Tao Yuanming was the first pastoral poet in China.
The story of Tao Yuanming
Tao Yuanming, a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, inherited his father's footsteps since childhood, and cultivated himself at home, but he was very studious. Besides planting a good vegetable garden, he also concentrates on reading every day, so his poems and songs are very famous. Soon, a local official named Wang took office. He is also a lover of poetry. He knew that Tao Yuanming was famous although he was young, so he wanted to have a try. One day, Tao Yuanming was watering vegetables in his garden when the county magistrate Wang came in. Out of courtesy, Tao Yuanming quickly got up to meet him. Magistrate Wang squinted at Tao Yuanming and said, "Is your name Tao Qian?" Tao Yuanming quickly said, "The villain is exactly!"
Magistrate Wang sat down, touched the moustache on his mouth with his right hand, admired the writing on Tao Yuanming's desk, and suddenly said to Tao Yuanming, "I heard that you can write poetry. Let me have a look. Now I'll make a pair. Will you please be right? " Tao Yuanming said with a smile, "Please go out for the first part!"
Magistrate Wang looked around and saw a sunflower planted in the garden. As soon as these sunflowers opened, he had a brainwave and casually said the first couplet. How can a young sunflower lean on a branch and know geography with a small face? Hearing this, Tao Yuanming knew that the official's words contained distrust and contempt. On the surface, he was talking about young sunflowers. In fact, he asked himself, can you be familiar with rural farming at such a young age? So he thought a little and saw bright red lotus buds growing in the lotus pond in front of the court, so he came up with a clever couplet; The new buds are unearthed, and the brush is familiar with astronomy!
Tao Yuanming's bottom line also has some truth in it. He refers to the lotus bud on the surface, but actually refers to himself. It means that although I am buried in a mud pit, once unearthed, I can study astronomy and geography. When the magistrate Wang met, he secretly marveled at Tao Yuanming's quick thinking, but he was still not to be outdone. He went out again and said, "The child swallowed the words in his mouth." Apart from saying that Tao Yuanming's tone was too strong just now, this couplet also uses clever words, because "swallowing" is composed of the word "Tiankou" and it is difficult to correct it. Tao Yuanming thought about it and then made a bottom line; Lian Yue: The boss bears a grudge.
On this bottom line, Tao Yuanming not only showed that he didn't have a big tone, but became a success through hard work. His writing is ingenious, because the word "ambition" is composed of the word "scholar's heart", which is just the same as the word "Taguchi" which is neat in front of him. The magistrate realized that Tao Yuanming was really knowledgeable and determined to study hard, and he could not help but be awed. He stood up, held his hand tightly and praised again and again: "Little brother! Really smart and ambitious, admire! Admire! "
Seeing his attitude change, Tao Yuanming said modestly and sincerely, "Please give me more advice in the future!" After that, I exercised myself and asked the magistrate for advice. Magistrate Wang took it and saw that it was a self-deprecating poem. The poem says: "The small building is ashamed to have a high pillow, and when you are worried, you will form an old alliance, calling young people to pay their respects and sit and talk about Zen. The clouds are full of toothpicks. The stars are full of swords, and the marquis is not my intention. I hope that the sea will be safe! " Magistrate Wang appreciated Tao Yuanming even more after seeing it, and they became friends for the past few years.
The Story of Tao Yuanming and Liu Zhongsi
Tao Yuanming is singing in his garden at the moment: "Building a house is under human conditions, but there are no chariots and horses ..." Before he finished reading it, he heard a spell coming from the thatched cottage where he lived: "Miss, what can you do besides reading these poems every day? Tomorrow, I can't open the pot again. See how you do it. " His wife Qiu Ju is complaining inside. Amin immediately sighed deeply; "Then I will go to the mountain to pick some wild fruits tomorrow."
"Wild fruit, the mountain that to so many wild fruit, it's summer, how much can you eat? You can't live on this wild fruit all year round! If it weren't for being a clean man and being too lofty, could you end up like this? " Tao Yuanming was speechless. He felt that he owed Qiu Ju too much. She used to be the daughter of a big family. When she was a young student, she walked alone regardless of her family's opposition. At that time, he vowed that one day he would let her live a happy life. No one has a clear concept of what happiness is, but he knows that a happy person will have a smile on his face.
