1. sigh
"Haw" can be used as the sound of insects, but this sentence can only be used as "what's the chirp" according to "Gu Wen Yuan". Nowadays, popular books are all written as "chirp after chirp", so the saying of insect sound has no root in this poem.
No one has ever said that "chirp" is the sound of a loom. The sound of the loom should be "rolling" or "pricking". The "Five Lights Meeting Yuan" and "Miscellaneous" in Nineteen Ancient Poems are proof.
Taking "chirp" as a sigh, there are many examples in ancient works, such as Bai Juyi's Pipa: "Her first guitar note made me sigh, and now I am even sadder after listening to her story." Zhang Hu's "Catch the Song": "The woman in the window chirps." Sun Qiao's "Xing Yuan Xin Lu Ji": "There are whispers in the court and sighs in the road." But some people think that "chirp" is not like a sigh. This is unnecessary doubt. The exclamations in ancient Chinese can be roughly divided into two categories: one is "Hey", "Yi", "Xi", "Alas", "Jade Pot", "Xu", "Alas" and "Scare", all of which have high voices; The other is the words "consultation", "consultation", "child", "tut" and "chirp", all of which are whispered. The words in the latter category are all the same sound, and the ancient sounds of "Ji" and "Consultation" are particularly similar. We never doubt that "consultation" and "sigh" are sighs, so there is no need to doubt that "chirp" is a sigh.
Some people think that the onomatopoeic word "Haw", which only sighs in the fourth sentence and sighs first in the first sentence, seems to be not smooth. In fact, writing the voice of "chirp" first, then describing the facts and explaining it, is not only not suspected of being inconsistent with arts and sciences, but also euphemistic and tortuous, with excellent artistic conception; Only in this way can we highlight the sigh and create a high degree of sadness and desolation. This is much better than saying that Mulan weaves loudly first, then stopping the loom and sighing, so that you can write directly. Comparing "not smelling" with "only smelling", "not smelling" means not smelling at all, not suddenly stopping; Only smell is the only sound you hear. Therefore, "chirp" should not only be interpreted as the sound of a machine that clearly means "I have no smell", but also as the sound of an insect, which also conflicts with the word "taste".
"I can't smell the loom, but I can smell the woman's sigh" is roughly the same as the following syntax: "I can't smell my parents calling for a female voice, but I can smell the splash of the Yellow River" and "I can't smell my parents calling for a female voice, but I can smell the chirping of Yanshan Huqi". Under "not smelling" is the voice in the head, while under "only smelling" and "but smelling" is the actual voice. In fact, the sound is described by "chirp", "thud" and "chirp". The voice in my head is actually "unheard of" and there is no need to describe it. As for "splash" and "chirp", they were placed under "the sound of the Yellow River flowing" and "the sound of Yanshan riding", but "chirp" was placed before "female sigh", separated by two sentences. This is what I said before, it is intended to highlight to create an atmosphere.
-Bao Youwen's Talking about "Haw after Haw", Chinese Teaching, February 1957.
Song Liyun and others wrote this sentence as "Haw Li Li" in "Mulan Poetry" edited by Wenyuan. According to the word "strength", it has always been interpreted as "sigh". For example, the nursery rhyme in Taining period in Jin Mingdi: "When you are tired, let your horse go south." The Northern Dynasty Yuefu folk song "The Song of Land Drive Music": "I am very tired of my strength, and I miss your promise." Later, in the sentence of Mulan poem in Guwenyuan, the editor mistook "chirp" for a cry to promote knitting and changed it to "why chirp", which was unfounded.
-Some Problems in Teaching by Dou, published in the 4th and 5th issues of Chinese Teaching Newsletter of Shanxi Normal University, 1978.
This is an interesting way.
There is a song in the folk song "Folding Willow" in the Northern Dynasties. The first six sentences are "Why bother He Lili? Women are supposed to knit windows. I don't smell the loom, only the woman's sigh. Ask a woman, "What do you think?" Ask the woman, "What do you remember?" The first six sentences in Mulan Poem are "Folding Willow". Ancient folk songs often use the same inspiration and metaphor, and some words are similar or even the same (there are many examples of folk songs in the Book of Songs), because the words are the same and easy to remember. This is not plagiarism, because the theme and content can be completely different. The beginning of Mulan Poem is probably also "He Lili", which was changed to "chirp after chirp" by later generations. "He Lili" has no specific meaning, such as "Yahuhai" and "Yazuizi Yo", which is a phonetic word.
