In our country of poetry, poetry has been the mainstream of literary history for thousands of years.
How did poetry come into being? It turns out that before the formation of literature, our ancestors compiled rhymes in order to pass on the experience in production struggle to others or the next generation for memory and dissemination. According to Mr Wen Yiduo's textual research, [poem] and [ambition] are originally the same word, and [ambition] belongs to [scholar] and [heart], which shows that what stops in the heart is actually memory. After the writing came into being, with the help of literature, there is no need for rote learning. At this time, all written records are called records. Desire is poetry. Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem.
How did the title of the song come from? Poetry and songs are not the same thing Songs are produced by human labor at the same time, long before the formation of literature and long before poetry. At first, we only used sighs to express our feelings, such as ah, xi, oh, alas, and so on. At that time, these words were all pronounced with the same pronunciation: "ah". Song is a pictophonetic character, pronounced with "ke". In ancient times, [song] and [ah] were the same word, and the [ah] that people uttered in their labor was called composition. Therefore, the title of the song has been used.
Since poetry and song are not the same thing, why did they later be linked together and called [Poetry]? As long as we understand their relationship. At first, Song only used simple interjections to express emotions. With the appearance of language, people's understanding of objective things has gradually deepened and their emotions have become richer, so it is far from enough to express them with a few exclamations. So content words are added to the song to meet the needs. After the appearance of words, the combination of poetry and songs went further, and lyrics written in words appeared. At this time, a song includes two parts: one is music and the other is lyrics. Music is lyrical, and the lyrics are poetic and memorable. In other words, poetry is a song with music and a poem without music. The original poem can be sung with music. Songs are poems, and poems are songs. The combination of poems and songs has been discussed for a long time in China ancient books.
Preface to Mao's poems: "Heart is ambition, words are poetry." Emotions move in the heart and form in words. If words are not enough, lament. If there are not enough words, recite them. If there are not enough songs, I don't know how to dance. "Shangshu": "Poetry expresses ambition, but songs are silent", which vividly points out the internal relationship between poetry and songs. Because of this situation, people later called poetry and song side by side, but at present, poetry has become synonymous with poetry.
When does poetry come first?
In ancient times, poetry was originally called "chapter" or "chapter", not "head". For example, China's earliest book of songs is called Three Hundred Poems, Qu Yuan's poem is called Nine Chapters, and the poem is called First, which first appeared in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, there was a poet named Sun Chuo, who wrote in "Preface to Sorrow and Music": "It's better to write a poem than to mourn for death." A man named Zhitong wrote: "A poem about chatting" in Preface to Poems of Taoism. Since then, people generally call poetry the first.
The source of poets
The word "poet" existed in the Warring States period. How can we prove it? "Nine Comments on Chu Ci" notes: "I admire the poet's legacy and hope to be vegetarian." "Zhengzitong" notes: "Qu Yuan is a poet because he is a dissolute and his writing is worrying." This is the earliest formulation of the word after the poet, and since then the poet has become a common noun used by two Han people. After the rise of Ci and Fu, the word Ci came into being. Yang Ziyun's "Fa Yan". My Zipian said: "Poets are endowed with rules, and those who make speeches are endowed with beauty and ugliness." Distinguishing poets from poets with "Ze" and "Yin" shows that in modern Han Dynasty, poets are regarded as noble and poets as lowly.
After the Six Dynasties, the society attached great importance to ci and fu, and thought that poetry could not go up and fu could not go down, so the word "poet" came into being. From the Warring States to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, poets and their titles were respected.
The Musical Beauty of China's Classical Poetry Language
It is a regular phenomenon in the history of literature and art that all kinds of literary and artistic forms permeate and influence each other. Among all kinds of literary forms, poetry is the most vivid and friendly. It is combined with prose to form prose poetry; Combine with drama and become an opera. Although it is different from the tools used in painting, the relationship between mutual penetration and influence is obvious. Szimonidesz, an ancient Greek lyric poet, said: "Poetry is a picture with sound, and painting is a silent poem." Zhang Fuxiu of our country also said: "Poetry is an invisible painting, and painting is a tangible poem." Su Dongpo said: "Shaoling calligraphy is invisible, and Han Gan Dan Qing is silent." Yi Weiying said: "Reading poetry will emerge in the picture described by the author, and writing poetry will emerge in the picture imagined by the author." They all pointed out the close relationship between poetry and painting. As for the relationship between poetry and music, it is even closer. Western literary theory holds that both poetry and music belong to the art of time, music is composed of sound, and poetry should also be recited or sung with sound, and the continuation of sound is the flow of time. China's first collection of ancient poems and the Book of Songs. Every article in the book can be sung together. Mozi? The words "300 string poems and 300 song poems" in public welfare articles can prove it. Style of the Book of Songs. The difference between elegance and praise is also the difference between dry music. Poetry and music, like twin sisters, have been closely linked since their birth. Poetry not only presents people's vision in the form of words, but also appeals to people's hearing with chanting or singing materials.
