The general title of a thing description is the object of description;
Find the summary sentence at the beginning and end of the explanation.
because the object of explanation is the thing or thing to be introduced in an article, usually a noun or noun phrase, we can start from two aspects: look at the title 2 and look at the beginning and end paragraphs. The description of things can only point out what is explained. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: introduces the …… (object plus content).
2. Language of expository writing: plain and vivid expository writing (language expression angle).
3, explanation method: generally answer three words, to master several common explanation methods, will analyze the role in the text:
①. Example: specifically and truly explain the xx characteristics of things.
②. Classification: It clearly explains the xx characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. Make the content of the explanation clear and avoid overlapping.
③. Column number: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing. Make the explanation more convincing.
④ comparison: the xx characteristics (status, influence, etc.) of the explained object are highlighted.
⑤. Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
⑥. Metaphor: Metaphor is a figure of speech. Vividly explain the xx characteristics of this thing, and enhance the interest of the article.
⑦. Draw a chart: make the reader see at a glance and explain the xx characteristics of things very intuitively and vividly.
⑧. Interpret: explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail, making the explanation easier to understand.
The difference between defining and interpreting is that the definition requires completeness, but the interpretation does not require completeness. Give a concrete explanation of the characteristics/reasons of things to make the explanation easier to understand. It can be reversed.
⑨. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, making the explanation more concrete and vivid.
⑩. citation: it can make the content of the explanation more specific and substantial. Explain the characteristics of things by quoting to enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and common sayings. At the beginning of the article, the reference description also plays the role of drawing out the description object.
4. Description sequence: time sequence (program sequence), spatial order and logical sequence. You can be more specific when answering questions.
For example, spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, always to points, from outside to inside, from front to back, from left to right, from whole to part, and vice versa, etc.).
logical order (first cause, then cause, step by step, from phenomenon to essence, from cause to effect, from effect to cause, from primary to secondary, from shallow to deep, from individual to general, etc., commonly used words that express causal and logical order, such as "because, so" and "first and second").
chronological order refers to the development and evolution of things, such as articles introducing working procedures.
ü Mastering the answer format: This paper uses the order of explanation to explain it, which makes the explanation more organized and easy for readers to understand. (The first blank should fill in the specific order of explanation, and the second blank should fill in the specific name or explanation of things. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rational" and "scientific". )
5. Explanatory object: refers to the main person or thing explained in the article (generally, it is not necessary to answer the characteristics of people or things).
6. The common forms of the structure of expository texts are: "total-sub" type (or from total to sub-total, or from sub-total to sub-total, or total), parallel type, progressive type, etc. Analyze the structure of the article and grasp the central sentences and conjunctions, such as "first", "second", "also" and "besides". 7. Central sentences: the beginning or end of the position, sometimes in the sentence. Judgments are mostly sentences with strong generality. Narrative sentences, descriptive sentences, explanatory sentences and interrogative sentences are generally not suitable as central sentences.
the same is true of other stylistic articles.
ü summarize the central sentence of the paragraph.
countermeasures: (1) when thinking about the contents of this paragraph, we should not only pay attention to the main ones, but also pay attention to the secondary ones. (2) Words that closely express order, such as "first", "second" and "you", are summarized with reference to the sentence patterns of the central sentences in the upper and lower paragraphs.
8. Description language
Type 1. What is the purpose of adding some words? Grasp the accuracy of explanatory writing and answer the questions.
countermeasures: a: it accurately/vividly explains the characteristics/reasons of the thing "……".
type 2. can it be replaced by another word? And explain the reasons.
countermeasures: a: (1) no.
(2) the meaning or content of the original word.
(3) the meaning or content of the changed words.
(4) What's the change in meaning after the change? Is it not in line with reality?
type 3. can restrictive words be deleted?
countermeasures: a: (1) make a statement (delete or not delete).
(2) qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "quite"; Tables such as "About", "Possibility" and "Left and Right" estimate the number of tables such as "More" and "More".
(3) If it is deleted, the original meaning will become what it means, which is unrealistic and too absolute.
(4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of the language.
type 4. find a word from the article that can reflect the "accuracy" of the explanatory language and experience it.
type 5: reference-what do these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth specifically refer to in the text.
countermeasures: generally speaking, it refers to the sentence before the pronoun, and find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it is important to note that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part of it.
9. Common test sites: 1. Understanding of the explanatory object and explanatory features.
2. Identify and understand the explanation method.
3. Analysis and understanding of the instruction sequence.
4. Analysis of the structural features of paragraphs.
5. Summarize the meaning of text, layer and paragraph.
6. Comment on the meanings and expressive functions of key words and sentences.
7. Understanding of the accuracy of explanation language.
argumentative reading skills
1. Argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's views, and it is a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. From the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.
a. Grasp the argument of the article. There is only one central argument (commander-in-chief's sub-argument) (1) It is clear that there can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument)
(2) Method (1) Find from the position, such as title, opening, middle and ending. ② Analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Abstraction method (only sub-argument, but no central argument)
B. Analyze how the argument is put forward: ① put facts and reason to sum up the argument; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument; (3) Propose a topic according to the phenomena existing in life, and sum up the central argument through analysis and discussion; (4) Narrating the author's experience and concluding the central argument; ⑤ The author asks questions from the story, then analyzes and infers step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Argument (with what proof) (1) Types of arguments: (1) factual arguments (summarize after giving examples, and summarize the arguments closely); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject, country, ancient and modern, etc.). (3) order arrangement (reference argument); (4) judge whether the argument can prove the argument; 5] Supplementary arguments (to prove arguments).
