Rhetoric is a Chinese word, and its pinyin is xiū cí, which means rhetoric or modified rhetoric. "Xiu" means modification, and "ci" originally means words for debate, and later extended to all words. The original meaning of rhetoric is to modify speech, that is, a language activity that can use a variety of language means to achieve the best possible expression effect in the process of using language. Below are the functions and application principles of rhetoric that I have compiled for you. You are welcome to read them. I hope you will like them.
1. Rhetorical function
(1) Used to portray the image of characters or things, highlight certain aspects of their characteristics, and give people a deep impression. When using this kind of metaphor, most of them focus on the similarity in external form between the subject and the object. For example: He has a slightly dark and red face and is slightly taller. Standing there, he looks as simple and lovely as a red sorghum plant in the autumn field.
(2) Used to explain things. When using this kind of metaphor, most of them focus on the internal qualitative connection between the subject and the object. For example: (Article) Too much won’t work, but if you don’t do it, it won’t work. Making a bench out of a section of a large tree and four small branches is too rough now, so it has to be polished. But if the whole thing is carved, the middle is hollowed out, but you can't sit on it, it can't be used as a stool.
2. Application Principles
(1) It must be appropriate: on the one hand, it means that there are indeed similarities between the object and the subject - or a certain aspect of external characteristics, The shape is similar, or a certain internal feature is similar; on the other hand, it means that the taste and color between the subject and the object must be coordinated. Violating the above principles is an inappropriate metaphor, for example:
(1) What appeared in front of me was a petite girl with a chubby, round face and a waterfall of hair. combed back. I heard that I was interviewing her, and my face turned red.
(2) The machine rumbles/with the rhythm of my heartbeat/like a moving lullaby
(2) Pay attention to innovation. The metaphors that are readily available are often the least lustrous. Only those metaphors that are vivid and appropriate, have novel imagination, are unprecedented, and give people associations are successful and expressive. For example: workers talked behind their backs: "The new factory director Zhao, this person——" Not bad!" Wang Shuan said: "You dare! This man's heart is like a piece of Yangquan charcoal, which can be ignited by a match and turn into a pile of white ash."
If you are deliberately unconventional, it will often lead to comparison and self-defeating. The following is an example:
(1) Oh, oasis in the desert, you lie quietly, like a green dream forever. Cover you.
(2) When I heard the news, it felt like an atomic bomb had exploded in my heart. Using a phenomenon that is unimaginable and incomprehensible as a metaphor will lose the meaning of the metaphor.
(3) It should be popular and vivid. Generally speaking, images are always used to describe unfamiliar things, concrete things are used to describe abstract things, and simple truths are used to describe profound truths. The following example violates this principle:
(1) The clear and clean Moming Lake is like a mirror looking into a demon.
(2) Red, green, and yellow, like the eyes of an owl in the dark night.
(3) The structure of this article is very strict, just like the relationship between ganglia and neural networks.
The non-figurative nature of "like", "as if" and "like". Sentences with "like", "as if" and "like" are not necessarily metaphorical sentences, such as the following ones Situation:
(1) A specific comparison of two things. Xiaoling looks like her mother.
(2) Pure imagination. After reading "The Story of Lei Feng", I seemed to have returned to the painful past.
(3) Sentences expressing guesses. I think this person looks familiar.
(4) Expresses examples. There are many such things, like...
Extension:
22 kinds of rhetorical methods
1. Metaphor
(1) Metaphorical Characteristics and Functions Metaphor is "an analogy". That is to grasp the similarities between two things of different natures and use one thing to metaphor the other. The structure of a metaphor generally consists of the ontology (the thing being compared), the metaphor (the thing being compared) and the metaphorical word (the symbol of the metaphorical relationship). The key to forming a metaphor: A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise the metaphor cannot be established. The main function of metaphor is to turn the plain into vivid; turn the esoteric into the simple; turn the abstract into the concrete; turn the lengthy into concise.
