Cultural knowledge of poetry 1. Cultural common sense of poetry
There are many ways to express poetry. The traditional way of expression that was first popular in China and is still often used today is "Fu, Bi and Xing".
"Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu." In the meantime, there is a quatrain called: "Three lights, the sun, the moon and the stars, and four poems are elegant."
In the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems. Fu: It is a way to express things directly.
Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the Notes on Poems: "The giver must tell the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Slug in The Book of Songs used this technique.
Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut them off. "
Zhu said, "If you compare, you can compare this thing with another." For example, books in The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way.
Xing: It's a way to make things interesting, that is, to use the beginning of things to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in "Mao Shi Zheng Yi": "Those who get the Tao are happy.
For example, to learn from others, from their own hearts, those who quote plants, birds and animals in poetry and prose are happy to say what it means. Zhu pointed out more clearly: "Say something else first to cause the lyrics to be sung." . "
For example, Guan Ju [3] and Yao Tao in The Book of Songs are the manifestations of "Xing". These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry.
In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to.
2. What is the common sense of poetry and literature?
General knowledge of China's ancient poetry literature 1. General knowledge of poetry (1. Classification of ancient poetry) There are several different forms of classical poetry, such as ancient poetry (also known as ancient poetry and ancient style), modern poetry (also known as modern poetry and metrical poetry), ci (also known as poetry, long and short sentences, lyrics and lyrics) and qu.
Classical poetry is an ancient free poem with free form, unlimited length, infinitive (referring to miscellaneous words), no antithesis, free rhyme and so on. There are four-character ancient poems (first appeared in the Book of Songs), five-character ancient poems (matured in the Han Dynasty, such as Nineteen Ancient Poems), seven-character ancient poems (matured in the Tang Dynasty, such as the Song of Eternal Sorrow) and Yuefu poems (some titles have songs, lines, quotations, songs, songs, etc.).
Modern poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the regular arrangement, it also has the positions of definite sentences, definite words, definite sounds and definite rhymes. It has two types: quatrains and metrical poems. Quatrains are divided into five-character quatrains (five-character quatrains) and seven-character quatrains (seven-character quatrains), and metrical poems are divided into five-character metrical poems (five rhymes), seven-character metrical poems (seven rhymes) and arranged rhymes.
Ci reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. According to the number of words, it can be divided into three forms: Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Zhong Diao (within 59-90 words) and Long Diao (above 9 1 word). The tone of the word is fixed, the sentence is fixed, the word is fixed, and the rhyme is positioned.
Qu Xingsheng was born in Yuan Dynasty, and there are two forms: Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu has two forms: poem (short tune) and divertimento (also called divertimento).
(2) Knowledge of Poetry and Music ① Ancient poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. The main difference between them is that modern poetry refers to metrical poetry formed in the early Tang Dynasty, which has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, while classical poetry does not talk about metrical poetry, and poems before the Tang Dynasty are all classical poetry.
(2) Rhyme and quatrains (also called truncated sentences) The difference between rhymes and quatrains is mainly in the number of sentences. There are only four quatrains, which can be typed or not.
There are * * * eight metrical poems, one or two of which are head couplets, three or four are parallel couplets, five or six are neck couplets, and seven or eight are tail couplets. The first couplet and the last couplet can be couplet, but they can't be couplet, and the couplet and the neck couplet must be couplet; No matter whether it is a metrical poem or a quatrain, there are requirements for leveling.
Rhymes of more than eight sentences are excluded. (3) There is no strict difference between songs, lines and quotations of ancient poetry genre.
Generally speaking, syllables and metrical forms are relatively free, including five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, such as "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind", "Pipa Line" and "Li Ping Quotations". (4) Yuefu and Xinle Yuefu were originally the official names in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became poetic names.
Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Xinle Building was built in the early Tang Dynasty.
In the early Tang Dynasty, poets wrote Yuefu poems, except following the old poems of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new poems, which were different from the original rhyme, so they were called new Yuefu, and the name of the new Yuefu was determined by Bai Juyi. ⑤ The difference between title and epigraph: The title of a word is the embodiment of the content of the word, and epigraph is the title of the word.
Such as "Niannujiao? In Nostalgia at Red Cliff, "Nian Nujiao" is the inscription and "Nostalgia at Red Cliff" is the title, which shows that the word is a lyric and the place is "Red Cliff". A word must have a epigraph, but not necessarily a title.
A word is divided into two sections, the upper section is called "Shangque" (or "Part I") and the lower section is called "Xiaque" (or "Part II") (Que means the end of music). Sanqu Sanqu is a kind of song played in harmony, which rose in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and degenerated from words.
Style is similar to writing but freer than writing, so you can add lines to the number of words. Use spoken English more. Sanqu includes two forms: poems and sets of numbers.