In order to fulfill his oath, he joined the army for Emperor Wu of Song. Later, he found that Liu Yu was too suspicious and left him. Qiu Ju didn't blame him. She believes that his decision must be correct. Her father didn't want to see his daughter suffer like this, so he began to try his best to create another Peng for him. Qiu Ju thought that she wouldn't have to worry about her future life. Less than three months later, Tao Yuanming discovered that officialdom was not the place for people like him. He has a small official position and bends down to flatter his boss every day. He thinks this is demeaning a person's personality. He can't let his life pass in such a boring day. He resigned from Peng again, not bowing for the sake of five buckets of rice. The night before he resigned from Peng, he seemed a little unhappy when he saw Qiu Ju.
He knows that Qiu Ju is a very kind woman. She just wants to have a stable home. She knows nothing about official snobbery and fame and fortune. She just wants to be his woman in peace. Tao Yuanming is often proud that he can find such a woman. But the only deficiency is that I can't give her a happy life and often make her starve. For this reason, his heart is often ashamed!
He looked at the haggard Qiuju in front of him, bit his teeth, walked up to Qiuju, and suddenly knelt down and said, "Qiuju, I'm sorry for everyone, and I'm even more sorry for you." Qiu Ju saw his expression, sighed and said, "lyna, you are not wrong. Maybe this era is wrong. Maybe I was wrong. Tomorrow, I'd better go back to my mother's house and get some rice to help me! "
Tao Yuanming doesn't know what he should say. He knew there was no better way now. He often feels that he is useless. A man can't afford a woman. If it was anyone else, it would have left you long ago. But Qiu Ju said nothing except occasionally complaining a few words. He can't remember how many times Qiuju went back to her family to receive "relief food" like this. Although my father-in-law hates him, Qiu Ju is still his only daughter. Every time Qiuju goes back to get it, she can always maintain her life for a period of time.
Qiu Ju, she went back to her parents' house to get some food. Yuan Ming stood there, feeling empty. He remembers that when he was young, he kept the hope of serving his country in his heart. He is determined to make a decision for the people of the world one day. He studied well and was very talented, but he was born in the wrong era. This era is not an era of appreciating talents. As long as you know the skills of being an official, a person without talent and virtue can climb to the top. His weakness is that he doesn't know these skills, so he will be rejected by many people. No matter how straight a person stands, if a small group of people attack, he will be skewed. Although time can prove everything, after all, everything has become history.
When he was in Peng, he thought he could do something for the people of pengze county. When he first took office, he was full of hope, but after a while, he found that his idea was wrong. The darkness of officialdom is not what he wants. He not only bows to people taller than him every day, but also looks at other people's glances. He is not used to such a life. However, he found that most people in officialdom are like this. As soon as they meet someone taller than themselves, they bow their heads to curry favor with them, hoping to be promoted one day. As soon as I see someone younger than myself, I blow my beard and stare to demonstrate. Man, why do you always lose yourself in front of power? Tao Yuanming really doesn't understand why an official can't really do something for the people. He can't go with the flow any more. If this goes on, sooner or later he will become as inhuman as them.
People make good friends and benefit others. When they were in the mud, they actually lived a clean life, as dirty as they were. So the only way is to leave. He still remembers that when he made the decision to leave the imperial court, many people applauded! Some people pretend to stay. But inside, they are clapping. How can these expressions fool him, Tao Yuanming? He never regretted the day when he left the imperial court. The only thing he felt inadequate was that Qiu Ju couldn't live a good life. It seems that he can only owe Qiu Ju this lifetime.
He heard the sound of hooves not far away. There seem to be some fast horses! He can't help wondering that he and Qiu Ju have lived here for several years and no one has ever been here. Except the occasional farmer. The pounding of horses' hooves came closer and closer, and gradually he saw the figure. He saw three fast horses running towards him. He saw that the man sitting on the horse looked familiar. Get into the cabin and hide. He doesn't want to see anyone in court. He just wants to live an ordinary life with Qiu Ju now. Three fast horses stopped in front of his hut, and his breathing was chaotic. I wonder what will happen. "Is anyone there?" Someone is shouting outside.
"Is anyone there?" Shouted twice again. "Who is it? Who are you looking for here? " Tao Yuanming replied.
"Excuse me, is this Tao Gong's home?" Someone asked again. "Who is TaoGong. You have the wrong number. " Yuan Ming replied.
"You come out! Tao Gong, I'm Liu Zhongsi. " Liu Zhongsi and Tao Yuanming remembered that this was his bosom friend, Pengcheng. Earlier, I heard that he had retired from the officialdom and lived in Lushan and Xishan. Why are you an official of the imperial court again at this time? He felt a little confused! In today's world, there are absolutely no more than three people who can make him admire Tao Yuanming, and Liu Zhongsi is one of them.