(2) Types of metaphors ① Simile. The typical form is: A looks like B. Ontological metaphors all appear, and are connected with metaphorical words such as "like, like, as if, like" in the middle. For example: Harvested crops are piled in piles, like stable hills. " ②Metaphor. The typical form is: A is B. All ontological metaphors appear, there are no metaphorical words in the middle, and connections such as "is", "become", "become" are commonly used. For example: the relationship between Marxism and the Chinese revolution, It is the relationship between the arrow and the target. ③The typical form is: A substitutes for B. The ontology does not appear, but it is different from metonymy.
Metaphor takes the related points of two things, and metaphor takes the similarities of two things. For example: Put down your baggage and start the machine. ④Bo Yu. Use several metaphors in succession to describe the same entity from different angles and using different similarities. For example: among the layers of leaves, white flowers are dotted here and there, some are blooming gracefully, some are holding their petals shyly; just like pearls, stars in the blue sky, or just out of the bath. beauty. ("Pearl", "Star" and "Beauty Just Out of the Bath" depict the beauty of the lotus from the perspectives of color, brilliance and feeling respectively, seizing similarities such as light, faint twinkle, freshness and tranquility to depict the beauty of the lotus.)
2. Analogy
(1) Characteristics and functions of analogy: writing things as people, or writing people as things, or writing this thing as that thing, its form The characteristics are: things are "humanized", or people are "materialized", or object A is "materialized". Its function is to make the "people" or "things" written in vivid colors, depict images, and have rich meanings.
(2) Types of comparison
①Personification. For example: Du Fuchuan sang and laughed at Liulinpu, while the red flag fluttered and waved.
②Imitation. For example: Only if we are honest will there be bullies. If we dare to use the knife, the bullies will have to run away with their tail between their legs.
3. Metonymy
(1) Characteristics and functions of metonymy. Metonymy does not directly state the person or thing to be expressed, but replaces it with things related to it. It emphasizes the correlation between two things. Its function is to replace complexity with simplicity, replace emptiness with reality, replace ordinary things with wonder, and replace emotions with things.
(2) Types of metonymy
① Characteristic ontology. For example: The bearded man roared ferociously.
②Concrete replaces abstraction. For example: Don’t take advantage of the masses.
③The proper name replaces the general name. For example: Our era needs thousands of Lei Feng.
④ Names represent works. For example: We should read more Lu Xun.
⑤The part replaces the whole. For example: After chanting, the eyebrows are lowered and there is no place to write. The moonlight shines on the clothes like water.
⑥The result replaces the cause. For example: specialize in writing and ink, and make the strong men laugh.
⑦Raw materials and finished products. For example: Everything will be in vain in fifty years, and laziness will turn white hair to bronze.
⑧The ontology of place name generation. For example: Yan'an or Xi'an? This boundary needs to be drawn.
4. Exaggeration
(1) Characteristics and functions of exaggeration. Exaggeration refers to the reasonable and intentional expansion or reduction of original things in order to pursue a certain expression effect. When using it, you must not lose the foundation and basis of life, and you must not be exaggerated. Its function is to set off the atmosphere, enhance associations, and inspire people.
(2) Several forms of exaggeration a. Expanded exaggeration. For example: A stream flying down three thousand feet is suspected to be the Milky Way falling from the sky. b. Reduce and exaggerate. For example: Wuling has meandering waves and Wumeng has majestic walking mud balls. c. Exaggerated. For example: when I see such bright green wheat seedlings, I can smell the fragrance of white flour steamed buns.
5. Duality
(1) Characteristics and functions of duality Duality is "pairs", also known as "oppositions". It must be a pair of phrases or sentences with the same number of words, opposite parts of speech, the same structure, and related meanings. The relationship between two sentences includes succession, progression, cause and effect, assumptions and conditions, etc. Its functions are: easy to recite, musical beauty; concise expression, smooth lyrical expression.
(2) Several forms of duality
① According to the content, it can be divided into positive pairing, oppositional pairing and serial pairing. Opposite: the sentences above and below have similar meanings, are close to each other, complement each other, and contrast. For example: The five ridges in the sky are covered with silver hoes, and the earthquake shakes three rivers with iron arms. Opposition: The upper and lower sentences have opposite and opposite meanings. For example: It is better to chase the poor bandits with the remaining brave men, but not to be known as the academic overlord. String pair: also known as "running pair". The meanings of the upper and lower sentences have relationships such as succession, progression, cause and effect, assumptions, conditions, etc. For example: To have great ambitions to sacrifice, dare to teach the sun and moon to change the sky.
