Poetry is divided into classical poetry (also known as "ancient style") and modern poetry (also known as "metrical poetry"). Classical poetry includes all the poems except Chuci before the appearance of "Modern Poetry". It also includes all poems except "modern poetry" after the emergence of "modern poetry". "Song, Line and Tone" are respectively a genre of ancient poetry, such as Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Shuji's Return to His Hometown, Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip and Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu. Modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems and quatrains. There are eight sentences in each rhyme. There are five methods (five words) and seven methods (seven words). The first couplet (one or two sentences), the parallel couplet (three or four sentences), the neck couplet (five or six sentences) and the tail couplet (seven or eight sentences) must be couplets. The first four sentences of quatrains have five unique skills. A new poetic style achieved in the Song Dynasty. Words are also called long and short sentences (words vary in number and length) and poems (developed from poems). According to the length of words, words can be divided into monotonous (also called Xiao Ling, which is generally considered to be within 58 words), midrange (generally divided into upper and lower gaps, 58-96 words) and long tone (more than 96 words, more than three gaps). Divided into "Xiao Ling" and "Tao Shu", it is a new poetic style gradually formed in the Song and Jin Dynasties. The biggest difference between Qu and Ci lies in that Qu can add a lining to the number of words specified in Ci, thus increasing the vividness of language and expressing thoughts and feelings more freely and flexibly.
2. Five pieces of knowledge about ancient poetry
1. What is the word "poem"? It is the abbreviation of The Book of Songs among the Four Books and Five Classics (Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period).
The Book of Songs was originally called The Book of Songs, and was later regarded as a classic by Confucianism, so it was called The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems.
Poetry, originally sung with music, is also called "poetry", and later evolved into a literary genre without music. 1, the definition of poetry: < 1 > Ci Hai is the earliest literary genre.
It expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich feelings and rich imagination according to certain syllables, tones and rhythms. < 2 > Modern Chinese Dictionary: A literary genre that reflects life and expresses feelings through rhythmic language. 2. Definition and interpretation of poetry (according to modern Chinese dictionary) (1) prosodic language.
Old-style poetry has strict requirements in rhythm and prosody. Especially in Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are strict rules on the number of words, the level of words, antithesis, allusion and rhyme.
① Rhythm (or beat): refers to the priority and cadence of sound, which is mainly manifested in the intermittent pause of tone. △ Wang Wei's "Acacia": Red beans/born in the south, spring comes/sends a few branches.
I wish you/get together more and more, this thing/is the most lovesick. △ Du Mu's Qingming: Qingming/season/rain, road/pedestrian/desire to break the soul.
Excuse me, where is the/restaurant/shepherd boy/Yaozhi/Xinghua Village? Poetry can have no strict rhythm, but it must have a distinct rhythm.
Guo Moruo said: "Poetry is not without rhythm." (2) Rhythm: refers to the flat pattern and prosodic rules in poetry.
Ci Hai refers to the rhyme and rhythm in poetry. △ Pingping: There are four tones in ancient Chinese: Pingping, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone (now entering tone has disappeared in Putonghua).
According to the four tones of modern Chinese (except suicide), it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. There is also an entering tone in the singing of Beijing Opera: Street. The characteristics of flat tone: flat tone: gentle and long; Silence: short and urgent.
The use of flat and even words can make poetry have a strong sense of rhythm. When singing, the drawl can only be dragged until it is flat. For example, the "bright" in the lyrics "The Moon on the 15th" falls on Liang Yin.
△ rhyme: refers to the same or similar vowels at the end of some sentences in poetry, which makes the tone harmonious and beautiful. Generally, the first sentence can be bet or not.
There are some lines in this new poem that rhyme or not. Example: Wang Zhihuan's poem: △ "Lodging in the Heron": The mountains cover the daytime, and the ocean drains the golden river.
A hundred feet further △ "Liangzhou Ci": The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and the lonely city is Wan Ren Mountain.
Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing! (2) Reflect life ① Reflect working life: △ Ancient proverb: Broken bamboo, continued bamboo.
Fly the soil and eat meat. △ "The Book of Songs: Cutting Tan" Kan Kan cut Tan, and the river dried up.