-Shi Shenghuai's About, Chinese Teaching and Research of Huazhong Normal University,No. 1979,No. 1.
Editor's note: We tend to be second. "Haw and haw", like "Li and Li Li", is a popular method in folk songs, and sometimes it has nothing to do with the following except rhyme. For example, "The Book of Songs tang style Mountain has a pivot": "The mountain has a pivot, and there are elms, children have clothes, and flowers have a drag; You have a car and a horse, and you can't ride without a car. If he dies, everyone else will be happy. " "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Yuanyang": "Yuanyang flies to its left wing; A gentleman should be a blessing for all generations. " Both. There is a similar situation in modern folk songs, such as "Xintianyou" in northern Shaanxi: "Bowls of flowers bloom on the spot, why is he rich and we are poor?" Li Ji's "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang": "Bailingzi lark egg, Master Cui lives in Dead Sheep Bay." Wait a minute. But it is also reasonable to interpret it as a sigh or a bug sound, and it is difficult to assert right or wrong.
Second, "Khan" and "Tian Zi"
"Khan" is the appellation of the ancient northwest nationalities to the monarch, and "Tian Zi" is the appellation of the Han nationality to the monarch in feudal society. But in this poem, "Khan" has become synonymous with "the son of heaven", which can no longer follow the original meaning of the so-called "fascinated king" in Guang Yun. This can only be regarded as the component of loanwords in Chinese in Mulan poetry era. Otherwise, Mulan went because of Khan, but she was rewarded by the Son of Heaven when she came back. Isn't this inconsistent?
-Kang Su's Talking about Some Problems from the Perspective of Teaching, Journal of Shandong Normal University, No.6, 1978.
Third, "twelve" is an imaginary number.
Twelve volumes of the art of war, twelve turns of strategy and learning, twelve years of traveling together and ten years of a strong man-three "twelve" and one "ten" in these four sentences are imaginary numbers. Traditionally, such numbers mean more. "Twelve years" and "ten years" in the two sentences "Twelve years with the company" and "Ten years of the return of a strong man" both mean more than ten years. If we use real numbers to understand them, there will be contradictions before and after. Twelve volumes of the art of war, each with a grandfather's name, aims to emphasize that Mulan's father must go out this time; The "Twelve-turn Raiders" only means that Mulan has recorded many merits, which cannot be understood as that Mulan has been promoted twelve times. Wang Zhong, a writer in A Qing, wrote an article "Interpretation of Thirty-nine", which put forward the usage rules of imaginary numbers such as three and nine, and clarified the textual research and debate about numbers by predecessors.
-ditto
Fourth, grandpa has no eldest son.
"Grandpa" is written as "eh", and "ye" is an abbreviation of the word "ye". The word "ah" beginning with the sound of "ye" is interpreted as an affectionate title today, but it was a respectful title for the elderly before the Tang Dynasty. For example, Wang Xiao of Yulin in Nanqi called his great-aunt Geng "Grandma" (Book of Yulin in Nanqi).
-Some Problems in Teaching by Dou Chongwen, published in the 4th and 5th issues of Chinese Teaching Newsletter of Shanxi Normal University, 1978.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) is willing to be a pommel horse in the city.
Some words are dominated by habit, and some places can't be interpreted as intended. The word "willing to do" in "willing to be a city pommel horse" only means "willing", and "doing" is just a routine episode. It is tedious to interpret "willing to do" as "willing to do so". For example, the word "if" in Du Fu's poem "seeing Pei Di off in Zhou Shu Dongting every morning" only refers to "if".
-Kang Su's Talking about Some Problems from the Perspective of Teaching, Journal of Shandong Normal University, No.6, 1978.
Editor's note: "If it is" in Du Fu's poems should be interpreted as "How can it be". It seems better to read the word "for the city" together and make a "city" solution.
6. Buy horses in the East, saddles in the West, halters in the South and whips in the North.
There are not only "imaginary numbers" but also "imaginary positions" in ancient Chinese. The words "east, south, west and north" in the sentence "buying horses in the east market" are all empty positions rather than real positions. This only exaggerates the urgency of Mulan's preparation before departure, but it is actually unreasonable. The words "east" and "west" in the following "open my Dongting door and sit in my Xiting bed" are also vacant, so it is not enough according to the facts. This usage is very common in ancient Chinese, such as "East, West, North and South" in The Snake Catcher and "Left and Right" in "Peacock Flying Southeast", all of which are empty positions. Many of these locative words are used together to create a certain atmosphere, rather than the actual reference. This kind of "imaginary position", like the imaginary number mentioned above, is an established rule in ancient Chinese.