② According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair. The so-called correct pairing means that the number of words, parts of speech, structure, equivalence, word usage, etc. strictly comply with the corresponding requirements; the so-called wide corrected meaning basically meets the corresponding requirements, but there are slight differences in some aspects. In other words, the formal requirements are slightly looser.
③According to structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality. Component duality. For example: the mountains and rivers are ignorant, and the butterflies and geese are ruthless; but they treat human beings the most fairly and treat them equally, that is, they will not show off and laugh because of the dignitaries, nor will they be stingy with the beauty and beauty because of the fishermen and woodcutter in the mountains. Sentence duality. For example: reeds on the wall are top-heavy and light-footed; bamboo shoots in the mountains have sharp mouths, thick skin and hollow bellies.
6. Parallelism
(1) Characteristics and functions of parallelism Parallelism is a combination of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content, and consistent tone. become. The same word with common emphasis appears repeatedly in the same position in each phrase or sentence. Its function is to strengthen the tone, emphasize the content, and heighten the emotion.
(2) Several forms of arrangement a. Arrangement of ingredients. For example: It seems that if the three northeastern provinces are lost, the party-state becomes more like a country; if the three northeastern provinces are lost, no one makes a sound, the party-state becomes more like a country; if the three northeastern provinces are lost, only a few students write a few "complaints", the party-state becomes more like A country that can win praise from "friendly people" will be the same as being a "country" forever. b. Sentence arrangement.
For example: their character is so pure and noble, their will is so tenacious and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, their mind is so beautiful and broad.
7. Asking questions
The characteristics of asking questions are “ask without doubt”. Often questions are asked knowingly, self-answering or asking questions without determining the answer. The purpose is to highlight issues to attract people's attention and inspire people to think. For example: What pigments do white flowers contain? White flowers have no pigment at all. Another example: There has been such a huge development in social productivity and such a substantial improvement in labor productivity. What is the *? The most important thing is the power of science and technology.
8. Rhetorical questions
The characteristic of rhetorical questions is also "questioning without doubt". It uses the form of interrogative sentences to express definite meanings to strengthen the tone and enhance the effect of expression. A question mark is usually placed at the end of the sentence. Some can also put an exclamation mark. There are two forms of rhetorical questions:
(1) Use an affirmative form to express negation. For example: Chairman Mao is like this, what else can we be proud of? (2) Use negative form to express affirmation. For example: "Isn't it us working people who created the human world?"
9. Nianlian
After using B to state or describe A, then transfer A to the original A rhetorical device that combines C that cannot be stated or described. It can be expressed in the format: A+B→A+C. For example:
(1) You may not think that my ears are deaf, but my heart is not deaf.
(2) This hammer did not hit the bell, but it hit my heart.
10. Pun
A rhetorical method that allows words to have one meaning on the surface but actually express another meaning. For example:
(1) The night is getting long and the road is getting long, so I might as well forget it and not say anything about it.
(2) Putting chicken feathers on the flagpole is a good duster (courage)!
Note: Pun is not the same as ambiguity. Pun is an expression technique. When a meaning is intentionally expressed on the surface, there is another meaning secretly, and the latter is the real intention of the expresser. However, those who cannot understand the latter meaning will not be affected by the literal meaning of this sentence. But ambiguity is different. It is a negative phenomenon unintentionally produced by the expresser. The two meanings it expresses exist on the surface of the discourse, and these two meanings will leave the recipient at a loss. If there is no special purpose (such as deception, etc.), ambiguity should be avoided.
11. Contrast
A rhetorical technique that puts two opposite or opposite things, or two aspects of the same thing, together so that they set off each other and complement each other. For example:
(1) Humility makes people progress, and pride makes people fall behind.
(2) Some people are alive, but they are dead; some people are dead, but they are still alive.
12. Shifting
A rhetorical method in which the words describing thing A are directly used to describe thing B. The most common form of this kind of rhetorical figure is a subjective phrase, such as
(1) I will deeply appreciate the deep and dark sadness of this world.
