Introduction to Literary Achievements in Qing Dynasty
essay
Frank and romantic essays appeared in the early Qing Dynasty, mainly including Zhang Dai, Li Yu and Yuan Mei. Did you bring Wei and Wang Wan together? Who are the three great prose writers in the early Qing Dynasty? . However, their style of writing was not supported by Taoist scholars. Taoism initiated the ancient prose movement to revive the style of writing in Tang and Song Dynasties, which was called Tongcheng School. Founder Fang Bao and Liu Dakui, Yao Nai? Three ancestors of Tongcheng? Known as. Yao Nai is a master of Tongcheng School. His idea of ancient prose? Rationality (reasonable content), textual research (accurate materials) and lyrics (exquisite wording) can not be ignored. ? Pay attention to righteousness and law, advocate righteousness and reason, require elegant and clean language, and oppose vulgarity. Later, Zeng Guofan developed into Xiangxiang School, while Ji Jing and Zhang Huiyan developed into Yanghu School.
poetic sentiment
The style of poetry in Qing Dynasty was very prosperous, headed by the emperor and the royal family, and the official strongly advocated poetics. Since the Qing Dynasty, the emperor has been leading the official compilation of Complete Tang Poetry, Selected Poems of Tang Poetry, Selected Poems of Song Jinming, Selected Poems of Jinshi, Selected Poems of Pei Wenzhai, Selected Poems with Paintings in Past Dynasties, Selected Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties, Selected Poems of Xi, Selected Poems of Elegant Style and Selected Poems of Millennium. Emperor Gaozong and other emperors in the Qing Dynasty loved to write poems, and wrote five sets of imperial poems in his life, totaling more than 100,000 poems. Every poem he writes is annotated by a ci minister. If the ci minister can't understand the original content, let him go home and consult ancient books. Chen E Ji is an imperial clan poem chosen by Wang Ma in Duoluo County. The emperor also used poetry as a way to contact and contact officials.
Qian, Wu and Wang Shizhen were the first poets in the early Qing Dynasty. In the middle and late Kangxi period, Wang, Wu Tingzhen, Gong, Xu Angfa, Qian, Zhang Dashou, Guan Qian, Wu, Gu, Li, Jiang Tingxi, Miao Yuan, Wang Youguan, Xu Yongxuan and Guo appeared in the south of the Yangtze River. Fifteen sons of Jiang Zuo? . During the Qianlong period, Yuan Mei, Jiang Shiquan and Zhao Yi were also known as the Three Masters of Jiang Zuo, while Huang Jingren and Zheng Banqiao were also famous for their poems. During Jiaqing and Daoguang years, literati formed poetry clubs, and the atmosphere in Beijing and Yangzhou was the most prosperous, the most famous of which was the Quhan Poetry Club. Representative figures are Gu Mao, Xia Xiushu, Cheng Enze, Tao Shu, Zhu Dai, Wu Chun, Pan Zengyi, Hu, Li and Liu. Known as? Poetry revolution? The poetry reform movement originated from the Reform Movement, represented by Huang Zunxian's social poems reflecting the times, and others, such as Tan Sitong, Tang, Kang Youwei, You, Qiu and Xia Cengyou, have been handed down from generation to generation. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Tongguang was developed, and the representative writers were Chen, Shen and so on, which continued to this day after the Revolution of 1911. Poetry theory in Qing Dynasty can be divided into Shen Deqian's mode theory, Wang Shizhen's verve theory, Yuan Mei's soul theory and Weng Fanggang's texture theory.
word
Ci originated in Sui and Tang Dynasties? Le Yan? The development reached its peak in Song Dynasty, declined in Yuan Dynasty and gradually disappeared in Ming Dynasty. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, ci was very popular, and Nalan Xingde was called Zhu Yizun and Chen Weisong in the Kangxi period. Specifically, three people? Subsequently, there appeared Yangxian Ci School represented by Chen Weisong and Zhexi Ci School represented by Zhu Yizun, and Ci became a trend. Wanshu compiled words into rhymes, which was quite influential in the Qing Dynasty. At the end of Kangxi, Yu Ding's Ci Poem compiled by Wang Yiqing and others was the most influential masterpiece. Qianlong Jiaqing, the rise of Changzhou Ci School instead of Zhejiang School? What are the disadvantages of emptying? Zhang Qi,,, Li Zhaoluo, Ding Luheng, Qian Jizhong, Lu, Dong, Zhou Ji, Liu, Liu, Tan Xian, Zhuang Kun, Song Xiangfeng, Xie Zhangling, Feng Xu, Sean. So the Qing Dynasty called Ci? In its heyday? ,? Known as the resurgence of ci poetry? ,? Is the prosperity of writers better than that of Song Dynasty? Portal factions have their own styles, graceful and unrestrained reappear and prevail respectively.
novel
There are many excellent novels in Qing Dynasty, such as A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin, which is not only one of the four classical novels, but also widely regarded as the pinnacle of China's classical novels because of its comprehensive and accurate realistic description of social conditions, numerous characters and rich artistic charm. Pu Songling's collection of short stories Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio reflects the social outlook with anecdotes. Wu's The Scholars, though loosely structured, is a great satirical novel. Under the influence of literati, the condemnation novels that expose the ugliness of officialdom, represented by Travel Notes of Lao Can, have a great influence.
Royal Collection IV
Sikuquanshu was compiled during the reign of Emperor Gaozong in Qing Dynasty. It started at 1772 and was compiled after ten years. The largest official book in ancient China is also the largest series in ancient China, which is divided into four parts: classics, history, books and collections, hence the name Siku. According to Wen Jin Ge Ji, this book contains 3,503 kinds of ancient books (3,503 volumes), 79,337 volumes (79,337 volumes), and more than 36,000 volumes are bound. Keep a large number of documents. ? Siku? This name originated from the early Tang Dynasty, when the official collection of books was divided into four subsets of Confucian classics, called? Four library books? , or? Four Treasures of the Study? . The quartering of the subset of classics and history is the main method of ancient book classification, which basically covers all ancient books, so it is called? The whole book? . In the early years of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, scholar Zhou Yongnian proposed? Confucianism and Tibetan said? , advocated the Confucian works together, for people to borrow. This is the social basis for compiling Sikuquanshu. The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu is another important bibliography work. However, some people think that in the process of compiling Siku Quanshu, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty burned a large number of books that they considered immoral, which may lead to the extinction of a large number of precious books in previous dynasties.
Brief introduction of literary inquisition in Qing dynasty
(1) The Qing Dynasty was ruled by the Ming Dynasty and attacked by officials. After the Qing court occupied the Central Plains, it kept this history secret. So, not only have old history books been banned, but those who continue to compile and even collect them have also been dealt with? Big rebellion? The crime of indiscriminate killing.
② The anti-Qing thought in the early Qing Dynasty could not be eliminated for a long time, especially the Han scholar-officials attached to the old Ming Dynasty and preached it? Prevention in summer? An idea is extremely unfavorable to consolidate the rule of the Qing court. In order to strengthen the feudal autocratic rule of Manchu nobles, anti-Qing thoughts must be attacked by violence.
(3) On the occasion of Kang Yong, the power struggle between the royal families in the Qing Dynasty was unprecedentedly intensified, which was called the official position struggle in history. After Yong Zhengdi acceded to the throne, in order to consolidate his victory, he not only killed the king who seized his official position, but also used the literary inquisition to strike? The party is subordinate to the king? The power of.