"Brother lyna, why don't you come out and meet your friends?" Tao Yuanming did not answer. Liu Zhongsi laughed outside: "Unexpectedly, after many years, lyna's brother still has that temper. Well, if you don't come out to meet me, I know I'm going in. " Say that finish, Liu Zhongsi walked to the hut. He saw Tao Yuanming sitting on an orange with his back to himself, as if thinking about something.
Liu Zhongsi stepped forward and threw his fist at Tao Yuanming. "Brother lyna, long time no see." Without looking up at Liu Zhongsi, Tao Yuanming asked, "Are you here to visit friends today, or do you have something else to do? I welcome visiting friends. If you are on a business trip, then go. " Liu Zhongsi paused, and then smiled and said, "Brother lyna's integrity is still the same as before. I really admire him, but I came to visit Brother lyna this time, first to convey the metaphor of our times."
"Speak quickly, or I'll give the order to start." Liu Zhongsi looked at Tao Yuanming and his present environment, and then sighed, "Brother lyna, you have a good education, but you live in a humble place. It's really admirable. There are very few people like Tao Gong in the world now! In addition to fame, everyone's eyes are selfish desires, and Tao Gong will inevitably become an eternal saint in the future. " Hearing this, Tao Yuanming closed his eyes and said, "Tao never wanted to be a saint, just wanted to be himself." Tao is really unworthy of this eternal saint. "
Liu Zhongsi said with a smile: "Tao Gong is welcome! With your mind, who can compare with the world? "
"Well, you don't have to beat around the bush. Say something as soon as possible! " Liu Zhongsi was silent for a while, and then he said to Tao Yuanming seriously, "Brother Liang Yunxiong, to tell you the truth, this time is Emperor Wu of Song, our time. He asked me to ask you to come out to help him. "
"Needless to say, I won't go." "Brother Liang Yun, I think we are sincere this time."
"Brother Liu, I respect that you are a person with clear aspirations, so I will let you go on, otherwise I have already given the order of marching out." Liu Zhongsi knows that it is not easy to invite Tao Yuanming this time. When he came, Emperor Wu of Song told him that Tao Yuanming must be invited, or he would never return to the court.
He knows that it is not an easy thing. He knows Tao Yuanming's character. I've been in contact with him for a while. He found that Tao Yuanming was something that many people didn't have. This is honesty, and this is justice. He also often lamented that he was ashamed!
For three months, since he received the news from Emperor Wu of Song, he has been looking for the whereabouts of Tao Yuanming everywhere, but no matter how to find it, he just can't find it. If he can't find Tao Yuanming, he can't explain to Emperor Wu of Song. The most taboo of being a man is not keeping promises. If a person promises something to another person, if he can't do it, that person must feel very uncomfortable. Liu Zhongsi is not a villain. He knows this is the minimum rule, otherwise you should not promise in advance.
Later, he remembered someone, that is Qiu Ju's father. He knew that he would know the whereabouts of his daughter Qiu Ju and he would find Tao Yuanming. In this way, he found Tao Yuanming. Now I don't know what to do in the face of my self-knowledge! Liu Zhongsi was at a loss when he saw that Tao Yuanming refused the request. One of the two people waiting outside said, "Officer Liu, did Mr. Tao agree?" When will you get up and come with us? "
There is no sound in it, which means that things have not been solved. Two people no longer speak. They usually worship Tao Yuanming as a person. He doesn't believe that such people really exist in the world. He abandoned his post and didn't do it, and he didn't bend over. Most of the people I see on weekdays are scrambling to climb the dragon and attach the phoenix, for fear that their positions are not high enough, they speculate with each other, envy each other and kill each other. But he is different from Tao Yuanming. He can give up all this and be an ordinary person. Some people once laughed at his stupidity. Tao Yuanming just smiled when he heard this. Because he knew that nothing he said was useful except laughing.
Sometimes, when some problems can't be expressed in words, people will express them with laughter, which is the best way! The two men stayed there for a while, for a long time, and no one spoke.
"Yuanming, Yuanming, I'm back. Hey, who are you? How can you stand outside our hut? My family knows that he didn't commit any crime! " Hearing this, Tao Yuanming knew that Qiu Ju had borrowed rice, but he was a little confused when he saw two people standing outside. Tao Yuanming hurried out to meet him, only Qiu Ju came in carrying a bag of rice. "Qiu Ju, you are back!" Tao Yuanming asked.
