First, Du Fu's indifference to Li Bai's death is strange.
In the winter of the first year of Tang Suzong to Germany (AD 756), Li Bai entered the Lilin shogunate in Wang Yong. There are three songs: Water Army Farewell to the Shogunate, Water Army Wei Sima Lou Visiting Prostitutes and Visiting Dong Ge. Thirdly, Li Bai is ambitious and thinks that he can make great achievements and realize his lifelong ambition. Unexpectedly, Wang Yong's original intention was to fight for the throne, and his plan was discovered. In February of the second year of Zhide, Wang Yong was defeated, and Li Bai fled to Pengze and was arrested in Xunyang Prison. 1 1 In June, he was sentenced to long-term wandering Yelang and was pardoned on the way. After two years of rolling, his old illness recurred. He came to Dangtu and appointed Li as the county magistrate. However, in the first year of Baoying in Daizong, 1 1 died in Dangtu. When Du Fu was in Chengdu, he wrote a poem "Twenty Rhymes for Li Bai". There is a saying in the poem that "the old man sings under the autumn moon and falls ill at dusk by the river", which shows that he knows Li Bai's illness like the back of his hand. The death of Li Bai, who is famous all over the world, should be a major event in the poetry circle at that time, and Du Fu should know it. But he said nothing about Li Bai's death, which is very puzzling. Just a few years after Li Bai's death, several close friends of Du Fu passed away one after another, but they were mourned by Du Fu in different forms. On August 4th, the first year of Guangde (AD 763), he died of house disease in Langzhou. Du Fu hanged him and wrote a eulogy, which was very painful and sad. Later, he wrote a poem "On the Tomb of Prime Minister Liu Fang" to express his mourning and nostalgia. The following year, Zheng Qian died in Taizhou and Su Yuanming died in Chang 'an. Du Fu wrote poems in memory of these two old friends who were thousands of miles away, including Crying for Zheng He Su Shaojian and Nostalgia for the Past. For example, the poem "Nostalgia" said: "In the underground Suzhou industry, there is a unique gentleman. I haven't written since I lost my word. " In the first month of the following year, Gao Shi died in Chang 'an. Du Fu is very sad. In "Gao Wen often waits for death", he wrote, "When I go back to the DPRK, I don't see each other, and the ambassador of Shu suddenly dies, causing the monarch to break, crying for friends and white clouds, and never writing poems, only hurting the old." In April, Yanwu died in Chengdu, and Du Fu wept bitterly. The poem "Cry for a strict servant and shoot a line" says: "I mourn the sunset of the Three Gorges, see you soon." Later, there was the poem "Eight Sorrow Poems", and there was the poem "Crying for a strict servant, shooting back to catalpa". In 769, living in Hunan, Du Fu went to Tanzhou, and his friend Wei Zhijin died and cried. At this time, it has been nearly 78 years since Li Bai died, and we still haven't seen Du Fu's mourning poems for Li Bai. Did Du Fu forget Li Bai? Or is the mourning poem lost? It seems not. Even ordinary friends like Wei Zhijin will pour out their hearts, not to mention that Li Bai and Du Fu established a world-famous friendship in their early years. Moreover, if Du Fu has a poem mourning Li Bai, it will not be easily lost. If he still has an old affection for Li Bai, there will be a poem that makes the gods cry and will not disappear. All this tells us a message that there must be a huge gap, even disharmony, between these two great poets. Because it is amazing and puzzling to compare Du Li's early friendship with Du Fu's indifference.
Second, the depth of Du Li's early contacts.
