1. The envoy to the Tang Dynasty is an envoy sent by the Japanese royal family to the Tang Dynasty. They travel back and forth between China and Japan and are an important medium for economic and cultural exchanges between China and Japan.
2. Analyze the purpose, frequency and function of Japanese envoys in Tang with students.
At this time, the Tang Dynasty was in the heyday of feudal society, and its economy and culture were in an advanced position in the world. At this time, Japan was in a period of disintegration of slave society and establishment and consolidation of feudal system. The highly developed economy and culture in the Tang Dynasty is conducive to promoting the development of Japanese society and has a strong attraction to Japan. In addition, the traffic at that time was more developed than that of the previous generation, which provided greater possibilities for exchanges between the two sides.
3. Introduce Japanese historical figures who have contributed to Japan-China friendly exchanges: Air Sea, Abe and Ma Lu; How did Konghai become a famous scholar and monk in China? What important contributions did he make to the cultural exchange between China and Japan? Quote the poems of Wang Wei and Li Bai to highlight their deep friendship with Chao Heng. "Send the secretary supervisor Chao Hengqing back to Japan" Wang Wei looked at the country and looked at the sun, but returned to the sail and believed. If you leave a foreign country, you will be able to communicate with each other. Li Bai's Poems See Books
(2) Jian Zhen Du Dong
Look at "Sitting Statue" and "Bird's-eye View of Tang Temple" to introduce life and guide students to discuss "Why are they respected by the Chinese and Japanese people?" Then read Guo Moruo's poem "Jian Zhen sails blindly in the East China Sea, and the sincere photos are too clear. Give your life to preach, and Tang Feng is full of Nara City. "
(3), Xuanzang westbound
1. Why did Xuanzang go to Tianzhu?
2. What contribution did Xuanzang make to the cultural exchange between China and India?
The teacher explained: Xuanzang went west to learn the scriptures, and the fact that Xuanzang resolutely returned to China after studying Buddhism guided students to learn the spirit of Xuanzang's persistent pursuit and love for the motherland in order to realize his ambition.
Third, consolidate the summary: the teacher briefly summarizes the content of this lesson. Then discuss two problems. 1. What are the reasons for the development of exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and neighboring countries? 2. What impressed you most after learning this lesson?
First, the Tang Dynasty was a big country in the world at that time, with advanced political system, stable social environment, prosperous economy and splendid culture. It was the center of cultural exchange between the East and the West at that time, and it had a strong attraction to all countries in the world, especially neighboring countries. In addition, the Tang Dynasty adopted a relatively open foreign policy.
Second, learn the excellent qualities of Xuanzang and Jian Zhen; Understand the advanced position of the Tang dynasty in the world at that time and experience the profoundness of the motherland culture; Understanding Chinese-foreign exchanges can promote the development of both sides, so as to understand the great significance of opening up in combination with reality.
The Tang Dynasty is the heyday of the development of land transportation, and it is also an era of great development of maritime transportation, which replaced land transportation in foreign exchanges. Due to the influence of the Tang Dynasty on overseas countries, in the Song Dynasty, southeast overseas countries even called the China area under the jurisdiction of the Song Dynasty "Tang" [1] in their contacts with the Song court. Throughout the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, overseas, especially in Southeast Asia, anything related to China or China is always called "Tang". Not only the Tang Dynasty is regarded as the land of China [2], but also people in China are called Tang people [3], Chinese surnames are all Tang [4], China's clothes are all Tang clothes [5], and China's merchant ships are all Tang boats or Tang boats [6], all of which are resold from ships. Most notably, the modern term "Chinese" was also named "Tangyu" by overseas countries in the Song Dynasty [8]. China people stay overseas for one year and never return, which is called "living in Tibet"; Foreigners who stay in China for more than one year are called "living in the Tang Dynasty" [9]. Up to now, some overseas Chinese still call themselves "Tangren", and their settlement in overseas cities is called "Chinatown", while overseas Chinese call their motherland "Tangshan". For thousands of years. The influence of the Tang Dynasty overseas can be seen here, which is inseparable from the developed maritime traffic in the Tang Dynasty.
Section 1 Development and Prosperity of Maritime Traffic
The development of maritime foreign exchange in the Tang Dynasty was first manifested in the development and utilization of maritime traffic routes. In the Tang Dynasty, the number of people and routes going to the West via the South China Sea increased, and the ability of direct flights was also strengthened, which formed a prosperous situation of traffic in the South China Sea and showed a trend of replacing land traffic. Compared with the previous generation, people in the Tang Dynasty had a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of Africa. At the same time, the traffic between the Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula and Japan through the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea also developed greatly, which provided good traffic conditions for the formation of the Han cultural circle in East Asia.
