Beijing, referred to as "Beijing" for short, is the capital, municipality directly under the Central Government, national central city, megacity, international metropolis, national political center, cultural center, international exchange center, scientific and technological innovation center and comprehensive transportation hub of People's Republic of China (PRC). Beijing is located in the northern part of North China Plain, backed by Yanshan Mountains, and adjacent to Tianjin and Hebei Province. Beijing's climate is a typical semi-humid continental monsoon climate in the north temperate zone.
Beijing is one of the first national historical and cultural cities, and also the city with the most world cultural heritage in the world. The history of more than 3,000 years has given birth to the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Badaling Great Wall, the Summer Palace and many other places of interest. As early as 700,000 years ago, the primitive tribe "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. In BC 1045, Beijing became the capital of thistle, swallow and other vassal states.
Extended data:
I. Geographical environment
Beijing is located at east longitude115.7-17.4, north latitude 39.4-41.6, with its center at 39 54' 20 "north latitude and east longitude1/kloc-. Located in the northern part of North China Plain, adjacent to Bohai Bay, with Liaodong Peninsula on the top and Shandong Peninsula on the bottom.
1. Topography
(1) The mountainous area of Beijing is 10200 square kilometers, accounting for 62% of the total area, and the plain area is 6200 square kilometers, accounting for 38% of the total area. The terrain of Beijing is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The average altitude in Beijing is 43.5 meters. The elevation of Beijing plain is 20 ~ 60m, and that of mountainous area is generally 1000 ~ 1500m.
(2) West of Beijing is Xishan Mountain, which belongs to Taihang Mountain range; The northern and northeastern parts of Du Jun belong to the Yanshan Mountains. The highest mountain is Dongling Mountain in Mentougou District, western Beijing, with an altitude of 2303 meters. The lowest land is the southeast border of Tongzhou District. The two mountains intersect at Nanguan, forming a semicircle mountain bend spreading to the southeast, which is called "Beijing bend", and the small plain around it is the Beijing small plain. As the ancients said: "The land of Youzhou has the sea on the left, the Taihang Mountain on the right, the Yongjiang River in the north, the big river in the south and the land of abundance."
2. Climate and environment
(1) The climate in Beijing is a typical semi-humid continental monsoon climate in the north temperate zone, with high temperature and rainy summer, cold and dry winter and short spring and autumn. The frost-free period of the whole year is 180 ~ 200 days, which is shorter in the western mountainous area. In 2007, the average rainfall was 483.9 mm, which is one of the most rainy areas in North China. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is very uneven. 80% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June, July and August in summer, and there are heavy rains in July and August.
(2) The annual average solar radiation in Beijing is 1 12 ~ 136 kcal/cm. The two high-value areas are distributed in Yanqing basin and the northwest of Miyun county to the east of Huairou, with annual radiation above 135 kcal/cm. The low-value area is located near Xiayunling in Fangshan District, and the annual radiation is 1 12 kcal/cm.
The average annual sunshine hours in Beijing are between 2000 and 2800 hours. The maximum value is over 2800 hours in Yanqing County and Gubeikou, and the minimum value is distributed in Xiayunling and Rizhao for 2063 hours. In summer rainy season, the sunshine hours are reduced, and the monthly sunshine hours are about 230 hours. Although the sunshine hours in autumn are not as much as those in spring, they are more than those in summer, with a monthly sunshine of 230-245 hours. Winter is the season with the least sunshine hours in a year, and the monthly sunshine hours are less than 200 hours, generally between 170 ~ 190 hours.