-ditto
Seven, Farewell to Parents and Stay at the Yellow River at dusk, Farewell to the Yellow River and Stay at Heishuitou at dusk (some books are called "The Peak of Braque") and "Wan Li goes to Rongji, and the mountains are flying"
If we count the words "Dan Ci" and "Su Mu" here according to the facts, it only takes two days for the relatives in Mulan Ci's hometown to reach the front, which contradicts the word "Wan Li" in "Wan Li goes to Rongji" below. How can you walk as far as Wan Li in two days? In fact, these are all exaggerations. The former describes the urgency of expropriation, while the latter describes the distance, and neither of them can realize liquidation.
-ditto
Eight, the twelve changes in policy.
The annotation of the textbook is: "Remember merits many times. Strategy training, remember merit. Turn, the meaning of time. " It is wrong to interpret "training" as "merit" and "turning" as "time" here.
Then, in the era when Mulan Ci came into being, what did Xun and Chuan mean? "Official Records of Old Tang Dynasty" points out: "Those who respect officials are also in the wartime of Zhou and Qi. This is a military salary, and then gradually flows to North Korea. " It is clear that "Xun" is a special term to express the level of military exploits in the late Northern Dynasties. In the Northern Dynasty and the end of the Sui Dynasty, only those who had meritorious military service could get the reward of Xun Rank, which is the so-called "self-paid soldier". "Later, it gradually spread to North Korea" means that it was not until the Tang Dynasty that civil servants were awarded honours. There were "Si Xun Fu" and "Kao Gong Fu" in the Sui Dynasty, and there were also "Si Xun Doctor" and "Kao Gong Doctor" in the Tang Dynasty. The duty of the so-called "assistant examiner" is not to evaluate meritorious service, but to examine and approve the usual work. According to Tongdian, there were four methods of "taking exams for assistant ministers" and "taking exams for classes" in the Sui Dynasty: one was to talk about benevolence and listen; The second is clear and prudent; Third, fairness can be called; Four words "diligent" and "twenty-seven most ..." All these have nothing to do with war. However, The Official History of the New Tang Dynasty specifies in detail what efforts need to be made in the war to obtain a certain level of honor. It can be seen that "honor" and "merit" both had their own special meanings at that time.
It can be seen that "Xun" is accurate only if it is interpreted as "military merit" or "military merit".
Textbooks interpret "turn" as "times", which is even more wrong. Let's compare a passage from the same producer of Mulan Ci. After Yuwen Yong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty, he captured Fu Baoshi who had defeated him in Heyin. There is a dialogue: Duke Zhou asked again,' What reward did you get for saving Heyin earlier?' Yes, I said,' After a circle, I was awarded a special promotion and the mayor of Yongchang County.' (Zi Jian (Volume 173) The Biography in the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty is the Biography of Zunjue. Therefore, the so-called "turning the corner" is to get rewards by upgrading the honor level. It is clear that "turning" is the level of military exploits. At that time, every rank had a name. For example, in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, there were eleven titles such as "Shangkaifu Yitong No.3 Division". Therefore, according to the size of the meritorious military service, not only one "turn" can be added at a time (the honorary rank is level 1), but also several "turns" can be added, that is, several levels can be upgraded at a time. "Northern History Li Muchuan" records that "Mu Lao defeated Yecheng as the first honor and added three turns". Therefore, the "Twelve Movements" method is not to remember Mulan's merits and demerits many times at a time, but to promote Mulan's merits and demerits to several levels at a time. In this way, it is linked to the next sentence, "Reward 100,000 strong men". Because in the Northern Dynasties, when determining the meritorious military service, it was often accompanied by rewards in kind and money, so Mulan was promoted to the rank of honour, followed by material rewards and then the promotion of her position. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, war and force were important means to gain power and wealth, so it was logical that military exploits became an important condition for material interests and political status. The following four sentences of "strategy and training" in the poem can truly reflect the actual reward procedure at that time.
After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the meaning of the word "Zhuan" gradually changed, from the promotion of military achievements to the promotion and transfer of general official positions. The theory of "relocation" appeared in large numbers after the Song Dynasty. This transfer of word meaning has an obvious evolution track with the word meaning as a special term in the Northern Dynasties.