Li and Du are two of the most dazzling stars in the poetry circle. They met in April (744), the third year of Tianbao, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, in Luoyang, the eastern capital. At that time, Li Bai was destroyed by a handful of traitors in Chang 'an, and was given a letter to Xu Haishan by the emperor, and began his second journey eastward. Du Fu ended his trip to Qilu, returned to his hometown of Luoyang, and lived in Luhun Villa under shouyangshan in the northwest of Yanshi County. Li Bai is 44 years old, and Du Libai 1 1 years old has just turned 33. Both of them are middle-aged, arrogant and ambitious. For them, this engagement can be described as forgetting the year. But after all, it is the first time to know each other, and it is not too deep. Li Bai soon left Luoyang for Liang and Song Dynasties (now Kaifeng, Henan). Du Fu immediately followed Song Liang. This is a reunion of two people. The famous poet Gao Shi also attended the party. Three people play with each other, write poems, drink and sing. Li and Du deepened their friendship emotionally. Li Bai soon went to Qilu, and Du Fu followed, where he met Li Bai for the third time. At this point, the two have become brothers. Du Fu wrote in "Seeking Ten Best from Li": "Get drunk in autumn and walk hand in hand with Japan." You can see the depth of friendship. Li Bai also wrote poems to Du Fu to express his thoughts. The so-called "if you think you are a gentleman, you must send it to the south." Finally, two top figures in the history of China's poetry broke up in Qilu with tears and parted ways. From then on, farewell became eternity, and Li and Du never met again. Their friendship and feelings deepened in the later exchange of poems.
Mr. Guo Moruo once made the following statistics. Among the existing 1400 poems of Du Fu, nearly 20 are related to Li Bai. Among them, there are 10 songs dedicated to Li Bai: 2 songs dedicated to Li Bai, 1 song with Li Xunshi in seclusion, 1 song pregnant with Li Bai in winter, 1 song remembering Li Bai in spring, 2 songs dreaming of Li Bai, and 65+0 songs dedicated to Li Bai at the end of the sky. Five poems by Li Bai are mentioned in the poem: 1 Send Confucius' father to thank him for his illness, 1 The Eight Immortals Song of Drinking, 1 Drunk Song, 1 Journey of the Past, 1 Send My Feelings. There is no nomination, but it must contain Li Bai's, so it is impossible to count. In these poems, Du Fu is full of true feelings, sympathy and grievances for Li Bai's experience and fate, such as "Our capital is full of nosy people, and you are lonely, helpless and poor", "A thousand-year-old reputation, a thousand-year-old reputation, what good is it when you die", "Poets should be wary of prosperity, but the devil can trouble wanderers". ""the world wants to kill, I only pity. There are thousands of clever poems and a glass of wine. "There are comments on his poetic style, such as" Bai Ye's poems are invincible, floating in the air, and his thinking is different. "Fresh and beautiful, Jun Yibao joined the army", "Hou Li has a beautiful sentence, which is often like a pit in the shadows", "Putting pen to paper scares the wind and rain, and poetry makes the gods cry", "The literary talent is extremely rich and will be passed down unsurpassed"; There is praise for his heroic and noble personality. Such as "drinking crazy songs is a waste of life, who is arrogant" and "Li Bai's poems about drinking", sleeping in a restaurant in Chang' an. The son of heaven called instead of boarding the boat, claiming that he was Brewmaster. "These poems expressed deep affection for boxing and laid a sincere friendship between Du Li. Li Bai wrote only four poems to Du Fu. " Predecessors love to measure the thickness of emotion by the number of existing poems, saying that Du Hou is thicker than Li, and Li is thinner than Du. That's a superficial view. "Because poetry is very affectionate, not inferior to Du Fu. Moreover, the two almost reached the touching realm of soul mate. For example, Du Fu's "Winter with Li Bai" wrote: "All the lonely books are wrapped, and in the end I think alone. "Li Bai's Yao Temple Pavilion Night Banquet in Qiulu County also wrote:" I lost Wan Li and my thoughts. "Du is not short of Du Fu.
Du Li's friendship in her homecoming poems is sincere and beautiful. It has become a much-told story in the history of literature, and it has also created a precedent that the history of China literature is named the same with different styles. Regrettably, however, the relationship between these two brothers and sisters was cracked in their later years, which made people suspicious. What is the reason?
Third, explore the reasons for Du Li's disharmony.
Mr. Guo Moruo believes that Li Bai complained that Du Fu did not understand his inner feelings and political ambitions, so their feelings changed. The cause is Du Fu's "Send Li Twelve Whites and Twenty Rhymes". This poem is the longest poem about Li Bai written by Du Fu, with 200 words. "It can be said that it is Du Fu's biography of Li Bai's poems, and he seems to know the current situation of Li Bai, not only his life, but also his heart." The whole poem is as follows:
There used to be fanatics, nicknamed immortal. Put pen to paper shocks the wind and rain, and poetry becomes tears.