Since the relationship between poetry and music is so close, poets will naturally pay attention to the organization of sound when creating poetry. They should not only use the meaning contained in language to influence readers' sense of loss, but also mobilize the sound of language to impress readers' hearts and make poetry produce musical effects. However, how is the musical beauty of China's classical poems constituted? Based on the characteristics of Chinese, this paper discusses this problem with examples of poetry.
First, the rhythm
Repeat regularly to form a rhythm. The order of the four seasons, the alternation of morning and evening, the full moon, flowers, the ups and downs of water, the ups and downs of mountains, the breathing of the lungs, the beating of the heart, the trembling of the pole when carrying things, and the ups and downs of the arm when doing business can all form a rhythm.
Rhythm can give people pleasure and beauty, and can meet people's physiological and psychological requirements. Every time a new cycle is repeated, it gives people a feeling of deja vu, as if seeing an old friend, which makes people feel cordial and happy. There is a pavilion at intervals along the promenade of the Summer Palace, which not only provides a place for people to rest, but also allows people to stop and enjoy the surrounding lakes and mountains. And in the alternation of walking and stopping for a while, you will also feel the joy and beauty brought by the rhythm. After a new rhythm is familiar. There will also be a psychological expectation, and there will be a sense of satisfaction if you expect to win. Rhythm can also make individuals unified, different and coordinated, loose and concentrated. The chant shouted when everyone is working together and the leopard password when the team is marching have this effect.
It can be seen that just the rhythm itself has a charm.
Language can also form rhythm. Everyone's voice is high or low. Each has a fixed habit and can form a sense of rhythm. This is the natural rhythm of language, unprocessed and not very distinct. In addition, there is another rhythm of language, namely the rhythm of music, which is processed on the basis of the natural rhythm of language. It emphasizes some factors of natural rhythm, and makes it stereotyped and has a more distinct sense of rhythm. The rhythm of poetry is based on this rhythm. However, poetry is too loose to accommodate the natural rhythm of language. Not catchy; Excessive pursuit of music rhythm will become an artifact that is superficial. Not natural. Only the poetic rhythm that is full of music and superior to the natural rhythm can be widely accepted. Once this rhythm is found, it will gradually become fixed and become a common rhythm.
The rhythm of poetry must conform to the national characteristics of language. Please speak Greek and Latin; The difference of vowel length is obvious, so both ancient Greek poetry and Latin poetry form rhythm by the regular alternation of vowel length. There are short squares, short squares, long and short squares. Long and short spaces, etc. Homer's epics "Heriat" and "Odyssey" are composed of five long and short bars and one long and short bar, which are called six-step verse. Ancient Sanskrit poetry mainly relies on long and short cases to form rhythm. German, English and Russian have obvious differences in pronunciation, so poetry forms a rhythm with regular alternation of light and heavy cases, such as light and heavy cases.
The rhythm of China's grand ceremony poems is based on the characteristics of bilingualism, which is determined by the following two factors.
The first is syllable and syllable combination. In Chinese, a word is one syllable, a four-character poem is four syllables, a five-character poem is five syllables and a seven-character poem is seven syllables. The syllables of each sentence are fixed. Several syllables in a poem are not isolated. Generally, the two together are one meal. Pause, some people call it a sound group or step. Four words and two meals, each with two syllables; Three meals with five characters, each syllable is 22 1 or 2212; Seven words and four meals, each syllable is 222 1 or 22 12. It must be pointed out that the pause is not necessarily the place where the sound stops, on the contrary, it usually takes a long time to recite. The division of intonation should not only consider the order of syllables. And the integrity of meaning.