The river is clear and blue. No crops, no crops, no crops, no crops, no crops. No hunting, no hunting. Is there a county in Hu Zhaner's court? He is a gentleman, he is not a vegetarian! ② Reflect the wedding of social Shijie officials △ Three histories of Du Fu △ Tongguan officials △ Three parting △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △
△ Du Fu's "Soldiers to the East": "Cars, each of you has a bow and quiver on your belt. My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao.
They shouted as they ran, pulling your sleeve, and their sad voices floated to the sky ... "△ 《 The Book of Songs 》 Yellow sand wears golden armor for nothing, but broken loulan will not be returned.
(2) The desert is dusty and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Taohe River overnight and reported that Gu Hun had been captured alive.
△ Wang Changling's "Out of the Fort": The moon passes through Qin, and the people on the Long March have not returned. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.
△ William Wang's Liangzhou Ci: A glowing glass of wine urges you to drink pipa immediately. Don't cry when you are drunk on the battlefield. The ancients fought several times.
④ Reflect love life: △ Guanluo △ Peacock flies southeast △ Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang in Li Ji ⑤ Reflect landscape and countryside: △ Tao Yuanming returns to the garden: beans are planted at the foot of Nanshan, and the grass is full of beans and seedlings are sparse. In the morning, it was ridiculous to go home with Dai Yue's hoe.
The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
△ Tao Yuanming's sentence in "Drinking to build a house in a humanistic environment": "Take the East grave and see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. "
△ Wang Wei's "A farmhouse by the Weihe River": In the setting sun of the countryside, cattle and sheep go home along the path. A rugged old man stood at the door of the thatched cottage, waiting for Fei Jing with a cane.
There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat, sleeping silkworms and peeled mulberry leaves. The farmers who came back with hoes greeted each other cordially.
No wonder I long for a simple life and sigh the old song, oh, back to the past! . △ He Jingzhi's Guilin Landscape Song (3) Lyric: belinsky: "Emotion is the most important driving factor of poetry; Without feelings, there would be no poets and no poems. "
Poetry expresses feelings in many ways: joy, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear and thinking. Example: ① Happiness: Du Fu's "The banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army": Jibei suddenly spread from the Great Wall to the beginning, and I couldn't stop crying on my coat.
Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily. On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.
Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . 2 Anger: Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong": Angry and rushing to the crown, leaning against the bar and raining.
Looking up, screaming in the sky, strong and fierce. Thirty fame, dust and earth, eight thousand miles of clouds and the moon.
Don't wait to see young people's heads turn white, empty and sad. Jingkang shame, still not snow; When will the courtiers regret it?
Driving a long car, Helan Mountain is neglected. Eat pork when you are hungry, and drink Hun blood when you are thirsty.
Stay from the beginning, clean up the old mountains and rivers, and go to the sky. 3 mourning: △ Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice": looking for it, cold and clear, sad and miserable.
It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. How can you beat him when you talk about wine with three cups and two lamps? It's too late to worry! Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.
△ Li Ying's mourning in January: Dear Premier Zhou, I can't go to the hospital to see you, so I have to stand quietly in the twilight of Chang 'an Avenue with a cold newspaper. Any month's wind has lifted my hair, and the dim street lamps are shining with cold tears ... ④ always in my heart's wife thought: △ Li Qingzhao's "Point your lower lip and miss your boudoir": "Lonely boudoir, one inch of sorrow.
Cherish the spring, let the flowers rain ... "△ Li Qingzhao's" Don't worry about cutting plums ":red lotus root fragrance, jade dying. Gently untie Luo Shang and go to Lan alone.
Who sent the brocade book? The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building. Flowers bloom and fall, and flowing water gurgles.
3. Basic knowledge of ancient poetry
Appreciation of ancient poetry is a must in the college entrance examination papers in recent years, and the contents that are often examined mainly include the following aspects.
1. Including the author's name and font size, the writing age of the poem, the genre and theme of the work, and the common sense involved in the poem.
2. Test sentence comprehension. This is mainly to interpret and dredge the words and grasp the contextual meaning or implied meaning of these words in poetry.
People who use rhetorical devices such as metaphor or analogy should also understand the meaning they express. 3. Test the overall appreciation.
There are both optional and prescribed angles of appreciation. Generally speaking, it involves the expression and artistic characteristics of the works, or we need to feel the author's thoughts and feelings and understand the will and profound connotation of the poems.
4. Test extends association and imagination. That is, to examine the ability of association and imagination to appropriately extend the content of poetry.