1. Biography of the Great Monk in the Western Regions of Datang and the Development of Traffic in the South China Sea
In the early days of human society, the vast sea restricted the mutual communication and understanding between different regions. People were full of desire to explore the sea, but they could not surpass the barrier of the vast waves. The yearning for the other side of the ocean provided lasting motivation for human beings to explore the sea. As early as the pre-Qin period, China ancestors had mastered the mature offshore navigation technology. The site of the Qin dynasty shipyard found in Guangzhou shows the level of maritime traffic at that time [10]. The Book of Hanshu records in detail the voyage of distant sea vessels from Xuwen and Hepu to countries in the South China Sea in the Han Dynasty [1 1]. At this time, China's ships have been able to reach the southeast coast of India and Sri Lanka. The silver box, golden flower ornaments, ivory and spices unearthed in the tomb of Nanyue King of the Western Han Dynasty in Guangzhou (about 122 BC) and the earliest Roman glassware found in China in the tomb of the middle Western Han Dynasty in Hengzhigang, Guangzhou [13 BC] all prove that the Qin and Han Dynasties were at sea.
In the first year of Yongning (120), Wang Yong of Shan State in Myanmar sent envoys to the DPRK. One of the envoys is illusive man on the West Coast who is proficient in magic performance. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty clearly pointed out that "Haixi is Daqin" [14], and Daqin was the name of the Roman Empire in the Han Dynasty. Roman magicians went to India and Myanmar from the sea, and then came to Luoyang. The arrival of illusive man on the west side of the Straits connected the traffic between ancient China and Europe. The hollowed-out 12 diamond-shaped gold beads unearthed from Tomb 40 13 in Guangzhou in the early Eastern Han Dynasty were imported from South Asia by sea during this period [15]. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wu Pai Xuanhua organized and sent Zhonglang Kangtai to sail to various countries. "Hundreds of countries passed by and rumors spread everywhere" [16]. After returning home, they wrote Biography of Foreign Bodies in Southern Fujian and Biography of Foreign Countries in Wu respectively, which deepened and enriched their understanding of the ancient routes from China to Southeast Asia, across the Arabian Sea and even to the Red Sea port.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, with the widespread spread of Buddhism and the development of western learning, China monks went overseas in succession, providing more information for further understanding of maritime traffic. The most representative is the voyage experience of the monk Fa Xian. In the first year of Yao at the end of Qin Dynasty (in 399, the third year of Long 'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty), he left Chang 'an in the west and went to India to seek Tibetan law through the desert road. After a narrow escape, he traveled all over India, and finally crossed the sea to Shizi country (now Sri Lanka) via Zhanbo country (now eastern Bihar, India) and stayed in Yixi for seven years (4 1 1 year). Different from the past, the travel notes written by Fa Xian are well-preserved, which record in detail the navigation technology at that time, the technical means used, the distance and time required for each voyage of the South China Sea route, the hydrometeorology along the way, etc., and provide valuable information for understanding the maritime traffic in the fourth and fifth centuries [17]. /kloc-during 0/984, a batch of gold and silver wares hoarded during the Southern Dynasties were discovered in Bianwan Village, Suixi County, Guangdong Province. There is a twelve-petal "Sassanian silver bowl" in the silverware, which has a slight mouth edge and is engraved with Aramaic characters used by Sogdians and Aramaic Mozi areas. In addition to Sassanian silverware, 20 Sassanian silver coins were found in this batch of cellars, including 3 Zabul III (AD 383-388), 5 Yazdegerd III II (AD 438-457) and 65,438+Peroz III (AD 459-484). Not far from the discovery site, Xixi River enters the sea. These cultural relics provide evidence that Persian merchants transported them to the South China Sea in the 5th century [18].
