music
The Main Representative of Opera in Romantic Period
Giacchino Rossini
Gaetano Donizetti
Benigni
Berlioz
Thomas
Mobile exhibition
Cournot
Shengsang
Massenet
Delib
Verdi
Puccini
Symphony is a large orchestra with multiple movements.
Development history
There was a word symphony in the Renaissance, but the meaning at that time was completely different from now. Symphony at that time generally refers to all multi-part music. Including vocal music and instrumental music.
Symphony was used to deal with overtures and interludes in operas and oratorios from 16 to 17 century. At this time, vocal music was excluded from the concept of symphony, and "symphony" became pure instrumental music.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/8th century, overtures and interludes began to be played in concerts without operas. This has played an important role in the development of symphony. In his own works, Italian composer Alessandro Scarlatti laid a three-stage style of "Allegro-Adagio-Allegro (dance style)" for the overture, and established the most basic format for the later symphony movement format.
/kloc-In the second half of the 8th century, the German Mannheim School initiated the technique of melody music in its overture creation, which improved the expressive force of musical instruments and the drama of music, and added the allegro finale on the basis of the three overtures, thus forming the embryonic form of the four-movement instrumental suite.
Three later musicians developed the classical symphony to the most mature stage, namely Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. These three masters developed the Vienna school of music and classicism to the peak, and also made the symphony enter the golden age. Beethoven developed the connotation and thought of symphony to a new height, and the concept of symphony in the modern sense was formed during this period.
During the period from Beethoven's death to the European 1848 Revolution, the traditional four-movement symphony did not make much innovation in form or content. But this doesn't mean that there are no excellent symphonies in the years after him. Austrian composer franz schubert might have rewritten the music history of Europe in the19th century if he had not died young.
Louis Spohr, a contemporary German composer of Beethoven, also wrote nine symphonies in his life. In the Ninth Symphony, many characteristics and factors of traditional symphonies and title music are combined, which can be said to be the pioneer of title music put forward by French Hector Berlioz later.
Phoenix Mendelssohn-bartholdi, a late German composer of his contemporaries, wrote five symphonies in his life, the most famous of which are Symphony No.3 in A minor (Scotland) and Symphony No.4 in A major (Italy). However, the second and fifth parts have great influence on later composers. The subtitle of the second symphony is "Hymn". The composer did not adopt the traditional four-movement form, but constructed the whole work in the oratorio mode of Bach's period, which he himself called "Cantata of the Bible Symphony for Solo, Chorus and Band". The fifth symphony is also called the reform symphony. Although composers still adopt the traditional four-movement form, many important themes do directly quote Martin Luther's hymns "God is our strong fortress" and "Amen to Dresden".
By the time Mendelssohn died, German-Austrian music had been seriously divided into two camps, the Neo-German school headed by Liszt, Wagner and brukner, and the conservative school headed by Brahms and music theorist Edward Hanslick. The disputes and differences between them are mainly about how to define the nature and content of music. In the view of the new German school of music, music is not only a purely abstract sound art and the absolute beauty of music, but also related to literature, poetry, philosophy and various ideologies. For them, music is no longer a process of presenting objective beauty, but a direct expression of subjective will, and music is the way of this expression. Conservatives, on the other hand, firmly believe that music is a pure beauty of structure and form, and the abuse of literal hints and poetic metaphors in symphony will lead to the collapse of this perfect classic form.
Ohannes brahms wrote four complete symphonies in his life, all of which were written according to the traditional genres such as classical four-movement architecture, sonata form and Rondo form. However, as a great composer, Brahms did not lack originality because of the fame of Beethoven and other classical masters. Brahms greatly expanded this genre in harmony and form. The fourth symphony was written in 1893. In the last movement, he perfectly used the ancient variation Passacaglia, which had been abandoned by most composers. The whole movement ended in complete tragedy and destruction after 33 variations. As a very emotional and sad Brahms, he devoted his life to the music and spirit of classical masters. Here, the conflict between his emotion and reason was finally presented in such a perfect form, and with its end, the whole building of the classical symphony collapsed.