(2) The sweet voice made grandma feel happy.
Another form is a predicate structure, such as:
(3) At dusk in autumn, the sunset glows red in the western sky.
(4) The architecture is also new, simple, not wordy, and extremely enjoyable.
13. Word imitation
A rhetorical technique that replaces a certain morpheme in a ready-made word and temporarily creates a new word to express fun, humor and other effects. For example:
(1) Dujiangyan City auctioned "official residences" that exceeded bids.
(2) To engage in the four modernizations, those who do not understand science and technology will become scientifically illiterate.
14. Thimble
Also called Dingzhen, it is a rhetorical method that uses the words at the end of the previous sentence as the beginning of the following sentence to make the sentence flow compact, vivid and smooth. Just like a game we often play "Idiom Solitaire", the first character of the next word is the last character of the first word!
15. Contrast
Contradictory syntax, that is, words with two opposite meanings appear in one sentence at the same time. Example 1: Care about the flowers in the grass. Zhu Ziqingchun Example 2: The forest with noisy cicadas becomes quieter, and the mountains with singing birds become more secluded. Poem Example 3 of Wang Ji Ruoxie Creek: Heilun put on a smile that looked like he was crying, which made people feel bad.
16. Intertext
Also called intertextuality, it is a rhetorical method often used in ancient poetry. The explanation for it in the ancient proverb is: "The text is written by referring to each other, and the text is implicit." Specifically, it is in this form: the upper and lower sentences or the two parts of a sentence each seem to say one thing, but in fact they are They echo each other, analyze each other, complement each other, and say the same thing. The characteristic of intertextuality is "elaboration of literature but preservation of meaning", which is mainly manifested in two aspects:
1. Structural characteristics: interexamination. For example, "Generals die in hundreds of battles, and heroes return in ten years" ("Mulan Poems"). The word "hero" is omitted in the front part of the sentence, and the word "general" is omitted in the second part of the sentence. "General" and "hero" are separated and intertwined with each other. Replenish. 2. Semantic features: complementary.
For example: "When the window is arranging the temples, when the mirror is pasting yellow flowers" ("Poetry of Mulan"), Mulan faces the window, including facing the mirror. The two actions of "managing" and "pasting" are performed in the same situation. Translation They should be put together when needed. Intertextuality has various forms of expression: 1. Intertextuality in the same sentence. That is, intertextuality that appears in the same sentence.
2. Intertextuality of adjacent sentences. That is, intertextuality appears in adjacent sentences.
17. Rhetorical question = rhetorical question
It is a commonly used rhetorical technique. Its advantages are: it can express feelings more strongly, highlight the feelings you want to express, and narrate, etc. Compared with rhetorical techniques, it has more ups and downs, which makes the article stand out. It is commonly used in essays, usually starting with Can't... How can I... For example: Can't animals be human teachers? How can I forget your deep friendship for me?
18. Contrast
It is a rhetorical way of comparing two opposite or opposite things, or two different aspects of one thing, to each other. The function of contrast is to simultaneously make good appear better and bad appear worse. For example: Some people are alive, but they are dead; some people are dead, but they are still alive.
19. Synesthesia
It is the communication and mutual transformation of various aesthetic senses, such as human vision, hearing, smell, touch and other senses, in people's aesthetic activities. .
20. Quotes
Quote ready-made words to improve the effect of language expression. There are two types of direct quotations and indirect quotations. For example: 'Mobility makes people progress, pride makes people fall behind', we should remember this truth.
21. Irony
Use words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention to express the original intention, and use irony to enhance the expression effect. Some are sarcastic and revealing, while others express close and friendly feelings. For example: (Students studying abroad in the Qing Dynasty) also had their braids untied and tied up flat. They took off their hats and the hair was shiny, just like a little girl's bun. They also had to twist their necks a few times, which was really beautiful.
22. Repetition
In order to emphasize a certain idea, a certain emotion, intentionally repeat a certain word or sentence. Types of repetition: continuous repetition and spaced repetition. There is no other word interval between the continuous repetitions. Spaced repetitions with other words in between.