The Middle Ages in Western Europe was a particularly "dark age". Christian church became the spiritual pillar of feudal society at that time. It established a strict hierarchy and regarded God as absolute authority. Everything in literature, art and philosophy must conform to the teaching of the Christian classic Bible, and no one can violate it. Otherwise, the Inquisition will punish him or even execute him. The Bible says that the ancestors of mankind were Adam and Eve. Because they violated God's prohibition, stole the forbidden fruit of heaven and committed a great crime. As their descendants, human beings must atone for their sins from generation to generation, suffer for life, and have no desire to enter heaven in the afterlife. Under the control of the church, literature and art in the Middle Ages were lifeless, and science and technology made no progress. The spread of the Black Death in Europe also aggravated people's panic and made people begin to doubt the absolute authority of religious theology. In the late Middle Ages, driven by various conditions, the seeds of capitalism first appeared in Italy in Europe. The germination of capitalism is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage. The commodity economy operates through the market, and the choice, bargaining and signing of contracts in the market are all deliberate and voluntary behaviors. This is the embodiment of freedom. Of course, if you want to have these freedoms, you must have the freedom of ownership of the means of production, and the premise of all these freedoms is human freedom. Italy calls for human freedom at this time, and stale Europe needs a new ideological movement to advocate human freedom. The emergence of the seeds of capitalism also provided the possibility for the rise of this ideological movement. With the prosperity of urban economy, wealthy businessmen, workshop owners and bankers with great wealth have more confidence in their personal value and strength, and are full of the spirit of innovation, enterprising, daring to take risks and daring to win. People generally respect people who are versatile, elegant and knowledgeable. This provided a profound material foundation and a suitable social environment for the Renaissance. Ancient Greece and Rome made great achievements in literature and art, and people could freely express various academic ideas, which was in sharp contrast with the dark Middle Ages. /kloc-At the end of 0/4, due to the invasion of the Ottoman Empire who believed in Islam, many scholars in East Rome (Byzantium) fled to Western Europe with a large number of ancient Greek and Roman art treasures and books on literature, history and philosophy. There is also a saying that it is a souvenir brought back by the Crusaders during their three crusades (although they gave up halfway for the third time). When they found these books on the road, they moved back and hid them in the basement of the church. After being discovered, they marveled at the art and literature of ancient Rome and began to spread it in order to achieve the achievements of ancient Rome at that time. Some scholars from Eastern Rome established a school called "Greek Academy" in Florence, Italy, to teach the splendid history, civilization and culture of Greece. This brilliant achievement is consistent with the spiritual realm pursued by people after the germination of capitalism. Therefore, many western European scholars demanded to restore the culture and art of ancient Greece and Rome. This demand is like a spring breeze, slowly blowing all over western Europe. The Renaissance arose from this.
Representative figure
Three outstanding literary figures
Dante
Dante (1265- 132 1). The pioneer of the Renaissance, which originated in northern Italy. It is generally believed that the first representative is Dante, and his representative is The Divine Comedy. His works criticized and exposed the corruption and stupidity of medieval religious rule in an implicit way for the first time, and were written in local dialect instead of Latin, the official literary language of medieval Europe. He believed that the ancient Greek and Roman times were the most perfect times of human nature, and it was against nature to suppress human nature in the Middle Ages. Although he studied Latin literature deeply and extensively, he wrote a large number of lyric poems in the form of sonnets in Italian dialect, which were warmly welcomed by the rulers of various cities and countries. Petrarch is an Italian poet. /kloc-0 was born in arezzo on July 20th, 304, and/kloc-0 died in Alqua on July 9th, 374. He is not only the founder of humanism, but also the founder of modern poetry. His excellent sonnet lyric poetry collection "songji" came out and won the title of "Poet Laureate". The collection of songs expresses the early humanists' yearning and pursuit of a new life and their hatred of the church. Father is a noble family and lawyer in Florence. He went into exile in France with his father since childhood, and then studied law. After his father died, he devoted himself to literary activities and traveled around Europe. He also worked as a priest and had the opportunity to go in and out of the church and court, observe life and pursue knowledge. He proposed replacing "God's Thought" with "Man's Thought" and was called "Father of Humanism". Giovanni Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) translated by Boccaccio is an outstanding representative of the Italian Renaissance and a humanist. Decameron, the representative work, criticizes religious conservatism and advocates that "happiness lies on earth", which is regarded as the declaration of the Renaissance.