At the same time, although brukner devoted himself to Wagner's art all his life and was always attacked by conservatives, he left nine symphonies which were very classical in form. Except for the unfinished ninth, they are all four movements, and the first movement is written in the form of a grand sonata. Brukner worked in a church all his life. As a well-known organist, his symphonies were often ridiculed by his peers at that time as too big and clumsy, like a Dapeng who had no power to lift his huge wings, and his orchestration was too single, and he often regarded the band as another performance carrier of the organ. Indeed, such shortcomings did exist in some of his early and middle works, but his last three symphonies in his later years completely got rid of them and developed the traditional symphonies to a higher level. In his last symphony, the use of harmony has been very bold, and the role of tonality has been quite vague in some paragraphs, which was developed to the limit by his student gustav mahler, and Schoenberg finally ended the era of tonality writing.
After entering the 20th century, the symphony is still developing, and more and more new elements have been added to it. The magnificent, delicate and expressive symphony still has a large number of determined fans.
Music structure
The structure of the classical symphony is as follows:
The first movement: sonata form, Allegro
The second movement: complex trilogy or variation, adagio
The third movement: minuet or scherzo, Allegro.
Fourth Movement: Sonata or Rondo, Allegro.
Art songs (German: Lied, plural: Lieder) are different from songs; Lied means "song" in German, but "art song" usually refers to a song style in European classical music, and English can also be called "art song". A typical artistic song performance is performed by a singer accompanied by a piano. Sometimes multiple art songs (Lieder) can form a set of linked songs (German: Liederkreis, English: Song Cycle)-a string of songs are connected into a single story or theme. Composers Schubert and Schumann are good at creating this type of music. Because in German, "Lied" only refers to "songs", German users often use the more accurate word "Kunstlied" to refer to "art songs".
history
In German legal language, Lied has a long history, from ballads (Volkslieder) and church hymns (Kirchenlieder) in the12nd century to satirical songs or protest songs (Kabarettlieder, protesters) in the 20th century.
In Germany, the important era of Song development was19th century. German and Austrian composers developed from composing vocal music works with accompaniment instruments to classical and romantic periods, and their music echoed German literature. By quoting literary themes in his works, composers can get a lot of inspiration from poems, which leads to the type of artistic songs. The songs created by Mozart and Beethoven are the origins of art songs, but it was not until Schubert that the types of art songs were clearly defined, and a new balance was found between words and music, and the ideas expressed in words were sublimated and reflected with the presentation of music. Schubert has written more than 600 songs, some of which are in the form of ensemble songs with story content, such as "Beautiful Girl in the Mill", "Winter Travel" and "Swan Song"; Spiritual travel is better than physical experience. Schumann, Brahms and hugo wolf inherited this tradition of artistic songs, which were passed on to Richard Strauss and Mahler in the 20th century. The style of this kind of artistic songs is similar to that of Italian pastoral songs three centuries ago, which fully shows the richest creativity in human emotions.
Art songs from other countries
The tradition of artistic songs is closely related to German, however, there are some similar song styles in other countries. Famous composers such as Frey, Debussy, Planck, Russian Mussochi, etc. In the 20th century, several composers in Britain, such as Fohan William and Britten, created such works.
Concerto: Concerto
One or several solo instruments play with the band, which is both contrast and blending. Those who use one instrument are also called "solo concertos", and those who use several instruments are also called "grand concertos". There are usually three movements, but there are also concertos with only one movement. Schumann called his works "concertino" and concertos with many movements.
Etymology and history
The word concerto comes from the Latin collcertaye, which means to compete together. Concerto means that two factors are both competitive and cooperative. Concerto first appeared as a vocal genre. This is a classical Italian song of17th century. Until the early18th century, Bach still called it a concerto when he wrote his early oratorios (such as BWV.4 in Weimar period).
grotesque
Italian composers in Baroque period determined the form of concertos, and created a large number of concertos (such as Cory's Grand Concerto in G minor, Op. 6 Eighth) and solo instrument concertos represented by violin concertos (such as Vivaldi's Concerto for Violin and Strings and Four Seasons). Bach gave different ways to deal with solo instruments and bands.
