
4. discuss it. Explain the views and attitudes directly in the works, such as "Life is a hero, and death is a ghost hero" (Li Qingzhao's "Summer quatrains"), "There are many talented people in Jiangdong, and it is unknown to make a comeback" (Tu Mu's "Title Wujiang Pavilion").
These four expressions are not completely separated in specific applications, but often fused together. We need to pay attention to this point, for example, "But before he conquered, he was dead, and the hero cried on their coats from now on" (Du Fu's Book of Letters), which combines four expressions: narration, description, lyricism and discussion.
Second, the appreciation of artistic techniques.
1, the artistic technique of description: from the perspective of description, there are positive description and side description; From the description of pen, there are meticulous and line drawing; From the content of description, there are scenery description and character description.
2. Artistic techniques of lyric: There are two main ways of lyric: direct lyric and indirect lyric. Most ancient poems express their feelings with the help of scenery. As the saying goes, "All scenery words are sentimental words", and there are usually four relationships between scenery and emotion: appreciating Syaraku's feelings; Write sad feelings with sad scenes; Happy to write mourning; Mourn the situation in Syaraku.
3, foil technique: involving positive contrast and negative contrast.
4. Contrast technique.
5, Fu Bixing technique.
6. Use allusions.
7. Virtual writing and real writing.
8. Symbolism.
(See Appendix for details. )
Third, appreciation of rhetorical devices.
The rhetorical devices commonly used in ancient poetry include metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, metonymy, antithesis, rhetorical questions and puns. When appreciating poetry, we should be able to distinguish these rhetorical devices and analyze their artistic effects.
(See Appendix for details. )
Attachment: Examples of artistic and rhetorical techniques.
1, Bixing technique: Fu Bixing is a summary of the poetic expression technique in China's earliest poetry collection The Book of Songs. Later poems inherited the expressive techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing. Fu describes the scenery in detail and expresses the author's attitude, such as The Book of Songs? In Cutting Dalbergia Dalbergia, "Cutting Dalbergia Dalbergia is like cutting Dalbergia Dalbergia, and the river is dry", "If you don't get enough crops, you won't hunt. If there are gentlemen in counties and counties in Hu Zhaner's court, you won't eat vegetarian food!" Describe a group of logging slaves cutting ebony for slave owners to make cars. In the arduous labor, they think that slave owners get something for nothing and can't restrain their inner anger. Storytelling compares the slave owner to a big mouse, using the method of comparison. Xing means "say something else first to arouse the words to be sung", such as The Book of Songs? "The river is clear and rippling" in Chopping Tan belongs to "Xing", which leads to the following narrative. "Xing" and "Bi" are often combined in a poem. For example, the beginning of Peacock Flying Southeast and Wandering Five Miles is both "Xing" and "Bi".
2, direct and indirect lyricism: express your feelings directly, that is, express your feelings directly, also called express your feelings directly. By describing, describing or discussing something or a problem, we express our feelings implicitly, that is, indirectly. China's classical poetry pursues implication, so it is often indirect lyricism, in order to achieve a blend of scenes. "All scenes have feelings", and scene blending is a common method in classical poetry. Whether there is artistic conception is also a sign to judge whether classical poetry is excellent or not. For example, Zhang Kejiu's "[Double Tone] Qingjiang Tone? Qiu Huai: The west wind came to Wan Li and asked me if geese would sing red leaves before returning. People are intoxicated by the yellow flowers and banana rain and hear Qiu Meng. The poet grasped the meaning of the topic and painted a bleak autumn scenery with west wind, wild geese, red leaves, yellow flowers, plantains and rain. The arrival of the west wind is related to the uncertainty of the return date. Because of "Banana Rain", I was worried about fame and fortune, tossing and turning. Every sentence is about scenery, and every sentence is lyrical, with a high degree of unity between emotion and scenery.