After the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Di sent many envoys to foreign countries, which lasted for three years (607 years). At the request of the imperial court, Chang Jun, the head of the wasteland reclamation, and Wang, the head of the dangerous department, sailed to the red soil country (in present-day Malay Peninsula) for six years (6 10) and returned through handover. When Chang Jun and his party arrived at Songkhla border, King Lifu Dorset sent envoys to meet Sui envoys with 30 ships. When he came back, he sent a tribute to the prince's evil gift, and the Sui ambassador gave 5000 pieces of relics to King Songkhla. The red soil country also contributed the crown of Jin Furong and borneol to the Sui Dynasty. "Casting gold as a gold leaf, a collection of books, and a golden letter" [100] not only enhanced mutual understanding, but also strengthened material and cultural exchanges. According to the itinerary of Chang Jun and others, The Story of Red Soil (Volume II) has long been lost [20], but some contents are extracted in the red soil part of Sui Shu Nanman Biography, which enriches the knowledge about the history and traffic of the South China Sea at that time and later.
There are few records of folk maritime traffic in ancient books. Like the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the understanding of maritime traffic in the Tang Dynasty largely depends on the records of Buddhist monks seeking Buddhism in the West. From these records, we can see that the maritime traffic in the Tang Dynasty developed greatly and entered a new stage of development. The understanding of land and water transportation in the early Tang Dynasty was mainly obtained from the biography of a monk in the western regions of Datang in the Book of Changes.
5 maritime traffic and the prosperity of foreign cultural exchanges in the Tang Dynasty
Westbound seeking dharma occupies a large proportion among westerners in the Tang Dynasty, and the route they choose can reflect the general appearance of foreign traffic in the Tang Dynasty. During his stay in Shili Buddhist Temple, Yijing wrote two important works that directly reflected the foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty, namely, Biography of the Great Monk Seeking Dharma in the Western Regions of Datang (hereinafter referred to as Biography of Seeking Dharma) and Biography of the Law in the South China Sea, among which the Biography of Seeking Dharma written by Yijing, a monk who went to the Western Regions to study Dharma, provided valuable information for understanding and analyzing the foreign traffic at that time.
The Biography of Seeking Dharma contains the experiences of 56 people in 33 groups who traveled in the South China Sea and India to seek Dharma during the 50 years from the 15th year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (64 1) to the 2nd year of Wu Hou's natural grant (691) [25], including 4 groups of 4 people, and the route is unknown. 12 people who go to India by land [27]; The number of people going to India by boat is 2 1, and 34 people [28]. The proportion of people traveling westbound by sea and westbound by land is 2.3: 1, and the proportion of people is also 1.9: 1. It can be seen that in the second half of the 7th century, with the full development of foreign exchange by land, maritime traffic was also very prosperous, and showed a trend of replacing land.
2. Jia Dan and Guangzhou Tongnanhai Road
The popularity of the Tang Dynasty spread far and wide overseas. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Southeast Overseas called the China area under the control of the Song regime "Tang" in their communication with the Song Dynasty, which caused the displeasure of the Song Dynasty. Zhu Yi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, described it this way. He said: "Ordered to March in the northwest, so the northwest called China Han; Tang traveled in the southeast, so barbarians called China Tang. Chongning (1102-1106), the courtiers said,' Foreign countries call China Tang and Han, which is in the form of documents, begging to change the Song Dynasty. It means using Tang suit, China's method and so on. "Obey it. I don't think this is appropriate. If I don't change it to the word' Hua', there will be all male and female servants in the eight wild places, which is unique to China. [29] The courtiers in the Northern Song Dynasty wanted to replace the word "Tang" or "Han" with "Song", and Zhu Yi thought it should be renamed as the more abstract word "Hua" to replace the specific dynasty name. I don't care what I call it. It can be seen from this record that due to the development of maritime traffic in the southeast of the Tang Dynasty, "Tang" has become synonymous with "China" in the Northern Song Dynasty in overseas countries, which is an indisputable fact. The important role of the Tang Dynasty in the history of maritime foreign exchanges can be seen here.
The development of maritime traffic in the Tang Dynasty is not only manifested in a large number of people going to the West by sea, but also in the increase of navigation routes and the enhancement of direct navigation ability. German prime minister Jia Dan once presided over foreign affairs. "Good geography, who made four yi and return it, will be flat with it, learn from the end of the mountains and rivers. It is based on the danger of Kyushu and the barbarian customs, distinguishing finger paintings and preparing for the source. " [30] He is the author of Four Emperors of Huang Hua 10, Four Ancient and Modern County Roads (40 volumes), Nine State Records of Longyou Shannan (6 volumes), Ten Road Records of Zhenyuan 10, Tubo Yellow River Records (4 volumes) and many other important geographical works and maps. 46360.686868666666
6 maritime traffic and the prosperity of foreign cultural exchanges in the Tang Dynasty
Jia Dan's works are numerous, and the records of roads are all learned from the quotations in Geography of the New Tang Dynasty. Jia Dan described seven roads out of the territory of the Tang Dynasty at that time. Among them, Yingzhou enters Andong Road, Zhou Xia connects Datong Yunzhong Road, Zhongshou City enters Huihe Road, Anxi enters Xiyu Road and Antong Tianzhu Road, which are five roads connecting the outside world. Dengzhou's voyage to the West, Bohai Road and Guangzhou Tonghai No.1 Road are the most important materials reflecting the maritime traffic in the Tang Dynasty. According to Jia Dan's narrative sequence, this paper briefly describes the journey of "Guangzhou Tonghai Tongyi Road" to understand the traffic situation between the Tang Dynasty and the South China Sea.