The concerto was improved in Italy on the basis of the popular trio sonata at that time. The first one is the Grand Concerto. Composer Torieri regards the two groups of musical instruments in the orchestra as the "lead part" and "concerto part" respectively, instead of the two high-pitched parts in the original trio sonata, which highlights the contrast between the two parts. Corelli really turned this attempt into a highlight in the history of music.
The concerto formats in the Baroque period are divided into the so-called Church Tida Chiesa and the Chamber Concerto (concerti da camera means Palace Concerto). Church concertos are usually preceded by adagio overture, followed by allegro fugue, and the slow and slow movements alternate, which is more solemn; Chamber music usually uses dance music, such as Alamand, Courand, minuet, Salaband, jig and so on. And their styles are relatively light. In fact, there is not much difference between the two in later creations.
Classical period
During the period of Vienna Classical Music School, Mozart greatly improved his status as a solo instrument, and also created colorful music for his concerto. He finally established that the first movement initiated by C.P.E Bach adopted the sonata form of double presentation, and the third movement was written as a Rondo form, thus determining the concerto form (such as Piano Concerto No.20, Piano Concerto No.20 and Orchestra Concerto No.466, KV.466), while Beethoven conceived the concerto as a whole, creating a precedent for uninterrupted transition between movements and a precedent for composers to write colorful passages in advance (such as Piano Concerto No.5 and Piano Concerto No.5) He also promoted the status of a solo instrument and further strengthened the weight of the first movement (such as Violin Concerto, Violin and Orchestra Concerto, op.663).
Romantic period
The Romantic Period's concerto pays more attention to the display of solo instrument skills, and then a large number of dazzling concerto works appeared, and the balance between solo instrument and orchestra was gradually broken (for example, Paganini's Violin Concerto No.65438 for Violin and Orchestra+0&; 2. Works & amp7). Romantic composers' concertos also pay more attention to beautiful melody, musical skills and the expression of inner world.
Beethoven strengthened the dramatic expression of concerto in his creation, strengthened the connection between solo instruments and bands and shared music materials, especially made the theme truly symphonic. These efforts were inherited and further developed by Brahms (for example, Brahms' Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No.2, Op.83).
Sports form and musical characteristics
Vivaldi determined the fast-slow-happy chapter layout of the concerto according to the overture pattern of Italian opera, but in his view, the three movements are almost equal in length. By Mozart's time, although his concerto was still three movements, it was obviously determined by the format of the analogy symphony suite, and it also emphasized the first movement of sonata style. In Mozart's works, concerto has formed a fixed movement form.
The first movement is sonata style, generally allegro and dramatic. Generally, no introduction is made, and the band directly enters the demonstration department. There are two performance parts, the first performance part is played by the band; The second performance was performed by soloists and bands. At the end of the reappearance part, the band paused at the end of the band, and the solo instrument improvised the cadenza to show the performer's skills. Sometimes, because the performers show off too much, they will break away from the original music style, so starting from Beethoven, some composers will write Cai Hua in advance.
The second movement is generally a trilogy, often adagio, adagio or andante, which is generally lyrical.
The third movement is Rondo, sharp, cheerful and skillful, often with the nature of dance or festival celebration.
Schumann and Liszt tried to create a concerto with only one movement (for example, Liszt's Concerto for Piano and OrchestraNo. 1, S. 124 (LWH4)). Concertos with more than three movements are also common (for example, Concerto for Cello and OrchestraNo. 1 op. 107 by Shostakovich).
A solo instrument in a concerto
Concerto solo instruments can be any common and uncommon instruments, such as violin, cello and piano. Viola concerto, organ concerto and wind instrument concerto are relatively rare, and double bass and percussion instrument concertos are even less. In addition to the concerto of a solo instrument, there are some concertos written for two, three or even four solo instruments and bands. Unlike the grand concerto, these solo instruments and bands are not treated as a whole, so there are two concertos and three concertos (such as Brahms' duet concerto, op. 102, Beethoven's trio concerto, op.56).