Since then, fame has never spread. The literary talent is extraordinary and the communication will be unparalleled.
The dragon boat moves late, and the beast gets a new robe. Come to the deep temple during the day, and Qingyun will follow suit.
Begging to repay my superiors, I satisfied my heart. I have not lost my ambition to live in seclusion, and I feel humiliated.
The play is about cherishing the wild and drinking childish. Drunk dancing in Liangyuan Night, singing in Surabaya Spring.
You have no neighbors only if you are proud and don't show your heart. Chu Shi and Mi Heng are handsome, and Yuan Xian's students are poor.
When the rice bundle is not enough, tears of coix seed slander what to sell. Wang Lingyan steamed the earth, and the three dangers exiled the minister.
A few years ago, Pengniao cried to Kirin alone. Su Wuyuan returned to Han, and Huang Gongyou did nothing to Qin.
Chu Yan gave a speech that day, and Liang Prison wrote a letter. The existing law has been adopted. Who will discuss this?
Autumn moon sings old songs, and I am sick at dusk. Don't blame Bourne, use it and care about it.
This can indeed be read as a biography of Li Bai. But Mr. Guo thinks that this poem makes Li Bai very unhappy and even dissatisfied. He said: "Poetry is a gift to Li Bai. Li Bai still has a long time before his death, so he won't miss it. How will Li Bai feel after seeing it? I think there are many sentences that are difficult to satisfy Li Bai. As I said above, the phrase "expelling the minister from three dangers" is only out of thoughtless remarks. There are more important joints, which will definitely disappoint Li Bai. Li Bai was demoted in the early years of Tianbao, which is a very regrettable thing for Li Bai, but in Du Fu's poems, he took the sentence of "begging for mercy" without trace. It is not good to slander the court. In Du Fu's words, nature is "loyalty"; But for Gao Lishi and Zhang Ge, the disgraced "base ministers" and "humiliating ministers", it is too tolerant. Li Bai's trip from Wang Yongdong to Lushan Mountain is not a crime, but a grievance. On the one hand, he understands the intention of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, on the other hand, he also wants to use the power of Wang Yong to sweep Chen Hu and save the world. But Du Fu called it foraging and was punished. This is even more surprising in Li Bai. " It should be said that Lao Guo's analysis is reasonable. There is indeed a gap between Du Li. "Du Fu's affection for Li Bai has changed from nostalgia and admiration to pity."
In my opinion, what really makes Du Fu dissatisfied with Li Bai are two major events. First, Li Bai was driven out of Chang 'an because of his arrogance; The second is not to distinguish between loyalty and falsehood, but to obey Wang Yong and finally be convicted. And these two things are related to whether they are loyal to the emperor and the court. As we all know, Du Fu is called "the poet of the ages". The fundamental reason is that he is loyal to the monarch, loves the people, cares about the people and cares about the rise and fall of the world. All his masterpieces can be accurately explained from this. Therefore, A Qing poet Ye Xie said in his original poem: "Poets of past dynasties pushed Du Fu. His poems follow the people, places, things and things he meets, thinking about the monarch, worrying about disasters, mourning the sky, thinking about friends, mourning the ancients, and cherishing the present and the past. " Therefore, his poems are well-deserved to be called "political poems" and "poetic history". The political ideal he established was "loyal to the monarch, and then change the customs." He is worried about "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years and sighing about the heat in the intestines" and "thinking about the unemployed because it is far away". What he cannot change is his loyalty to the monarch. "When you are born with a gentleman, you can't bear it." "Sunflowers set in the sun, and physical properties are difficult to win." Moreover, Du Fu's outstanding artistic achievements and lofty artistic status are inseparable from his political thoughts. In feudal times, loyalty to the monarch and patriotism were often unified. His loyalty and patriotism to the monarch are strongly reflected in his poetry creation. So people also call Du Fu a patriotic poet and a people's poet. [2](P89) In this respect, Li Bai and Du Fu are very different. Influenced by Taoism, Li Bai pursues more lifestyles, such as swimming freely in mountains and rivers. The so-called "Heaven never shuts one door but the earth never shuts one door", "Heaven never shuts one door but he opens another" and "It is my lifelong habit to look at all the five mountains". Therefore, he was called to Chang 'an, and even though he had the grand ideal of "setting the atlas and clearing the sea and the county", he did not restrain his unruly personality, but became more and more fierce. As the saying goes, "Friends in the play are regarded as dirt" and "Li Bai's drinking poems are buried in Chang 'an Restaurant. The son of heaven does not get on the boat, calling himself Brewmaster, which is a portrayal. In turn, he was hostile to Zhang Ge, the favorite concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and insulted Gao Lishi, the hot eunuch. Finally, he was alienated by the emperor and returned the gold to Dashan. Li Bai poured frustration, resentment, depression and injustice in his political activities into his poems, and Three Difficult Walks was the representative work of this period. Du Fu expressed deep sympathy for Li Bai's political hardships in his early years, but there were regrets in his sympathy, or he was somewhat dissatisfied with Li Bai. In Du Fu's "Send Li Twelve Whites and Twenty Rhymes" quoted above, the two sentences of "Begging for a virtuous person to do something" and "Don't blame" contain such meanings, urging Li Bai not to blame the court and the emperor. In Du Fu's view, Xuanzong was a "Yao Shunjun" and he himself was "unbearable".