The route recorded by Jia Dan can be roughly divided into four sections: from Guangzhou to Malacca Strait; Malacca Strait to Sri Lanka is a section; From the west coast of the Indian Peninsula to the northwest, to the head of the Persian Gulf; From the coast of East Africa to the top of the Persian Gulf.
Sail from the southeast of Guangzhou, 200 miles to Tuen Mun Mountain, sail to the west, the next day to Kyushu Stone (qi zhou Islands), the second day to Elephant Stone (Dazhou Island), the third day to Champaolan Mountain (Vietnamese Champa Island), and the second day to Lingshan; Another day's trip to the drug country (in Vietnam), another day's trip to the ancient country (in Nha Trang, Vietnam); Another half-day trip to Bentorang (Fanlang, Vietnam); Go to Juntu Shan Nong (Kunlun Island) in two days; In five days, we will go to the Straits (Malacca Strait).
To the north of the Strait is Luoyue State (south of Malay Peninsula) and to the south is the country where the Buddha died (Sumatra Island). After the death of the Buddha, he walked eastward for four or five days, arrived at Hulingguo (Java Island) and came out of the canyon from the west. On the third day, I went to Gege Sangzhi country (located in Palau) and arrived in Dengzhou (near Rili) on the fourth and fifth days. Another five-day trip to the west, to Balousse; Six days later, I went to Galand (Nicobar Islands), a country in Laos, and four days later, I went to Shizi (Sri Lanka).
From Shizi country to the west for four days, to the future country (Keelung, India), and then to the west of Brahmins through more than ten small countries in the northwest; Two days in the northwest, la? The countryside (near Brossi at the mouth of the Na Ba River); Another 10 day trip, passing through a small country and five countries, not to mention? China (Tiber River is near Karachi, Pakistan, at the mouth of India). Self-promotion? China traveled west for 20 days, passed through more than 10 small countries, arrived in Tirolu (near Iranian Abadan at the top of the Persian Gulf), and then traveled west for another day to Wula (Obrin at the top of the Persian Gulf). After that, I sailed back to the Freera River (Euphrates River) and arrived in Moro (near Basra, Iraq) the next day. Traveling thousands of miles in the northwest, you can report to the capital of a big food country (Baghdad).
In the eyes of people in the Tang Dynasty, the line from the west coast of the Indian Peninsula to the east coast of the Persian Gulf is "the east coast of the sea", and
7 Maritime Traffic and the Prosperity of Foreign Cultural Exchanges in Tang Dynasty
The coastal area from the northeast coast of the African continent to the Persian Gulf is the "West Coast". None of the above routes has ever been to Wula country, that is, "the east coast of the sea", and Jia Dan also specifically described the route of "the west coast of the sea". According to reports, the southernmost tip of the west coast is Sanlan country (somewhere along the East African coast) [32]. On the 20th, it started from the northern part of Sanlan country, passed through more than a dozen small countries, and arrived at the founding country (where Hull in South Yemen is located). Then it set off on 10, passed through small countries on the 6th and 7th, and arrived at the exhausted country of Saiqu River (Karat in Oman), and then headed west on the 6th and 7th.
It takes about 87 days from Guangzhou to Ulan at the head of the Persian Gulf, and about 48 days from the East African coast to Ulan. Jia Dan's detailed and accurate record of the South China Sea route at that time far exceeded that of the previous generation. There is no doubt that only when the maritime traffic is very developed and detailed navigation information is obtained can Jia Dan make such a detailed record of the east-west route. It can be seen that the traffic in the South China Sea did make great progress in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, it should be noted that the westbound route from Guangzhou is only recorded in Wula State, while the voyage from Wula State to the East African coast is recorded from west to east. Wula State is the intersection of east and west routes, which objectively reflects the important position of the food empire in maritime traffic at that time.