In addition, there are some works for solo instruments and bands, such as Frank's Symphony Variations for Piano Solo and Orchestra (M.46), Liszt's Dance of Death (Totentanz), Rachmaninov's Piano with or without Orchestra, Op.40, and Paganini's Rhapsody (Op.43). Although it is not called concerto, it is similar to the genre of concerto. On the contrary, some works called concertos have only one solo instrument and no band (such as Bach's Italian concerto, BWV.97 1).
Concerto has always been a popular genre in symphony music in the history of music. It rarely becomes the birthplace of new composing ideas, but it is often more popular with ordinary listeners. Because the concerto not only has the strong strength and rich colors of the band, but also has the wonderful and dazzling performance and delicate emotional expression of the solo part, the concerto combines symphony and instrumental skills, and the composer balances symphony and technical skills in this combination, and different listeners can be satisfied in the concerto according to their own needs, which is why the concerto genre has always been loved by many people.
From ""
Chamber music (LA FOLIA) is a kind of classical music, which is composed of several instruments played indoors. Chamber music is played by several people, each playing a role, usually without a solo. "Indoor" means that music can be played in a small room.
Perform an instrumental performance
Chamber music generally has no conductor, so each player has more free playing space. Organizationally, the cost and facilities of chamber music are less than those of orchestra. Many classical musicians like to play chamber music. Although many amateurs can also play chamber music, generally speaking, chamber music requires high technical ability and artistic accomplishment and is not suitable for beginners.
Number of participants, names of common bands, descriptions of musical instruments.
Double piano Duo Duo 2 steel
Instrument duet any instrument+steel general sonata like this; Sonata for violin, cello, viola, horn, bassoon, clarinet and flute.
Duet piano duet 1 steel, four hands
Vocal duet is often used in steel art songs.
A duet of any two instruments.
Trio string trio trumpet, medium and tuba
Piano Trio Small, Big and Steel
For clarinet, viola and piano, China and steel works include Mozart's trio K498 and some works by Schumann and [[bruch].
Flute, viola and harp, including famous works by Debussy and Bacchus.
Clarinet-violin-piano trio, trumpet and piano music became popular in the 20th century. Including Bella Bartok, Mi Yue, Khachaturian and other famous works.
4 String Quartet 2 Small, Medium and Large
Piano Quartet Small, Medium, Large and Steel
Small, single, large and steel are rare. The famous works include Mei Xian's Quartet pour la fin du Temps. Less famous ones are: Walter Labar of hindemith (1938) (op.1; 1896)。
Piano Quintet 2 Small, Medium, Large and Steel
Small, medium, large, low, steel is not common, Schubert's "trout" quintet.
Woodwind quintet long, single, double, bar, circle
String quintet 2 trumpet, medium and tuba plus another trumpet or tuba
Brass quintet 2 trumpet, trombone, tuba and horn
6 sextet String sextet 2 small, 2 medium, 2 important works are Brahms sextet Op. 18, op.36
Piano sextet 2 small, medium, large, low, steel
Piano and woodwind quintets are long, double, single, stick, round and steel, such as Planck's sextet.
Single, 2 songs in small, medium, large and steel, such as prokofiev's Hebrew theme overture op.34 (Hebrew theme overture op.34).
Seven septets, which are Beethoven's famous septets for single, round, bar, small, medium, large and low.
Octet single, round, bar, 2 small, medium, large and low Schubert's famous octet was inspired by Beethoven's septet d.803
String Octet 4 Small, 2 Middle, 2 Big Mendelssohn's famous string Octet op.20
Double quartets, four groups, two middle groups and two big group string quartets.
Woodwind octet with 2 pairs, 2 singles, 2 circles and 2 bars.
Nine septets
Index: small-violin; Viola-Viola; Big cello; Double bass; Piano music; Long flute; Oboe; Clarinet; Bassoon tube; Horn; Trumpet; large
There are countless forms of chamber music bands. See the combination examples in the introduction of each instrument.
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%86%85%E4%B9%90