The combination of syllables not only forms a meal, but also forms a kind of luck. Funny is the most meaningful meal in one sentence. The basic rule of China's ancient and modern poems is that there must be a Liao in a poem. The poem is divided into two halves, and the syllable distribution is: four words 22, five words 23 and seven words 43. Mr Lin Geng pointed out that this is the formal rule of China's poetry. And call it "semi-teasing method". He said: "Half-teasing method is the basic law that China follows in his poetic lines based on his own language characteristics, which is also the universal feature of China's poetry in national form."
Only by revealing the "law of half luck" can we explain why some sentences are composed of four, five and seven words, but they are still not like poems. The reason is that today's syllable group does not conform to this law. Revealing the "semi-funny law" can also explain why the six-character rhyme has never become the main form, just because the syllable group of 222 can not form semi-funny, which is not in line with the habit of China's poetry rhythm.
There is another interesting phenomenon. Reading four-character poems feels dull, while five or seven words are lively. The secret lies in the combination of syllables. Four-character poems have two syllables before and after teasing. Equal parts, unchanged. The five-seven-character poem, with one syllable before and after teasing, feels lively when the order is changed.
Four words 22, five words 23 and seven words 43, these are the basic rules of a poem. Comply with this rule. It's like putting up a pillar for a building. As for other rules, such as civilians and duality, they are just decorations added to this column. The meter of China's poems seems very complicated, but it's actually that simple.
Secondly, it is also an element that constitutes the rhythm of China's poetry.
Rhyme is the repetition of even vowels in word pronunciation. The repetition of the same vowel in a certain position according to the law will form a rhyme foot and produce rhythm. This kind of festival can combine scattered sounds into a whole, making people look forward to the latter sentence when reading the previous sentence and recall the previous sentence when reading the latter sentence.
In some national poems, rhyme is not so important. For example, ancient Greek poetry, old English poetry and ancient Sanskrit poetry. According to/kloc-On Teachers written by Agam, a British scholar in the 6th century, the rhyme between Europeans and poetry began in Italy, but after the times, China literature once prevailed. The German epic Song of Niblongen and many narrative poems in medieval France all rhyme. After the Renaissance. European poets learn from ancient Greece. Rhyme is not so popular again. /kloc-after the 0/7th century, rhymes became popular again. With the rise of modern free verse, the number of rhyming poems has decreased. China's classical poems must rhyme, because there is no obvious difference between the length and severity of Chinese pronunciation, and the rhythm cannot be formed by them, so rhyme has become an element of rhythm formation.
The rhyme of China's classical poems was based entirely on spoken language before the Tang Dynasty, and it must be based on rhyme after the Tang Dynasty. According to the actual rhyming situation of pre-Qin poetry, we can see that the rhymes at that time were relatively wide and easy to rhyme, and the rhymes of Chinese poetry were also relatively wide. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became strict, and some rhyming books appeared, such as Li Deng's phonology. Lu jingyun's collection. Xiahou Yong's "Four Rhymes" and so on, but these private works can not play a unified role in rhyme standards. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Hou published Tang Yun based on Qieyun, which became the official rhyme book. The phonetic system of Qieyun is a combination of ancient and modern phonetics and Northern Dynasties phonetics, which was determined by sorting out, and did not completely conform to the actual phonetics in any region at that time. Since rhyming poems should be based on it; Naturally, it leaves the actual situation of spoken English. This is a major change in the rhyme of classical poetry. In Song Dynasty, Chen Pengnian and others wrote a novel "Guang Yun", and its phonetic system was basically based on "Tang Yun", which was divided into four tones with * * * 206 rhymes. It's complicated, but poems are allowed to be used together, and similar rhymes can also be used together, so there are actually only 112 rhymes. In Song Chun, Liu Yuan and Pingshui revised the rhymes of The Book of Rites, and simply combined the rhymes that can be used together in Guang Yun into 107 rhymes, which is called Pingshui Rhyme. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Yin Shifu researched Ping Yun Shui and wrote Rhyme of Fu Qun Language, which was also called 106 Rhyme. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, poets have basically written poems according to this rhyme 106. However, Ping Yun Shui retained the pronunciation of Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was far from the spoken language at that time, so another kind of "song book" appeared in Yuan Dynasty, which was completely written according to the phonetic system of the north at that time to meet the needs of writing northern songs. It is worth noting that Zhou Deqing's "Central Plains Rhyme" has four tones and nineteen rhymes. Modern northern quyi rhymes with "thirteen strings", which is the inheritance of Central Plains rhyme. "Thirteen" accords with the phonetic system of modern Mandarin and can be used as the basis of new poetic rhyme.
