Maxim Gorky (March 16, 1868 - June 18, 1936), formerly known as Alexei Maximovich Beshkov, former Soviet writer, poet, critic, political commentator, and scholar. ?
Golky was born on March 16, 1868 in a carpenter family in the town of Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga River. His father died when he was 4 years old, and he spent his childhood with his mother at his maternal grandfather's house. At the age of 10, Gorky began to make a living independently. He has worked as an apprentice, porter, janitor, baker, etc., and has personally experienced the suffering of the lower class people. During this period, he studied hard and began to explore the truth about transforming society. In 1884, he joined the Populist Party group, read the works of the Populists and Marx, and actively participated in revolutionary activities.
In 1905, Gorky joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1906, Gorky was entrusted by Lenin to go from Finland to the United States to carry out revolutionary activities, and published his novel "Mother" in the United States. Later settled in Capri, Italy. In 1913, Gorky returned from Italy and engaged in proletarian cultural organization work, presiding over the literary column of "Pravda". After the October Revolution in 1917, along with the chaos, destruction, anarchist trends and various violent incidents that emerged in the revolution, conflicts arose between Gorky, Lenin and the new regime.
In October 1921, due to illness and differences with the Bolshevik regime, Gorky went abroad to recuperate. In 1928, Gorky returned to the Soviet Union. Under Stalin's arrangement, he made two long-distance sightseeing trips in Russia and decided to return to his country to settle down. In 1934, he was elected chairman of the Writers Association. After returning to the country, Gorky served as a banner of the Soviet cultural circle and did a lot of work for the cultural construction of the Soviet Union. However, various problems that emerged in the Soviet Union in the 1930s kept him at a certain distance from Stalin and real politics.
On June 18, 1936, the 68-year-old Golgi died of illness.
Extended information:
Early life
On March 28, 1868, Alexei Maximovich Pishkov (Mr. Keshim Gorky) was born in Nizhny Novgorod (formerly known as Gorky City) into a carpenter family.
In 1871, when Gorky was 4 years old, his father died and he lived with his mother at his grandfather's house.
In 1879, at the age of 11, Gorky went to the "human world" to earn an independent living. He worked as an apprentice, porter, and baker. ?
In the 1880s, Gorky participated in a secret study group of intellectuals holding populist views in Kazan.
In 1883, Gorky began to live a wandering life. ?
In 1884, he was exiled to Kazan. In the late 1880s and early 1990s, he traveled throughout Russia twice to gain a broad understanding of the people's conditions;
In 1889, he was arrested for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. After his release, his movements were still monitored by the military police.
The road to writing
In 1892, he published his debut short story "Makar Chu" in the "Caucasus" under the pen name Gorky Maxim (meaning the greatest pain). Deira", worked as an editor and reporter in local newspapers, and since then concentrated on writing.
In 1895, Gorky published the romantic short stories "Old Lady Izegil" and "Song of the Eagle", which praised the strong personality of freedom-loving, longing for light and heroic achievements, and expressed the passion for fighting. ?
In 1898, Gorky's first two-volume collection of works "Essays and Short Stories" was published. Since then, he has become famous in the Russian and European literary circles and attracted widespread attention at home and abroad.
In 1899, Gorky completed his first novel "Folma Gordeev".
The two novels "Foma Gordeev" and "Three People", completed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, focus on revealing the themes of the young protagonist's life exploration through a broader realistic picture. . ?
At the beginning of the 20th century, Gorky's creation turned to drama, reflecting the social contradictions of the time in the fastest, most direct and concise form.
Since 1900, Gorky has participated in and presided over the work of the Knowledge Publishing House, uniting a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia at that time through the publication of the "Knowledge" series.
In 1901, on the eve of the first great revolution in Russia, the revolutionary movement of the people was surging, and the reactionary tsarist government stepped up its suppression of the people. This was the time when revolution and counter-revolution were fighting fiercely. Gorky participated in the demonstrations in Petersburg and personally felt the majestic momentum of the labor movement and student movement, and witnessed the brutal crimes of the tsarist government in suppressing the student movement.
In order to enthusiastically praise the pioneers of the proletarian revolution, expose the reactionary tsarist government, and criticize the ugly faces of opportunists and bourgeois liberals, he wrote the prose poem "Song of Haiyan" (later renamed "Song of Haiyan") "Haiyan"), created the image of the brave Haiyan, which symbolizes the wise and courageous revolutionaries fighting against the wind and waves, foretelling the coming revolutionary storm and inspiring people to face the great battle. This is a proclamation and ode to the proletarian revolutionary battle, inspired by Lenin enthusiastic praise.
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In 1901, Gorky also wrote his first play "Little Burgher", which exposed the contradiction between bourgeois conservatives and liberals and created the first revolutionary proletarian (revolutionary worker Nikita) in the history of world literature. er) image.
In 1901, Gorky was arrested for participating in a demonstration in Petersburg. After being released from prison, he was commissioned by the revolutionary party to establish a secret printing office. For this purpose, he was arrested for the second time and exiled. ?