Although the explanation of the sentence "Ce Xun" in the Literature History Reference of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties compiled by Peking University is correct, the statement that "military achievements and first-class official positions also promote each other" is too general and inaccurate. According to the Preface to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, the official system of the Tang Dynasty "generally follows the Sui Dynasty" ... It distinguishes the noble from the humble and describes the working ability, so it has quality, nobility, honor and rank. From the Zhou system in the Sui Dynasty, according to the narration in the General Code, it is consistent from the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty's "Pin", "Jue", "Xun" and "Ling" obviously belong to different categories, and there must be a certain relationship between them. "The Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty" states: "Every scholar has two products in ten, and 12% is a pillar country, which is better than two products; Eleven to the nations, than from the second product ... ". Here, "Shang Zhu Guo" is the grade of honor, and "Zhenger Pin" is the grade of "Pin". "Pin" rises and falls with the rise and fall of "Xun", but this title is not owned by everyone who has won the title of Xun. Therefore, there is a complicated relationship between "honor" and "official title (post)". If it is as absolute as the notes in the resources say, it is not appropriate. If you don't attach the meaning of "rank" to this sentence, but simply point out that "honor" is the meritorious military service and "turn" is the level of the meritorious military service, it will be more obvious and better understood.
-Chen Yimin, Doubts about "Glory" and "Turn", Journal of Shaanxi Normal University, No.3, 1979.
Nine, Ming camel
The previous explanation that "Ming camel" is a camel (Miscellanies of Youyang) is inappropriate.
According to the "Shuowen" paragraph: "According to the honorable person, use the car; Then the humble biography is used for riding. " Riding alone means "post", and "post" means "horse", so-called "post" and "common post"
From the common name "Luoyi" to the "camel messenger at the post station" in the Tang Dynasty, it was specially used for military aircraft transmission. These animals are not camels, but fast horses.
Mulan is not subject to official position, and calls herself a humble person. So she only asked for the "back house" of the son of heaven, and rode her back to her hometown alone. The "camel of the Ming Dynasty" here refers to the "luoyi for common use", or it was polished by the Tang Dynasty and changed by the "camel messenger of the Ming Dynasty". In a word, Mulan needs a fast horse in the post station, not a camel.
If "Mingtuo" is used as the name of Maxima, it may be the sound change of "Mingti" (white forehead), so it can also be called "Zhuanwei".
-Zhang, Analysis of Doubts in Ancient Chinese in Middle School, No.3 Middle School Chinese in Wuhan Normal University, 1978.
For the word "camel", the old note mostly follows the explanation of Youyang Miscellanies in the Tang Dynasty: "A camel lies down without touching the ground, but it travels thousands of miles when it bends its feet and leaks light." This statement can't solve the problem. There are two other theories for reference: one is that "Mingtuo" is the name of Tang Tie. "In the Tang Dynasty, there was a camel ambassador in the post, and it was not allowed to be sent without border defense." According to legend, Yang Guifei sent lychees to An Lushan in the Tang Dynasty and invented camels against the rules. On the other hand, according to the legend of the people in Inner Mongolia, there were camels used for sacrifice in ancient times, which were lean and strong, and were good at raising at ordinary times. When they were used, they were decorated with pearls, which were called "Ming Camels" (see "Literature History Reference of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties").
-Some Problems in Teaching by Dou, published in the 4th and 5th issues of Chinese Teaching Newsletter of Shanxi Normal University, 1978.
"Ming camel" means "famous camel"
1. "Ming" and "Ming" have the same archaic sound, which is archaic. For example: first, "reward and exemption, everyone in the world says (Yue); Everyone in the world says that the world is famous and prosperous. " ("King Dai Li Yan") Second, "I hope your majesty will build imperial academy and make a master to support the world." (Biography of Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty, punctuation, page 25 12) The above "name" means "reputation" and "teacher" means "famous teacher". "Name" and "name" are ancient and universal.
2. horses and famous camels mentioned in history books are always written side by side, and the concept is very clear. For example: 1. "If the king can really use the stupid tricks of ministers, then the beautiful women of Han, Wei, Qi, Yan, Zhao and Wei will fill the harem, and the good horses of Yan and Dai will be locked outside the stable." (Biography of Historical Records and Su Qin) Second, "Ju Chi sent an envoy to Malaysia, a famous camel and many treasures." (Book of Wei, Volume VII) Third, "The name of Qiuci is rich in camel, dragon and horse." In northern history, camels were juxtaposed with good horses, and famous camels were juxtaposed with big horses (that is, horses) or dragon horses (that is, horses). It is enough to prove that "Ming camel" is a "famous camel".