In short; Rhyme is the regular repetition of the same vowel, just like the repeated tonic in music, and the whole music can run through it. The rhyme of China's poems is at the end of the sentence, which is always a pause in meaning and then a rhyme, so the sense of rhythm is stronger.
Second, the tone
Colors have tones, sounds have tones, and a painting is often composed of various tones. The overall relationship between colors constitutes the tone of colors. It's called hue A piece of music consists of different sounds. The whole relationship between sounds. Form different styles of tones. A poem is composed of sounds of many words, and the overall relationship between the sounds of words also constitutes the tone of the poem.
The combination of sounds is dominated by aesthetic laws, which conforms to the harmony of laws and violates the harmony of laws. There are harmonious intervals and dissonant intervals in music. China's classical poems contain rhythmic sentences and awkward sentences. Whether intervals are related or not depends on the distance between two sounds. The difference between poetry and poetry lies in the collocation of civilians.
The tone of China's classical poems is mainly organized in a boring way. Aversion is the difference between pronunciation and tone. Regular alternation and repeated rehabilitation can also form a book, but it is not clear. Its main function lies in the harmony of defensive sounds.
So, what's the difference between civilians? Phoneticians have different answers. Some people say it is different in length, while others say it is different in height. Through experiments, Mr. Zhao Yuanren thinks: "The composition of a word's tone can be accurately defined by the functional relationship between the pitch and time of the word." In other words, civilians are related to the length of sound. However, this measurement does not consider the influence of context. Taking poetry as an example, the pronunciation length of each word in a poem is restricted by the rhythm of verse. The pronunciation length of the same word in different positions is not fixed. For example, the word Pingsheng should be long, but if it is in the position of the first syllable of the poem, it cannot be stretched. "The rain rises in the autumn pool before the return." Wouldn't it be ridiculous if the words "Jun" and "Ba" in these two poems were pronounced long? On the contrary, it is a nasty word, which should be shortened. If you are in the position of the second syllable of the five-character poem or the fourth syllable of the seven-character poem, you must extend a word appropriately, for example, "Where does your family talk, near here, by the fish pond?" In the second sentence; "Advise you to drink. The word "do" in "the man who died in the West for no reason" is muffled, but it has to be read very long. From this point of view, the difference between civilians in poetry mainly lies not in the length of sound, but in the high and low soil of sound. It can be said that tuning is to make the timbre harmonious and beautiful with the help of regular modulation and change.
Qi Liang didn't know the difference of tones before, until Qi Liang found that there were four tones on the plane. "Southern history? Lu Jue said, "Yongming Room is an article. ..... Runan Zhou Ke is good at understanding phonology. The left and right chapters are all written by palace merchants, and the plane is rhymed with four tones, including flat head, upper tail, bee waist and crane knee. ..... the world calls it' Yongming style'. "Liang Shu? "Biography of Shen Yue" said, "I wrote four tones", thinking that poets were tired for thousands of years in the past, but only got chests. After studying its wonderful use, they said they were fascinated. " Liang Shu. Biography of Geng Shouyi said: "Qi Yongming is among the scribes Wang Rong and Xie Tiao. Shen Yue's article begins with four tones and thinks it is a new change. " As can be seen from the above materials, Ying Zhou focused on the study of the four tones themselves, while Shen Yue devoted himself to the application of the four tones in poetry. Shen Yue in Song Shu? A passage in Xie Lingyun's Biography can be said to be the application of the four-tone general outline: "If you want to make Gong Yu disguised, it will be low and high, and there will be floating sounds before, and then it will be cut." "In a short period of time, phonology is different; In two sentences, the weight is different. If you achieve this goal, you can speak. " The so-called Gong Yu, low, floating and cutting, light and heavy, all refer to level tone. Simply put, it is required that the tone of every word in a sentence or between two sentences should change according to the law. Shen Yue also founded the theory of "Eight Diseases", which stipulated eight temperament defects that should be avoided. The first four diseases "flat head", "upper tail", "bee waist" and "crane knee" all belong to the tune. "Eight Diseases" is a negative taboo, and turning to the front is the establishment of flat rules. This process took about 200 years from Shen Yue in the following year to Shenjian in the early Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. The rhyme of Pingqu is matched with verve and dual rhyme, and then the number of sentences and words in each poem is fixed, forming modern poems such as metrical poems and quatrains.