3. Youyang Miscellaneous Language and African Records in Tang Literature
In ancient China, Africa was a well-known western destination. It is generally believed that before the Tang Dynasty, China people had a certain understanding of Africa through various channels. Jia Dan clearly described the route from the east coast of Africa to the northwest to the Persian Gulf. When Du You described the state of Daqin in the Tang Dynasty in Tongdian, he added a record about Daqin to Du Huan's Collection of Beijing and Hangzhou, recording the daughter country and neighboring countries. The content of "rubbing against neighbors" in * * * is especially highly valued by academic circles. According to records, Mozambique's neighbors: "In the southwest of Chusalo, we crossed the Thai [Da] moraine and traveled 2,000 miles to other countries. He is dark and vulgar. There is little rice and wheat, and there is no vegetation. Horses eat dried fish, but people eat stupidly. Storks are Persian dates. What a special country. " [33] "Storkmang" is a transliteration of gurman in Middle Persian, which refers to the date palm tree [34]. There are still many differences about which country neighbors refer to [35]. However, judging from the orientation, skin color, customs and products recorded by Du Huan, Mozambique was undoubtedly an ancient country on the African continent at that time.
In addition to the works of Jia Dan and Du Huan, the most detailed record of Africa in the Tang Dynasty is Duan's Youyang Miscellanies.
Maritime traffic and the prosperity of foreign cultural exchanges in Tang Dynasty
Duan (803-863) was born in a bureaucratic family for generations. Father Wenchang, born in Mu Jingwen's third generation (82 1-840), has been a monk for 20 years, and his mother is the daughter of Wu, the prime minister of Xian Zongchao. Duan not only has a rich family collection, but also widely reads official books of the imperial court during his time as a secretary and proofreader. "Secret cabinet books are often read", and his special family environment and life experience have exposed him to a large number of strange books that ordinary people can't see, and on this basis, he wrote Youyang Miscellanies, which is famous for its strange books.
The African countries recorded by Duan in Youyang Miscellanies mainly include Xiaoyi (Siute, southern Egypt), Shangguo (Utica, an ancient coastal city in Tunisia, North Africa), Situo (unknown, or Sudan) and Yougan (Dahle Oasis, a sand island in the Sahara Desert).
In the southwest waters of China, pandering countries don't eat whole grains, but only meat. Always feel the pulse of cattle and livestock, draw blood and eat raw milk. No clothes, only the waist is covered with sheepskin. Its women are white and upright, and China people have sold them to foreign businessmen several times. The land at the end of the month is only ivory and incense. Persian businessmen want to enter this country, gather colorful cloth and swear with blood, which is the business of the city. Since ancient times, it has not been a foreign country, and it has used ivory rafts and wild horns as the weapons of an arrow. Two hundred thousand infantry, big food frequently attack [38].
It is generally believed that the "Southwest Sea" is the Gulf of Aden along the coast of East Africa, and the pulling force is "Biparo" recorded in Zhufanzhi, which is equivalent to the port of Berbera in modern Somalia. However, some people disagree, pointing out that Biparo and Bobali have similar pronunciations, but there are significant differences in customs and products, so they should not belong to the same place. In their view, judging from the living customs and costumes recorded in the paragraph, it should refer to the Masai people, a nomadic people in Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa today [39]. Whichever statement is taken as the standard, it can be seen from this passage that at the latest in the first half of the 9th century, people in the Tang Dynasty had a detailed understanding of the customs, products and their relationship with big food in a coastal area of East Africa.
Duan's record of African countries not only far exceeds that of the previous generation, but also greatly exceeds the existing official history of the Tang Dynasty in quantity and content. Even considering that Duan has access to many strange secrets, there are not many ready-made documents about Africa in the previous generation or early Tang Dynasty for him to use. The record about the coastal areas of East Africa in Youyang Miscellanies probably comes from his personal visit to envoys or businessmen coming to Tang Dynasty. Although Duan is famous for his extensive knowledge and strong memory, he is a scholar with a strong sense of the times, and he is not satisfied with the literature of the previous generation. Investigation and interview is an important source of information for Youyang Zaju. Take Volume 11 "Guang Zhi" as an example, this volume records 44 events, involving seven people, including monks, Taoist Guo, Shanren, Li Hongshan, scholar Gu and monk Guangsheng [40]. It can be seen that in addition to strange writing, learning from others is a major feature of Youyang's zaju.