Poetry contains only one tone, and the number of sets is one set of multiple tones in one tone, which is a coherent set of tones in opera or Sanqu. The number of a set of songs is uncertain, ranging from two to more. Each set of numbers takes the name of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs; The whole song must be the same palace tune, with a beginning and an end, and the end rhymes; Use "sand" at the end, and there is no rule on how many times to use it. ⑦ Yuan Zaju is a literary style developed on the basis of Zhu Gong tune in Song, Jin and Jin Dynasties, and it is a traditional opera art form integrating singing, guest singing, dancing and acting.
Generally, each book is 40% off (or 50% off or 60% off) in structure, and a "wedge" is added when necessary. Each fold is composed of several tunes in the same palace tune. Zaju can be divided into two types: Dan Ben (the lead singer of the heroine) and the last Ben (the lead singer of the hero). For example, the yuan is the script, and the third discount is the "Gong Zheng" tune. The script of Yuan Zaju is composed of "Ke", "Singing" and "Bai", in which "Ke" is the regulation of main movements, expressions and stage effects. "Singing" is the lyrics; "White" is the guest white, which can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (self-narration of characters), narration (self-narration behind other characters) and white dyeing (interruption in lyrics).
The main roles of Yuan Zaju are: Dan (female role), the heroine is called, and the supporting roles are vice Dan, foreign Dan and so on. End (male role), the leading role is called the end, and the supporting role is the deputy end, the outer end and the small end. Outer (outer end), pretending to be an elderly person; Screen name, commonly known as big face, plays more roles with special personality and appearance (such as Zhang Fei and Li Kui JY); Ugliness, commonly known as small face, mostly plays a secondary role in men; Bo er who plays an old woman. Second, China ancient poetry school 1. Landscape pastoral school.
Mainly describes the quiet and carefree natural scenery, through the praise of natural scenery, or reveals the feelings of unwilling to go with the flow, or expresses the negative thoughts of seclusion and seclusion. Its representative writers are Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun in Jin Dynasty and Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in Tang Dynasty.
2. Frontier Poetry School. Taking frontier life and war as the theme.
Representative writers are Gao Shi and Cen Can in Tang Dynasty, as well as Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, William Wang and Cui Hao. 3. Free and unfettered.
As a major school of Ci in Song Dynasty, its works are bold, artistic conception is vigorous, and its ci is full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. The representative poets are mainly Su Shi and Xin Qiji, and their representative works include Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia and Xin Qiji's Yongyu Le Jing Kougubeiting Nostalgia.
4. Elegant school. As a major school in the Song Dynasty, the language of his works is beautiful and subtle, and the feelings expressed in the words are tactfully lingering, or have a relaxed and lively artistic conception, or deep bitterness. The subject matter is narrow, mostly based on personal experience, love between men and women and landscape scenery.
The representative poets are Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui. Third, ancient China.
3. Literary knowledge of poetry
China ancient poetry culture originated from sacrificial ceremonies, sprouted from folk songs and flourished in chanting records.
Unfortunately, the earliest extant collection of poems is The Book of Songs. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it evolved into a Sao style, simple and profound, which is a unique branch of pre-Qin poetry culture.
With the death of Qin and Han, Yuefu flourished, and the poetry garden revived. When I entered Wei, I heard five words, especially the brilliant creation of "three sons of Cao" and "seven sons of Jian 'an".
At the turn of Wei and Jin dynasties, there were "seven sages of bamboo forest"; There were three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, one Zuo in the Western Jin Dynasty, and one in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During this period, the realm and vision of poetry were broadened, and singing became more and more popular.
Things are different, and the years passed to the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Song and Qi Dynasties. There are four characters, five characters, six characters and seven characters, among which "Big and Small Xie", "The Ancestor of Seven Characters" and "Eight Friends of Jingling" stand out, with pastoral poems and landscape poems as the mainstay, beautiful and elegant, and Qi Liang style can be called the exclusive spring scenery before the Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is also a prosperous time for poetry. The work of rhyme, the beauty of rhyme, the precision of sentences and the breadth of artistic conception are really the pinnacle! However, although Du Li was crowned as a "poet saint", there are still stars shining through the ages! There are words in the poem, which have been seen in the northern and southern dynasties, and prevailed in the teaching workshop in the late Tang Dynasty. As for Da Song, it gradually jumped out of the string and became a ups and downs poem, which is unique in the history of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci has more extension and inheritance, and also shows hearty lyricism.
There are thousands of Ci poets in Song Dynasty, and Yan Xin is the most outstanding one. In addition, it is true that there are thousands of epigrams rhyming, but it is not ancient to the predecessors, and later generations often tie their hands and feet and become the wind of lyrics.