In 1902, he wrote the play "At the Bottom", which is a summary of the author's 20 years of observing the life of homeless people. It is a masterpiece of Gorky's drama. ?
1905 was the beginning of the second stage of the development of Gorky’s thoughts and creations (before and after the 1900-1909 revolution). In the years when the revolutionary situation was intense, Gorky participated in the revolutionary movement as a soldier. The residence became one of the strongholds of the armed uprising in Moscow in 1905.
Due to Gorky’s active participation in the revolutionary movement, his acquaintance with Lenin and his joining the Bolshevik Party, his worldview has undergone a qualitative leap. In his creations, he has become more conscious of serving the cause of the proletarian revolution and striving to create new heroes. Write something higher, better, and more beautiful than life.
In 1905, during the Russian Revolution, Gorky actively participated in the proletarian revolutionary struggle, joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, and met with Lenin.
In the early days of the revolution, as an eyewitness, he wrote a leaflet against the Tsarist government for shooting down petitioners, calling on the people to rise up in struggle. At the same time, he actively participated in the "New Life" and "Combat" newspapers of the Social Democratic Labor Party. "" was published, and various efforts were made to prepare funds and weapons for the insurrectionists. During this period, he also published a large number of political commentaries. Among them, the article "Talk about the Habits of the Petty Citizens" deeply analyzed the social roots and psychological characteristics of the habits of the petty citizens and their harm to the revolutionary cause. ?
In 1906, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he promoted the revolution, raised funds for the party, and wrote the political essay "My Visit" and the feature "In the United States" that exposed and criticized the capitalist system. , script "Enemy". The play "Enemy" and the novel "Mother" written in the same year marked a new peak in his creation. "Mother" has epoch-making significance in the history of world literature. These two works are both the foundation works of Russian proletarian literature. ?
In the spring of 1907, he participated in the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held in London. From then on, he and Lenin established close ties and deep friendship. ?
The novella "Confessions" was published in 1906 and 1908, and was severely criticized by Lenin. Some of the papers and monographs he published at that time, such as "History of Russian Literature", also contained varying degrees of erroneous views such as "complexity of concepts", "organization of experience" and theism of theism. With the help of Lenin's criticism, he gradually raised his awareness and broke away from the forward group. ?
From 1901 to 1910, he successively wrote many important social and political scripts such as "Little Bourgeois", "The Bottom", "The Enemy", "Summer Guests", "Children of the Sun" and "The Barbarians", including Some reflect the lives of poor people struggling on the verge of death, and some expose the spiritual emptiness of intellectuals and bourgeois philistines. In the play "Little Burgher", the author describes the glorious image of Neil, an advanced worker, for the first time. The performance of these plays was warmly welcomed by the revolutionary people and caused panic in the tsarist government.
Between 1911 and 1913, he completed the story collection "Italian Fairy Tales". From 1911 to 1917, he completed "Russian Fairy Tales". From 1912 to 1917, he completed "Ross's Travels". In 1913, he created the first part of his autobiographical trilogy, "Childhood".
In 1913, he returned to the motherland and presided over the literary column of "Pravda", engaged in cultural organization work and literary activities. In 1916, he published the second part of his autobiographical trilogy, "In the World". ?
Recuperation and Creation
In the summer of 1921, Golgi's disease recurred and he went abroad for medical treatment. Until 1928, he basically lived in Sorrento, Italy. While he was recovering from illness, he tried his best to resist the ultra-leftist and sectarian errors of some groups such as Rapp through letters and meetings with visitors. He did a lot of work to cultivate young writers and unite writers of different styles.
He also worked hard on creation, published the memoir "Leo Tolstoy" and the feature "Lenin", and completed "My University", which describes the writer's journey from the bottom of life to the revolutionary road, and the laborer's search for the truth. , the journey of pursuing light.
In 1922, he published "My University". ?
In 1925, Gorky completed the novel "The Business of the Artamonov Family" while he was ill. ?[5]?The work describes the changes of three generations of a family against a broad historical background from the Russian serfdom reform in the mid-19th century to the October Revolution, and shows the inevitable decline of the bourgeoisie from a psychological and moral perspective.
After returning to China in 1928, Gorky traveled to various parts of the country twice and witnessed the vigorous socialist construction of the motherland. He was so enthusiastic that he wrote a long reportage "Travels in the Soviet Union".
Late life
In 1931, Gorky settled in Moscow.
In his later years of creation, the plays "Yegor Brechev and Others" and "Dostchigaev and Others" showed the decline of capitalism and the victory of socialism; the novel "Krim Samkin" "The Life" wrote about the 40 years of historical changes in Russian society before the October Revolution, using an individualist intellectual as the central figure to reflect the growth of the revolutionary power; "On Socialist Realism" and other series of papers advocated socialist realism . ?
In 1934, Gorky chaired the First Congress of Soviet Writers and was elected the first chairman of the Soviet Writers Association. At 2:30 on June 18, 1936, Gorky passed away at the age of 68.
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Golgi