3. Jue Yuan, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote the poem "Yang Zide, Fu Xuan, Bozhou", "Fine felt is dense, and a good horse is a camel." Here, "famous camel" and "good horse" compete with each other. Judging from Mulan's poems themselves, there are "buying horses in the east market" before, and "willing to borrow camels from thousands of miles" after, and "horses" are opposite to "camels".
4. From the original meaning of the words "Ming" and "Ming". Ma Xulun believes that "the name is justified and real." (volume iii of "telling the truth", page 59 of six books of "Shuo Wen Jie Zi")
5. The use of "steed" before "Mulan Ci" and "camel" after "Mulan Ci" not only changes the word surface, but also has a certain meaning, so the cart before the horse cannot be put. Camels are not as good as horses when Mercedes-Benz gallops. Therefore, Mulan is in an emergency situation in Twelve Books of War. It is very reasonable to "buy a good horse in the east market" to go out instead of my father. In terms of load, horses are inferior to camels. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Mulan returned home with a "fire companion" wrapped in cloth instead of high officials and high salaries. They left the team, went for a walk, spent the night, and had to take food and clothes for the trip. Therefore, Mulan only asked Khan to borrow "Mingtuo" instead of "Ma Jun". It can also be seen from here that the author uses words very accurately.
-Zheng Guangli's Textual Research on Words, Journal of South China Normal University, No.2, 1980.
Editor's note: The term "famous camel" seems better. According to the quoted materials, "camel" and "horse" are often used oppositely. In Mulan's poems, the use of "steed" before and "camel" after can also prove that camels are not fast horses. According to another version of the current Chinese textbook for middle schools, this sentence is changed to "I would like to borrow a thousand miles". )
At ten o'clock, Ye Niang heard that the woman was coming and went out to help Guo.
There are three points to be clarified in these two sentences: first, the following six sentences "My parents heard that my daughter is coming" generally describe the joy of the whole family after hearing the news of Mulan's return. This kind of joy, the author skillfully and accurately adopted a unique action that fully conforms to the identity of the characters (grandfather, mother, sister, brother). "Dressing up", "killing pigs" and "going out to meet" are vividly and concretely expressed. Second, here "Fu Jiang" is a synonymous compound word, and "Jiang" also has the meaning of "Fu". Some people think that "Jiang" is the suffix of the verb "Fu" here, and its function is to turn the transitive verb "Fu" into intransitive. This understanding is wrong. In some cases, "Jiang" is used after verbs with suffixes, such as "Take the future with your life" in Yan Jiaxun's Documentary Evidence, and "Return a shell box and a golden hairpin through its messenger" in Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow. But this word "Jiang" must be used in combination with the following words "Qu" and "Lai", which is roughly equivalent to "Le" in modern Chinese. "Take the future" means "take it" and "send it" means "send it". There is no lack of this usage in Water Margin. If the words "go" and "come" after the word "will" are removed, it will not work. Therefore, the word "Jiang" of "going abroad to help generals" can not be regarded as the suffix of "Fu", but should be understood as a synonym compound word. Third, who is the "exit assistant" and who is the "assistant"? Some people think that this means that my parents and Mulan support each other. This understanding is not unreasonable, but also wrong in time. If you support Mulan, you can only do it when you come back. When going abroad, only her parents were there, and Mulan was still abroad. How do your parents support you? In fact, this sentence is reversed because of the limitation of poetic form (the limitation of words and rhymes). In prose language, it should be "My parents helped each other to go out to see Mulan".
-Kang Su's Talking about Some Problems from the Perspective of Teaching, Journal of Shandong Normal University, No.6, 1978.
Eleven, a sister smell younger sister, when the household red makeup.
The word "household" is used here, followed by the word "window". Do the two sisters have to find two different places to face the light when dressing up? Moreover, it is unreasonable for a family with "East Pavilion" and "West Pavilion" to dress up in front of their families.
We believe that the "household" in this folk song is the "window". The same is true of the opening "Mulan as a Weaver Girl". Let's look at the Song of Yang Liuzhi, which is also a folk song of the Northern Dynasties, but it is: "He Lili, a woman is knitting a sweater by the window. I can't smell the loom, only women sigh. " Even in Zhang Hu's Catch the Song in the Tang Dynasty, regardless of his understanding of "Haw", he said that Haw was "outside the window". (Zhang Shi's related poem is: "The door is closed, there are thorns on the wall, and women chirp in the window." )