"Yuan Ming, how can so many people come to us today? Is something going to happen? "
"It's okay, it's okay, just friends get together. This is Liu Zhongsi that I told you before. You must remember! "
Liu Zhongsi, this name, of course she will remember. When Tao Yuanming was in Peng's office, he mentioned his name every day, saying that he was a rare talent in the world and one of the people he admired all his life. Qiu Ju knows someone who can be admired by Tao Yuanming. This man's character must be one of the best in the world today. She looked at Liu Zhongsi, and sure enough she looked smug. She looked at the rice bag in her hand, and then said to Tao Yuanming, "Then I'll go in and cook, and ask Teacher Liu to accompany me to eat!" " Say that finish, autumn chrysanthemum into the kitchen.
"No, sister-in-law, we already ate when we came." Liu Zhongsi, he can see that Qiu Ju must have borrowed this rice. He envied Tao Yuanming in his heart, having such a partner who can share joys and sorrows. When you are alive, you can find a bosom friend before you can get a bosom friend. There are happier things in the world. The sun goes down, if Tao Yuanming doesn't agree. Then I should go alone. Liu Zhongsi looked at Tao Yuanming and asked in a low voice, "Brother lyna, are you really unwilling to come out again?"
"ZhongSi, I know that everyone in the world stands in a different position, and your talent is enough to assist Emperor Wu of Song. Without me, Tao Yuanming, the world would be just as peaceful. I just want to live a plain life now. "
"But now, can you live like this?"
"Thank you for your kindness, Zhong Xiong. The ancients can still live as usual after eating and drinking. Why can't I, Tao Yuanming? "
"It seems that I was wrong. Now it's time for me to leave. "
"Wait, don't you catch me in the past? Then how do you explain to Emperor Wu of Song? "
"lyna elder brother, don't you know me, I will be that kind of person? I think it should be a mistake to come back in recent years, and now it should be time to quit. "
"Why do you want to retire?"
"I don't quit, can you do it? Every day you bully me, live carefully, and start to get a little tired! I also want to find a quiet place, like my brother lyna, to plant flowers and farm and live a plain life! "
"That they ..." Tao Yuanming pointed to the outside.
"Rest assured, they are all people who have followed me for many years, and they are also temperament people. Say goodbye. " Liu Zhongsi, who came with two people, left.
Tao Yuanming looked at his departure and suddenly sighed. He didn't see the wrong person. Liu Zhongsi is a rare talent. In this era, he is a very outstanding figure. He knows how many people are willing to betray their friends for wealth. How many people do whatever it takes to get rich. This is nobody's fault. Blame the times! In fact, there is no sin in the times, and all sins are those who do false things. Tao Yuanming is still thinking about something. He remembered the time when he was an official beside Emperor Wu of Song with Liu Zhongsi. Whenever he is in trouble, he will come out to help himself. In this world, Liu Zhongsi is his bosom friend, and Qiu Ju is his bosom friend. A person can get a bosom friend and a bosom friend at the same time, and this kind of happiness will be endless. Suddenly, Tao Yuanming burst out laughing, shaking the mountains and responding for a long time. ...
The artistic style of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems
The content of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems is a mixture of emotion, scenery, events and reason. Scenery description does not pursue the similarity of objects and the twists and turns of plots, but expresses the feelings of the world through what everyone can see and ordinary things, and writes the truth that others may not understand. Tao poetry also pays attention to writing the mind, writing the state of mind integrated with the scenery, and writing through life. I don't care what is right or wrong, I just write a world in my mind. Pastoral poetry describes simple rural scenery and daily rural life, and reflects the quiet mood and interest after seclusion. The most important thing is that things happened, from the scene, from the feelings, from the reason. The new seedlings spreading their wings at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, the moon returning from weeding with him, the smoke curling up, Chun Yan who was a little skeptical about their deserted family returning to the old grass nest, the dark forest in front of the hall, the piano on the bed, the muddy wine in the midsummer pot, and the pine trees, autumn chrysanthemums, solitary clouds and birds that often appear in his works are all unusual things. They are all objective, reflecting the poet's subjective feelings and personality, both abstract and vivid.
Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems describe rural natural scenery and rural life in many aspects, which can be roughly divided into three aspects from the content: on the one hand, they show the beautiful and quiet mood in the countryside. When the early pastoral poems reflect the reality, they are based on the poet's actual pastoral life. For example, the poem "Returning to the Garden" said: "Without vulgar rhyme, you naturally love Qiushan. Fall into the dust net by mistake, thirteen years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village. Dogs bark in deep alleys, mulberry trees crow at the top of chickens, households are clean and miscellaneous, and empty rooms are more idle. After staying in the cage for a long time, I will return to nature. " In the poet's pen, the countryside is so beautiful and quiet; Surrounded by elms, willows, peaches and plums, there are several huts, and the distant villages are faintly visible, with faint smoke; Occasionally, a few crows and dogs bark from a deep alley ... everything here is so different from the noisy and dangerous officialdom. Make poets as happy as "fish in a pond" and "bird in a cage" to "return to nature". Although this kind of life is lonely and poor, after experiencing the official career of "tired of service and lonely in the middle of the night" and bowing to others, it has experienced a leisurely and carefree interest.
Artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems
Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems create the artistic beauty of poetry, and the poetic rhyme is extremely mellow, natural and peaceful. Zhu's Poems of Zhuzi said: "Poems of Yuan and Ming Dynasties are unremarkable and take them from nature". In other words, the "plainness" of his poetic style is extremely natural and unpretentious. Jian 'an's poems have brought a kind of generous and sad beauty to the history of China literature, while poets in the Western Jin Dynasty have brought beautiful enjoyment to the history of China literature, while Tao Yuanming has opened up a world with dilution as beauty. The charm of the realm of his poems is the natural expression of the realm of life, which is peaceful and indifferent, striving for the world without seeking, lacking in heart and losing in sex. It shows a quiet and plain realm, and it is a kind of artistic beauty. The artistic conception of Tao's pastoral poems is simple and unpretentious, with infinite elegance and strong feelings in conciseness. Tao poetry often adopts "nature" and the life of ordinary people, but through the combination of poets, it presents a new artistic conception and gives people a sense of beauty. The poem that best represents Tao Yuanming's diluted beauty is the fifth part of Drinking: building a house in a humanistic environment, but there are no chariots and horses. What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say. The reason why this poem can be exciting for generations lies in creating a quiet and peaceful spiritual realm. People, mountains, water, air and birds are all natural and plain things. This spiritual realm leaves people with endless yearning, which is the charm. Gong Zizhen, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, praised Tao Yuanming in a poem "Miscellaneous Poems on the Sea", saying that "Tao Qian is like Wolong, and the pine chrysanthemums in Xunyang are as high as ever", which shows that the pine chrysanthemums in Tao Yuanming's works are as noble as himself. As a poetic art, he can write a realm. The first meaning of "realm" refers to both scenery and events, and the second meaning is the realm of spirit or soul, which is conveyed through real scenery and events.
Linguistic Artistic Features of Tao Yuanming's Pastoral Poems
The language of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems is simple and unpretentious, and the language is pure and beautiful. Zhong Rong said, "The style of writing is clean, and there are almost no long speeches." The meaning is really ancient, and the words are pleasing. "Accurately pointed out that the language of Tao poetry is concise and pure. This is for his pastoral language style. For example, Return to the Garden Part II: There are few people in the wild and few wheels in the poor lanes. This day is still Chai Men closed, and the pure mind blocks the vulgar thoughts. When complex market music, grass * * *. When we meet, we don't talk about worldly affairs, only that the garden is long in Sang Ma. My field is growing higher and higher, and my cultivated land is expanding day by day. Often worried about sudden frost, crops wither like shrubs. The poet expressed vivid images through the extremely simple language of Fei Jing, Cao Pi and Summer. We don't carve with decorative patterns, but use simple and natural language and sparse brushwork to concisely outline vivid images and convey profound meanings, so as to achieve the artistic effect of freehand brushwork and vivid expression. For example, "the weather in the mountains is getting better every day, and the birds are back." "In the morning, I was busy with waste and filth. I took Yuelian home. "In addition to the selected nouns and verbs, you can hardly see what adjectives are, but everyone can feel the vivid image of the poem. Tao poetry never uses exaggerated arrangement and colorful colors, nor does it need deliberately carved antithesis and abstruse allusions. The charm of poetry lies in the natural outflow of words and internal emotional power in his temperament. For example, the landscape of the first part of "the sequence of time and destiny" is: "the wealth of the pulse, Mu Muliang Dynasty. Attack my spring clothes and say the eastern suburbs. The mountains are misty and the sky is warm. There is a south wind, and the wings are new. ".Write the wind," There is a south wind with new wings. "You don't need allusions such as' Qingping' and' HSBC'. Just a word' wing' can make the new seedlings swaying slightly in the south wind warm. The language of Shi Tao's poems is sharp and artistic. The reason why he chose such pure language is because he yearns for a leisurely and indifferent life, and the feelings he wants to express are a pure heart, not a sentimental emotional world. The language of Shi Tao's poems is simple and unpretentious, and the beauty of language is extremely perfect.