Besides, it is Du Fu's dream to be able to rise from a humble cloth to an emperor's servant overnight, just like Li Bai. In his early years, he was trapped in Chang 'an and was given the official position of the emperor, without knowing it. During the Anshi Rebellion, I ran north and south and followed the line. Finally, "When my sleeves were exposed, Ma Xie met the son of heaven", so I made a small left addendum. Li Bai was particularly spoiled, but he didn't take it seriously. Du Fu was born with envy and hatred, and suddenly fell out of favor with Li Bai. He naturally hoped that Li Bai would find reasons from himself and not blame the court. At the same time, Du Fu advised Li Bai. Written in the fourth year of Tianbao (745), "To Li Bai" asked: "Who is the hero who drinks and sings wildly and lives an empty life?" Obviously, I hope Li Bai can restrain his binge drinking personality. Written in the book "Disappeared in Sichuan", there is a sentence: "Kuangshan study place, the head is white and it is good to return", which may be that Li Bai is told to go back to Sichuan, and the two of them * * * repair the old feelings, "focusing on fine paper". Stay together, in order to better take care of each other, but also more convenient to persuade this brother. When he learned that Li Bai was demoted to yelang, he hoped that when he passed by Qu Yuan's hometown, he could "write a poem to respond to the lonely soul and wild ghost." Probably hoping that Qu Yuan's loyal soul can influence Li Bai. This is probably Du Fu's dissatisfaction with Li Bai's arrogance and falling out of favor, but he didn't say it.
If Chang 'an and his party were the first great failure in Li Bai's political life, it would be a greater failure for him to join the Li Lin shogunate in his later years. Although from various indications, Li Bai was forced to be coerced, but Li Lin's emotional behavior almost led to Li Bai's death. [3](P70) Du Fu is also very sympathetic to this. But it can be inferred that Du Fu must be dissatisfied with this. Because the Li Lin incident was finally characterized as rebellion and chaos, it was on an equal footing with the An Shi rebellion. Su Zong ordered the extermination. Li Bai was also sentenced to "disobedience" and was a long yelang. Judging from the available data, Du Fu did not show too much dissatisfaction with Emperor Su Zong. Like Xuanzong, he still has the loyalty of "never forgetting your husband for a meal", and his good friend's "disobedience" is unacceptable and unforgivable from the bottom of his heart. In addition, Du Fu was far away in Sichuan at that time and was not well informed. He is more likely to get hearsay, and there is no way to evaluate the details of Li Bai's enthusiasm. It is inevitable to abandon Li Bai emotionally in the end.
The strong evidence for us to make this judgment is that Du Fu's indifference to Li Bai's death is almost heartless. Once many of his friends fell ill or died, he almost wrote poems to mourn and miss, but he didn't give the word Li Bai. It is enough to show that the gap between Li and Du Fu in his later years is quite deep, which is mainly due to Du Fu's disappointment and dissatisfaction with Li Bai.
Nevertheless, the fame of Li and Du Qifeng, the friendship they established in their early years, and their immortal literary achievements remain immortal in the history of literature and will always be an example for future generations to learn.