/kloc-From the end of 0/8 to the 1930s, there were frequent revolutionary wars and constant turmoil in Europe. Political darkness and social inequality make people romanticize literature.
I feel that the capitalist system established after the French Revolution is far from as beautiful as described by the enlightenment thinkers. All walks of life, especially intellectuals, are deeply disappointed with the "rational kingdom" envisioned by the enlightenment thinkers and strive to find new spiritual sustenance. This social emotion is reflected in the field of literary creation, resulting in romantic literature.
Social and historical factors
From the perspective of social and historical development, romanticism is the direct product of the French Revolution. The French Revolution not only had a great political influence, but also brought a new trend of thought to the whole European culture. The emerging urban industrial and commercial bourgeoisie flaunted the concept of "freedom, equality and fraternity", which had a devastating impact on the old feudal cultural order. In France, liberalism appeared during the government's administration, which advocated ensuring individual freedom and independence, which became the core concept of romantic literature. Romantic writers often express the feelings, actions and tragedies of characters in this contradictory state from the perspectives of repressed personality, undeveloped personal talents and unfulfilled personal wishes and ambitions. Romantic literature is keen to describe the "century disease" of personal disappointment and melancholy, and to praise the resistance shown in the futile opposition between individuals and society. In addition, the great revolution destroyed the old social order, which inevitably led to changes in the mentality of people of different classes. Capitalists in cities pursue free competition and fantasize about reaching the peak of power and wealth in this "equal" social atmosphere. On the other hand, the Great Revolution gradually plunged the aristocratic class into poverty, so the mood of pessimism and disillusionment in life bred, and the yearning for the mysterious other side became a popular thought. All these social scenes and life situations provide the soil for the prevalence of romantic literature. The French Revolution had a great influence on the cultures of other European countries. In Tubingen, Germany, in order to celebrate the capture of the Bastille, Goethe and other writers planted a tree of freedom in the suburbs, and German cultural publications followed the French revolutionary thought and began to discuss political ideas such as freedom, equality and human rights. English poets in the school of Lake Poetry were all influenced by the Great Revolution. Wordsworth thought that the French Revolution was "born naturally, but its benefits were delayed", while Southey publicly declared that he was a pacifist. In the past, critics used to divide "negative romanticism" and "positive romanticism" according to writers' attitude towards revolution, which is a biased practice, and few people mention it now.
Philosophical and cultural factors
German classical philosophy and utopian socialism in Britain and France are two theoretical sources of romantic literature. Romantic literature
Kant's metaphysics distinguishes between noumenon and phenomenon, and holds that things themselves are unknowable, and man is the creator of natural laws, thus making the world ideal and mysterious. Fichte, his follower, thinks that reality is only a creation of human beings, emphasizing the subjective initiative of genius and inspiration, and raising human mind to the status of creator of the objective world. Schelling believes that there is tragedy in the world and disharmony in the whole. People must proceed from nature, transcend this disharmony and find themselves. Hegel, a master of German classical philosophy, put forward that the truth of society lies in its history, and the human spirit is history. People are comfortable and self-motivated. Only in this sense can man be absolute, free and infinite. German classical philosophy with obvious idealism provides a solid theoretical foundation for romanticism. Utopian socialism in France and Britain provides a perspective for romanticism from another angle. French Saint-Simon and Fourier exposed the poverty of capitalism, the hypocrisy of democracy and freedom, the decay of marriage system and the cruelty of colonial plunder, and put forward the prospect of establishing an ideal country in the future. In an ideal country, all members of society do their best, and there is no distinction between rulers and ruled. Owen in Britain is more progressive, placing his hopes on benevolent rulers and emphasizing class harmony and class mutual love, so as to resolve sharp social contradictions. Many romantic writers can see obvious utopian consciousness, which is the result of utopian socialism.
Literary and artistic factors
Although romantic literature did not become a grand view until the19th century, in fact, "romanticism" as a creative tendency has existed since ancient times. Aristotle in ancient Greece once claimed: "The poet's duty is not to describe what has happened, but to describe what may happen, that is, what may happen according to probability and inevitability." This is a summary of romanticism in ancient literature. Homer's epic and Virgil's Aeneas both use romanticism extensively. As for the legend of knights in the middle ages, it is directly related to romanticism. /kloc-English sad literature in the 0/8th century is actually the embryonic form of romanticism, and Rousseau, the French enlightenment writer, advocates returning to nature, which is also the origin of modern romanticism. Romantic literature
Horizontally, romanticism is not a single literary trend of thought, but covers other artistic categories. French painters Delacroix and Jilike have created many thrilling romantic paintings to express their understanding of the changing social environment. Chopin, Liszt and other musicians have profound styles, and Bicai's operas are passionate and unrestrained, which is a model of romantic music. Literature and art interact with each other, and * * * has become a huge romantic literary trend of thought in the19th century.