The interpretation of poetry in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties more and more catered to the needs of folk entertainment. As a result, "Street Melody" and "Country Square Minor" were very popular and eventually blossomed and became a wonderful song. There is a saying: there are no poems after the Tang Dynasty and no words after the Song Dynasty.
Generally speaking, this is a generalized theory of poetic realm; In a narrow sense, not necessarily. Gao Qi's poems in Ming Dynasty have the brilliance of Han and Wei Dynasties and the beauty of Tang and Song Dynasties, which is quite a model of connecting the past with the future.
Sighing that the green hills are there, writing is a taboo, risking embarrassment, and suffering from waist-cutting in the prime of life. It is better to say that there is no poetry after the literary inquisition than after the Tang Dynasty.
As for the Qing Dynasty, there were many poets and countless poems, but most of them were smoked in the slippery air of princes, lacking character and few people handed down masterpieces. There are more than 10 thousand poems, but I haven't seen one or two. What can I say? However, it is Gong Zizhen and Banqiao who can admire integrity.
4. Literary knowledge of poetry
Poetry is a literary genre. Through language, it not only expresses the meaning of words, but also expresses emotion and beauty, thus producing * * *.
Poetry can form its own style or be combined with other arts, such as poetic drama, hymns, lyrics or prose poems. Words with music are called songs. "Poetry" is rooted in concise and powerful imagination, or linked with experience, ideas and emotional reactions, and reorganizes meaning, conscious and subconscious expression, symbol, formal or informal style, sound and rhythm according to certain rules.
This type of literature includes narrative, drama, satire, exhortation, * * * and personal form. Poetry is a great style.
There are all kinds of small styles. It requires a highly concentrated summary and reflection of social life, full of rich thoughts, feelings and imagination, concise and vivid language, and has a certain rhythm. Generally speaking, it first appeared in various literary genres.
Poetry is divided into narrative poetry and lyric poetry according to whether there is a story or not; According to whether the language has meter or not, it can be divided into meter poems and free poems. According to whether there is rhyme or not, it can be divided into rhyming poems and blank poems. Poetry in modern Chinese is interpreted as a literary genre of lyrical expression.
Mao's "Preface to Poetry" said: "Poets are ambitious. Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem. "
Song Yan's Poems on Canglang said: "Poets also chant temperament". In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems and happy people were called songs. In modern times, they are collectively called poetry.
There is only one art expressed in words: poetry.
5. The knowledge about poetry should be simple.
Poetry appreciation is an artistic aesthetic activity.
Poetry appreciation requires the following knowledge: 1. How to taste poetry? People often refer to appreciating poetry as "appreciating poetry".
The so-called "product", the first is to think carefully and aftertaste; Second, focus on your feelings and enjoy activities in a quiet environment and relatively stable emotions; The third is to spread the wings of imagination and association, and find the image feelings corresponding to poetic concepts from their own cultural knowledge and experience; The fourth is to deepen the grasp of poetry with necessary repetition. 2. read poetry into the artistic conception.
Appreciation of poetry requires reading. Poetry is rhythmic and rhythmic, and it is impossible to appreciate this aesthetic feeling carefully and deeply without reading it.
Read this poem carefully over and over again. The emotional impassioned, forceful tone and lively rhythm in the poem, or the lingering side of emotional appeal, the mumbling of words and the ups and downs of rhythm will naturally blend together and make you moved. 3. Improve the appreciation interest.
Of course, poetry appreciation, like other art appreciation activities, also has a question of taste, style and standard. On the one hand, we should strive to cultivate healthy appreciation interest and set a higher appreciation standard, on the other hand, we should choose appropriate poems as the object of appreciation.
For poems with low taste and vulgar style, we should have the ability to analyze, eliminate and criticize.
6. Knowledge of poetry
The knowledge of ancient poetry includes poems, words and songs.
1. From the form of poetry, it can be divided into: ① ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before Tang Dynasty), Chu Ci poems and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry.
Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains. ③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc.
Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less).
Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju.
Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used.
Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens.
Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
2. According to the theme of poetry, it can be divided into: ① lyric poetry describing scenery, lyric poetry describing scenic spots and natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often attached their feelings to mountains and rivers, and expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery.
This kind of poetry often contains the feelings expressed by the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural.
(2) Poetry is expressed by chanting things, in which the poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of chanting things, so as to entrust the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality or ideal. (3) I feel nostalgic about poetry, because one thing causes the poet's feelings, such as homesickness, homesickness and friends.
(4) Memorizing the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing their opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life. ⑤ Poems describing frontier battles, describing frontier scenery and the military life of frontier soldiers, or expressing optimism and heroism or homesickness, with tragic style and bold brushwork.