3. Argumentation (how to prove it)
(1) Argumentation method (must be four words) (1) Illustration (example method) Narration of factual arguments (citation method and reasoning method) Argumentation on rational arguments
(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be an example argument and a rational argument) (4) Metaphor argumentation metaphor is an analogy in expository and a metaphor in prose.
(2) Analysis and argumentation process: (1) How the argument was put forward; (2) how the argument is proved (what truth and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) contact the structure of the full text, whether there is a summary.
(3) completeness of argument (a: make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) function of analysis and argument: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
4. Structure of argumentative essay ① General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).
⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total sum formula ③ Total sum formula ④ Divided sum formula ⑵ Progressive type.
5. The language of the argumentative essay (1) is strict (the use of decorative and restrictive language); (2) Vivid (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices);
(3) Word order (judging from the care of life logic and context); (4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).
6. Reading refuting papers
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How did the author refute and use those reasons and arguments; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
7. Common test sites
①. Argument test sites for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the article:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing method of opening the book and getting to the point.
(2) at the end of the article, it is the so-called summary of the full text, the topic at the end of the article, and the way to reveal the center. This kind of writing is mostly used when clearly expressing arguments. So, in a word, therefore, in a word, in the final analysis, etc.
Third, distinguish the central argument from the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, counter the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and by analyzing arguments, we can see what it proves, affirms and supports, which is an argument.
② Argument test sites of argumentative essays: Arguments are the basis on which arguments are based, and generally they are all factual arguments and rational arguments. 1. Use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In an argumentative essay, the narrative of the cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts that are directly related to the argument. When clarifying arguments, we should not only know where the factual arguments are used in the text, but also summarize the factual arguments. To be accurate in generalization, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should have certain authority. When quoting directly, it should be recorded in the original text, checked by the truth, and cannot be taken out of context; You can't misinterpret willingness when quoting indirectly.
③ Structure and level of argumentative papers: The structures are: parallel structure, contrast structure, progressive structure and total score structure.
the basic form of this test center: how did the author prove the argument?
ü The idea of answering the question is: In order to prove the viewpoint of …, the author first uses the argument of …, and then analyzes the argument of …, thus proving the viewpoint of …. The key is to clarify the hierarchy of the proof process.
④ Argumentation method of argumentative essay
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, which is the link between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four kinds of requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:
1. Illustration: it is a method of enumerating conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove arguments. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
2. Reasoning argument: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argument power. To analyze the function of the citation method, we should first find out whose speech is quoted and what it is to prove, and then grasp the special function of the citation method-authoritative and powerful.
3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove an argument through figurative metaphor. This method can explain the truth in a simple way, and it is easy to be accepted by people.
4. Contrastive argument: It is a method of contrasting the positive and negative facts and reasons to prove the argument. By analyzing and comparing the function of argumentation methods and comparing two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.
ü thinking of answering questions: (1) rational arguments to increase the authority of the arguments. (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument. (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid image proves …, or simple explanation proves … (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle). (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, makes its right and wrong more distinct, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.
⑤. Language features of argumentative writing: analyze the language features of argumentative writing: ①. Analyze the accuracy and strictness of its words from a logical point of view; ②. Analyze the generality and conciseness of its narrative from a reasoning point of view; ③. Analyze the bright, vivid and emotional colors of its words from a rhetorical point of view. Let's explain it from different angles:
A. The language is accurate: ① the concept is used accurately; ② the modifiers such as attributes and adverbials are appropriate.
B, language rigor is characterized by rigorous judgment and reasoning, careful language expression and strong logic.
C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D, the conciseness of language generalization is manifested in the fact that the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe in detail. Otherwise, it will usurp the host's role. This point is reflected in general argumentative papers, so I will not give examples to illustrate it.
ü answer ideas: What's the use of adding words? Ideas: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) the (deep, figurative or extended) function of words to express the center or clarify the point of view; This kind of questions mainly test the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed
ü answer ideas: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) clarify the sequence of time or events between words, and emphasize its sequence or hierarchy.
⑥. The reference object of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out the content of reference in the original text. In this case, the content of reference generally appears before the pronoun, and it can be used to replace the pronoun after finding it. Read through the sentence to check whether the sentence meaning changes or not.
⑦, open and expand the test site
This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, it is necessary to combine articles to give full play to personal feelings gained from reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Note that you must quote famous sayings or celebrity anecdotes to prove your point.