Du Mu (803-852) was born in Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi, Shaanxi). He spent his childhood in Fan Chuan Villa, south of Chang 'an, and lived a rich and happy life. In the second year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (828), he was admitted to the Jinshi examination. In the same year, he was awarded a captain of the library and tried to join Cao Wuwei. In the seventh year of Daiwa (833), he entered Huainan as a priest and secretary, lived in Yangzhou and enjoyed a big banquet. Later, he supervised the empire and divided it into the eastern capital. In the second year of Kaicheng (837), Cui Danfa, an observer of Xuanhui, was appointed as a judge for Yong Tuan Lian, and was ordered to fill the vacancy of official legacy, compile a history museum, and serve as a member of the Food Department and Bibi Department. In the second year of Huichang (842), he successively served as the secretariat of Huangzhou, Chizhou and Zhou Mu in order to promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages. In the second year of Dazhong (848), he went to Beijing to write for Si Xun, Yuan Wailang and the History Museum, and then transferred to the official department. Two years later, he became the secretariat of Huzhou. In the fifth year (85 1), he was also called to Beijing to be a doctor and an official. The following year, he moved to Zhongshu Sheren and died in Chang 'an.
Du Mu's life and official career are relatively comfortable and smooth, and he still has optimistic illusions about the fate and future of the country, but his thoughts and feelings of worrying about the country and the people are relatively strong. Among the poets in the late Tang Dynasty, he wrote a lot of poems in the form of four-character poems, expressing the sadness of the last days by recalling the glory of the past, and containing comments on praise and criticism in the implicit poetic realm. He gave full play to the poetic style of quatrains and created many excellent works with distinctive historical theory style, which is known as the "28-character historical theory" For example:
The vast birds are singing, and the ancient relics disappear in the deserted Leyuan Scenic Area. Want to serve the motherland and make contributions, No.5 is in the bleak autumn wind. (Leyou Tomb)
A broken iron halberd sank into the sand and disappeared, only to find that it was the remnant of Battle of Red Cliffs after grinding and washing. If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai. (Chibi)
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. Strong women in business don't know the hate of national subjugation, but they still sing "Flowers bloom * * *" across the river. ("Bo Qinhuai")
Jiangnan, the sound of green and red flowers, the waterside village in the foothills. More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain. ("Jiang Nanchun Jueju")
Looking back at Chang 'an, Mount Li is like a pile of splendid scenery, and the gates of Huaqing Palace on the top of the mountain are opened in turn. As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south. (One of "Three Songs of Crossing Huaqing Palace")
Through mourning for the fleeting prosperity of past dynasties, we can expose the bohemian and wrong country of rulers, express their political feelings and insights, and understand the philosophy of life from the vicissitudes of the times, which deeply contains dissatisfaction and irony with reality.
Du Mu's temperament is heroic and romantic. His epic poems not only have lofty thoughts, but also show brilliant temperament. Although he grieves for the past and hurts the present, he creates a beautiful poem with elegant charm and handsome style. This is his creative feature, which is interwoven with strong feelings of worrying about the country and the people and mourning.
Du Mu once lived a dissolute life in a brothel, and his Farewell said, "Down and out in the south of the Yangtze River with wine, Chu has a slim waist and a light palm. I feel the dream of Yangzhou for ten years and get the name of brothel. " He is a talented person who knows amorous feelings. He has written some famous sentences about love between men and women, such as Two Farewells:
13 years of good posture is light, living like a scepter in bud in early February. In Yangzhou, the spring breeze blows all over Sanli Long Street. With beaded curtains, no one can match her beauty. ( 1)
Affectionate but always ruthless, I feel proud when I can't laugh. The candle on the table lit the heart, and it also saw the parting; You see, it shed tears for us and flowed to the morning. (2)
Du Mu's travel notes and landscape poems are also excellent. He is good at choosing fresh and clear scenery to express his poet's feelings and create a beautiful poetic scene with bright colors and a sense of flying away. For example:
There is water in the green hills, and the vegetation in the south of the Yangtze River is withered in autumn. Where does the Jade Man teach oral sex at Bridge 24 on a moonlit night? (Letter to Han Chuo, Yangzhou Magistrate)
When the long river froze for the first time, the water in the Yao Pei of Yuhe River was uneven. Floating life is like water at the bottom of the ice, and people don't know how to flow eastward day and night. ("Bianhe Frozen")
As far away as Hanshan, the stone path is oblique, and people are in Bai Yunsheng. Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers. ("hiking")
Qiu Guang painted a cold screen with a red candle and fanned a small fan to drive away fireflies. Day and night are as cool as water. Sit and watch the morning glory and Vega. (autumn night)
The similarities between these seven-character quatrains are poetic, conveying the fresh breath of natural scenery with fluent language, and the bright and beautiful three-dimensional pictures give people wonderful artistic feelings and the artistic conception is quite beautiful.