Three outstanding artistic artists
Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19) was the most famous artist, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, master of science, literary theorist, great philosopher, poet, musician and inventor in the Italian Renaissance. Because he is an all-rounder, he is also called "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance". He was born in Finch, a suburb of Florence, and died in France. Mural The Last Supper, Altar Madonna in the Rock and Portrait Mona Lisa are three masterpieces of his life. These three works are one of the treasures left by Leonardo da Vinci to the world art treasure house and the cornerstone of European art. Rafael Raffaello Santi (1483 ~ 1520) is an Italian painter. 1483 was born in urbino on April 6th, and 1520 died in Rome on April 6th. Formerly known as Raphael St. George. His series of portraits of the Virgin Mary are different from similar themes painted by medieval painters, and all of them embody humanistic thoughts with maternal warmth and youthful bodybuilding. Among them, Notre Dame de Orioles (Uffizi Art Museum in Florence), Notre Dame de Grasses (Vienna Museum of Art History) and Notre Dame de Gardens (Louvre Museum) are the most famous. 1512 ~1513 painted a large oil painting "The Sistine Madonna". The figures are similar in size to real people, and the triangle composed of the virgin and saints is solemn and balanced. The Madonna and Jesus are strong, showing the happiness and greatness of maternal love. The other, which is taller, is the Madonna of foligno in the form of altar painting, as well as the Madonna of Chair and Madonna of Alba later created, all of which can be regarded as his perfect works. After 1509, he was invited by Pope Julius II to paint the murals of the Vatican Palace, among which the murals of the signature hall were the most outstanding. These paintings all over the walls and roofs of the hall represent four aspects of human spiritual activities: theology, philosophy, poetics and law. In addition to his unique painting style, his works also pay special attention to the full harmony between painting expression and architectural decoration, giving people a solemn and rich feeling. Other important works in this period include: Eliodoro was banished from the Temple and Bolshenna Mass in Eliodoro Hall, Fire of Porgo by the Fire Department, and Victory of Galatia by Fanesina Villa. These works have reached a new level in image-building and the use of light and color, and are regarded as the pinnacle of ancient and modern mural art, and his portraits have also achieved great success. Both form and spirit are full of charm. Most of them use the micro-side half-length posture to hide the background, and only the natural and friendly manner of the characters stands out in the picture. Representative works include The Image in Castiglio and The Image of a Woman in a Yarn. Michelangelo Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475- 1564), the Italian Renaissance David.
He was a great painter, sculptor and architect in that period and a representative of the highest peak of sculpture art in the Renaissance. From 65438 to 0496, Michelangelo came to Rome and created the first batch of representative works, such as Bacchus, Dionysus and Mourning for Christ. 150 1 year, he returned to Florence and completed the world-famous statue of David in four years. 1505 In Rome, he was ordered by Pope Julius II to build the Pope's mausoleum. 1506 returned to Florence after the work was stopped. 1508, he was ordered to return to Rome, and it took four years and five months to finish the ceiling mural of the famous Sistine Chapel. 15 13 years, the construction of the Pope's Mausoleum was resumed, and Michelangelo created the famous "Moses, Bound Slave and Dying Slave". 15 19- 1534, in Florence, he created the greatest work of his life-the group sculpture of medici family Mausoleum in the church of San Lorenzo. 1536, Michelangelo returned to the Ting Church in Romasis and spent nearly six years creating the great mural "The Doomsday Judgment". After that, he lived in Rome, engaged in sculpture, architecture and a little painting, until 1564 died in his studio in February. Italy and its representative Florence, as the birthplace of the Renaissance, have made outstanding achievements in poetry, painting, sculpture, architecture and music. The famous medici family in Florence was the most important patron of art at that time. Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, three famous Renaissance figures, were all born in Italy. Representative figures: poets: Dante, Petrarch; Philosophers: Erasmus, Machiavelli; Writer: Boccaccio Painters: Giotto, Botticelli, Da Vinci, Raphael, Titian; Sculptor: Michelangelo; Architect: Filippo Brwnelle-Schi; Musicians: Palestrina, Lasso, etc. Spain and its representatives entered the "golden age" in the second half of16th century and the beginning of17th century, and made remarkable achievements in novels and dramas. Representative figures: Cervantes, the writer, Lope de Vega, the dramatist, Germany and its representative figures in Germany: The main achievements are in religious reform, peasant war, satirical literature and scientific and technological inventions. Representative figures: Martin Luther, Diu Lei, etc. France and its representatives are in France: free thinking and skeptical thinking are quite developed. Representative figures: essayist: Montaigne, novelist: rabelais, etc. Britain and its representatives in Britain: poetry and drama are unprecedentedly prosperous. Representative figures: writer Shakespeare, etc. Philosopher: Thomas Moore Among them, Shakespeare, Dante and Leonardo da Vinci are called the "Renaissance Big Three".