The emergence of the theory of phonology and the eternal style is an important event in the history of China's poetry, which indicates that the poet has made great progress in pursuing the musical beauty of poetry. From Yongming style to modern poetry, it is another great progress. On the harmony of Sion, modern poetry can be said to be perfect. It makes full use of the characteristics of Chinese and fully embodies the possible musical beauty of poetry.
It is often difficult for beginners to master the rhythm of modern poetry, because they don't master its basic rules, but memorize the rhythm format by rote. There are only four basic laws, as long as you master them. You can also align the flat panel and the flat panel instrument. These four laws are: in a word, it is flat and flat; Within a couplet, the upper and lower sentences are flush; The upper sentence of the lower couplet is flat with the lower sentence of the upper couplet; There cannot be three levels and three blanks at the end of a sentence. To sum up, there is only one principle, which is to combine change with neatness. Wen Xin Diao Long. If there are "homonyms should be reconciled" and "heteronyms should be reconciled" in the General Principles of Law, "corresponding homonyms" means seeking unity, and "heteronyms should be reconciled" means seeking change. The order has changed, the order has changed. Suppression and ascension are repeated alternately and regularly, producing harmonious tones. Harmonious tone will undoubtedly add artistic power to the expression of ideological content, which has never denied the artistic expression of body poetry. Tone harmony is only one aspect of poetic art. Starting from the need to express ideas, sometimes it needs to be awkward. Okay, okay, okay. It all depends on the poet's proper use.
In addition to boredom, Dadian poems often seek harmony in tone with the help of disyllabic homophones, rhymes, pleasant sounds and images.
Disyllabic homophonic words are words with the same pronunciation, and the same southern vowel is called disyllabic. When the vowels are the same, they are called reduplicated questions, and the reduplicated contract sounds are the same. Li Zhonghua's "Yi Zhen Zhai Shi Pin" says: "If there are two jade roots, you can take their sonorous sounds; If the two sounds are like pearls, you can take them. " Wang Guowei's "Poetry on Earth" said: "Trapped in the ripples of words, you can use double tones, so you can recite them sonorously, and there must be people who are too old." Although the subtle differences between clanging, swaying, rippling and promoting the festival may not be completely true, the musical effects of disyllabic and overlapping rhymes do exist, as do the effects of overlapping words, which can be summarized in this way; That is to say, in a series of words with different sounds, there are two adjacent words with the same sound and rhyme, and it becomes more and more sonorous to emphasize a certain sound and the emotion it expresses. The advantage of euphemism is euphemism, and the ripples are more rippling, especially in festivals. As for onomatopoeia, it is a word that imitates the voice of the objective world. It only has the function of onomatopoeia, and it doesn't mean anything. The function of onomatopoeia is to directly convey the sound rhythm of the objective world. Shorten the distance between people and objective victory, and make people feel immersive.
Double tone, reduplication, reduplication. Image sound is widely used in China's classical poems. For example, "Staggered Lai", "Green and dry, my heart is long", "Talking with sheep", "Altair all the way, beautiful girl in the river", "My fields and gardens were destroyed by war, and my flesh and blood became the dregs of the street", "Leaves fell like the spray of a waterfall, but I watched the long river roll forward all the time" and "Looking for it, it was deserted.
Third, sound and emotion.
The rhythm and tone mentioned above are about sound, which is the internal coordination and organization of each word in a poem. However. The musical beauty of classical poetry is not entirely the effect of vocal combination, but also depends on the harmony of sound and emotion, just like choosing and changing the rhythm according to the need of expressing feelings when composing music. A fashion. Writing poetry should also arrange and organize the sound of words according to the needs of expressing feelings. Only by achieving harmony between voice and emotion. The point of sound and emotion. The musical beauty of poetry is perfect.