Du Mu is as famous as Li Shangyin in the late Tang Dynasty and is called "Little Du Li". He said in "The Commemoration of Poetry": "A poem is painstakingly written, which is exactly what you want." He tried to get rid of the influence of the poetic style at that time and was unique. In addition to writing seven poems about nostalgia, he also wrote erotic parting poems, travel poems and landscape poems, which are fresh and elegant in style and unconventional. His seven-character poems have a wide range of themes and are well-known works of passion. Such as "the early goose":
In August, Uighur soldiers drew bows and arrows, geese flew in the wild and began to howl. Fairy palm alone, Nagato light dark! You know, Hu Qi rides continuously, so why not chase the spring breeze one by one? Please don't abandon a few people in Xiaoxiang. The moss in the water can avoid hunger and cold.
Writing about the people's livelihood in the frontier caused by foreign invasion reflects the poet's concern for state affairs and sympathy for the people. He said in "A Letter to Jiu Feng Building in Chizhou": "All feelings are not free, and the corner of the sunset building is lonely. Bishan thinks endlessly all day long, and hates it when grass stops. The cilia can't see the eyes, and the Tao can't ask for anything but the body. Who is like Zhang Gongzi, a thousand poems are lighter than Wan Huhou. " Sigh about your life experience without being depressed. His "Nine Days of Ascension" is also written to Zhang Hu. The poem says: "Every opening in the world is hard to laugh, and chrysanthemums must be inserted." But I will be rewarded by the festival, and I don't have to sigh and fall. "I think wine can relieve sadness and comfort frustrated friends. There are also many masterpieces of his Seven Laws, such as Two Poems of Runzhou:
Wu Ting has traveled thousands of miles in the East, singing and traveling in the past few years. There is no clue to the Qingtai Temple, and there are many restaurants near the Green Water Bridge. Generally, the Southern Dynasties were broad-minded, and the poor Eastern Jin Dynasty was the most romantic. Yue Ming wants to wash clothes, and a flute smells the sadness of "dike"
To admire the past and sigh the rise and fall of the Six Dynasties is to cherish the past and hurt the present, and it is all ups and downs. He said in "Shui Ge of Kaiyuan Temple in Xuanzhou, Your Excellency Wan Xi, Jiaxi Juren":
The cultural relics of the Six Dynasties were even empty, and the sky was light and the clouds were idle. Birds go to the mountains, and people sing and cry. In late autumn, a thousand rains fall on the curtain, and the balcony plays the flute at sunset. There is no reason to see Fan Li. There are five lakes in the east.
Its "Golden Valley Nostalgia" has a cloud:
The bleak ruins in the east of Luochuan are the same as Ukiyo-e paintings. The fragrance of peaches and plums disappeared in the golden valley, and then the soul of the leading edge was broken. Apart from the sadness of previous years, today's scenery is a dream. I just want to hate the guests in the night spring, which is full of hate.
These works, which are full of regrets because of drawing lessons from the past and sighing about the present, are written with deep feelings and the air has flown away. If Li Shangyin's poems are sad and hazy, they reflect the general depression of scholars in the late Tang Dynasty. Then, the splendor and elegance that still exists in Du Mu's poems reflects the fantasy and efforts of some people with lofty ideals who tried to save the nation before the death of the Tang Dynasty, and cast a bright color on the gloomy poetry circle in the late Tang Dynasty.