For example, if you ask how to understand the poem "Red Apricot Branches in Spring are Noisy", candidates must enter the artistic conception through association and imagination, and understand how the word "Noisy" vividly depicts the vibrant scene of the upcoming Spring Festival. Without association and imagination, they cannot appreciate it.
4. Knowledge of ancient poetry and literature
1
Show it to your son.
I know that when I die, everything on earth has nothing to do with me. But the only thing that hurts me is that I failed to see the reunification of the motherland.
Julian Waghann Beiding Central Plains Day, don't forget to tell Nai Weng about the family sacrifice!
2
Spring:
meng haoran
Spring Morning
In the spring morning, I woke up easily.
Birds are singing everywhere around me.
But now I remember that night, that storm,
I wonder how many flowers have been broken.
summer
Jiangnan hanyuefu
Lotus can be picked in Jiangnan, so there is no lotus leaf.
Fish hits the lotus leaf, fish hits the lotus leaf east, fish hits the lotus leaf west,
Fish hit the south of the lotus leaf, fish hit the north of the lotus leaf.
autumn
Travel in the mountains
Du Mu
In the distance, there are cold mountains, oblique stone paths and people in the depths of white clouds.
Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers.
winter
Xue Jiang
liu zongyuan
There are no birds in the mountains,
A thousand roads without footprints.
A boat, a bamboo cloak,
Fishing alone in a cold boat.
three
Say goodbye to the ancient grassland
Bai Juyi
The long grass is so lush that the withered grass will thicken the color of the grass every autumn and winter.
Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it.
Weeds and wild flowers are all over the ancient road, and the end of the grass in the sun is your journey.
I once again sent my bosom friend, and the thick grass represented my deep affection.
chrysanthemum
Don
In autumn, the bushes, like Taoist priests, are more and more inclined around the fence.
It's not that chrysanthemums are favored among flowers, but that this flower is even more flowerless.
four
Du Fu
Wang Yue
What a magnificent scenery Mount Tai is!
Out of Qilu, green peaks can still be seen.
The creator endowed all the mysterious nature here with elegance,
And then what? The day immediately enters dawn and dusk. ..
Caiyun lave? My mind is free and easy,
Birds fly back and forth in front of my nervous eyes ..
Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see,
All the other mountains are dwarfed under the sky. ..
Wang Wei
clear stream
I have sailed the Huanghua River,
It is carried by the river of a green stream.
10 thousand laps around the mountain,
On a journey of less than thirty miles.
The rapids buzzed on the piled rocks,
But in the dense pine forest, the light becomes dim.
The surface of the inlet swings with the angle of the nut,
Weeds are overgrown on the river bank.
Deep down, I've always been pure,
Like this clear water.
Oh, stay on the wide, flat rock,
Drop the fishing line forever! .
five
six
Four skills of a scholar: piano, chess, book and painting.
seven
Four aspects of calligraphy: truth, cursive, official script and seal script.
eight
Four Great Calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Su Dongpo.
The four masters of Yuan Opera: Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu.
5. Basic knowledge of ancient poetry
1, Zhuangzi was a great thinker, philosopher and writer in pre-Qin China.
During the Warring States Period, Song Guomeng (now Mengcheng County, Anhui Province) was the main founder of Taoism. Together with Laozi, the ancestor of Taoism, it is called "Laozi", and its philosophical ideology is respected as "Laozi's philosophy" by the ideological and academic circles.
Zhuangzi, as a representative fable, was named the South China Classic by Emperor Tang Ming, and he himself was also named the South China Real Person, which was interpreted by revered people in various versions, such as Wandering Away and The Theory of Everything. Zhuangzi advocated "harmony between man and nature" and "governing by doing nothing". 2. Zhuangzi (369-286 BC), Zhuang, Zhou and Zi Xiu (Tan). There are thirty-three articles in Zhuangzi, which are divided into three parts: internal, external and miscellaneous. It is generally believed that The Seven Chapters in the Inner Chapter must have been written by Zhuangzi. The situation of Eleven Essays is complicated, and it should be written by Zhuangzi School or later scholars. Some of them are considered to be absolutely not all the thoughts of Zhuangzi School, such as "stealing feet" and "saying swords".
On Wuqi, Wandering around and Masterpiece are the most concentrated expressions of Zhuangzi's philosophy in Neipian.