Xu Hun is also a master of modern poetry. He and Du Mu are friends, and Du Mu's works are mixed with many of his poems, so their works are similar. Xu Hun (about 791-about 858), the word Hui, is the descendant of Prime Minister Xu. He lived in Anlu, Hubei, and in Luoyang in his early years. In the mid-Yuan Dynasty, he and his relatives and friends moved to a place in Hunan, moved to Jiangnan at the beginning of Changqing, and settled in Danyang (now Jiangsu Province). Later, he set up a villa in Dingmao Jianqiao, the southern suburb of Jingkou (now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province), and compiled poems here in his later years. Later generations called him Ding Mao and his poems. Xu Hun took part in the imperial examination very early. During this process, he traveled south to Vietnam and north to Zhao Yan for many times, and briefly entered the military stage. In the sixth year of Daiwa (832), he was a scholar, first appointed as Dangtu Order, and then as a fellow Taiping County Order. Since the third grade (849), he has successively supervised Yushi, Runzhou Sima and Yunzhou Secretariat. In the 11th year of junior high school (857), he was appointed as the secretariat of Zhou Mu, and he may soon die.
Xu Hun was very famous in the late Tang Dynasty, and he was known as "a gifted scholar in the south of the Yangtze River". Wei Zhuang's "Poems of Xu Hun" says: "The poems of Xu Hun, a talented scholar in the south of the Yangtze River, are leisurely and strange." Xu Hun's Seven-Rhyme Poems are very tasty and well written, which can be compared with Du Mu's poems. Such as "Jinling Nostalgia":
Decadent music "Flowers in the Back Garden of Yushu" came together with Chen's fate; The lookout party in Jingyang Palace was filled with empty space. The cemetery trees in the cemetery cover the graves of many officials in previous dynasties; High and low young crops filled the palaces of the Six Dynasties. The snail spreads Yun Ni's wings, and it rains for a while and clears up for a while; The finless porpoise added fuel to the flames in the river. The night was deep and a cold wind came. When heroes go to luxury, there are only green hills like Luo Zhong.
East Building of Xianyang City:
Climb high and miss the ancient oil for thousands of miles, but the willows in your eyes are like Jiangnan. The red sunset is in the temple outside the temple, and the wind has not yet come, and the wind has already blown the buildings in Xianyang. At dusk, birds fly in the garden, and in late autumn, cicadas chirp in the leafy trees. Passers-by don't ask about the past, only the Weihe River flows eastward as always.
In lamenting the historic sites, I am full of worries about the coming storm in the declining Tang Dynasty, and my heart is desolate, showing my helplessness in going abroad.
Judging from the subject matter and content, there are few works in Xu Hun's Ding Mao Collection that directly involve social and political issues at that time. Most of them are works for visiting sites, remembering the past and giving people away, mainly for writing landscapes and expressing personal feelings. For example, "Autumn in the Outskirts Garden to Send Friends to Luo Zhong":
Chu water flows from the west to the sky, feeling sad and thoughtful. At the end of the green hill, Wan Li's book returns to the green trees. The waves of the distant sunset startled the geese, and the wind blew the faint waves to make the seagulls sleep. If relatives and friends of Songyang ask each other, Pan Yue wants to live in seclusion.
Because of narrowing the lyric scope of poetry to personal life circle, Xu wrote a lot of poems reflecting negative and retired emotions; Because he lives in the south of the Yangtze River, his poems have a preference for "water", giving people the impression that "Xu Hun's 1000 poems are all wet", so that the image sentence pattern is repetitive and stereotyped, and he falls into a familiar pattern. However, his skill in writing metrical poems is very skillful, his antithesis is neat and accurate, his metrical tone is harmonious, and his sentences are very fluent and decent, which shows that the development of modern metrical poems in Tang Dynasty has entered a stage of perfection, and his works therefore lack warnings and changes.