The company innovation system can be described in three parts. First of all, it can describe the purpose of establishing the system; Second, it can describe the scope of application of the system; Third, it can describe specific systems.
Model essay on innovation system 1
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, a series of important expositions on innovation have been published around such basic issues as "Why to innovate, who will innovate, how to innovate and for whom". Innovation in the new era is a comprehensive and systematic innovation based on theoretical innovation, practical innovation, institutional innovation and scientific and technological innovation. The concept of innovation in the new era insists on taking Marxism as the guidance, people as the main body of innovation, meeting the people's growing needs for a better life as the driving force for innovation, and taking the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people as the innovation purpose; The concept of innovation in the new era is the inheritance and development of Marxist related theories in the new era, and it is the experience summary and theoretical sublimation of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's innovation practice in the new era. The important content of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's innovation practice in the new era is system innovation, which is an important way of system construction and development. Focusing on the basic problem of "what to adhere to, what to consolidate, what to improve and what to develop", we will promote the innovative development of various systems, including the fundamental political system. The foundation of institutional innovation is institutional self-confidence. "Without firm institutional confidence, it is impossible to have the courage to comprehensively deepen reform. Similarly, without continuous reform, institutional self-confidence cannot be thorough and long-lasting. " Institutional self-confidence is the premise and foundation of institutional innovation, and institutional innovation is the purpose and result of institutional self-confidence.
System construction needs firm system self-confidence.
System, that is, rules and regulations, is a fundamental, overall, stable and long-term problem. China's traditional culture has always attached importance to institutional issues, and "no rules can't make Fiona Fang" contains rich institutional culture in China. The function of this system lies in its application in practice. The system realizes its function through governance. The important functions of the system are system constraint and system incentive. This system will not only protect those who abide by rules and disciplines, but also punish those who violate them. The binding function of the system is realized by binding power, and people who destroy the system often use power illegally. People's confidence in the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system comes from the system itself. From 65438 to 0987, when Comrade Deng Xiaoping talked about "one country, two systems", he emphasized "boldness" and "courage" in formulating policies for Hong Kong and Macao. The "courage" and "courage" here are based on the socialist system. This exposition contains two meanings: one is confidence in the socialist system, and the other is that "formulating policies toward Hong Kong and Macao" is institutional innovation. It can be seen that institutional innovation needs firm institutional confidence.
The foundation of institutional self-confidence is the advantages of the socialist system, which has four outstanding advantages. First, the purpose advantage, that is, the socialist system as the revolutionary purpose of the proletariat is superior to the revolutionary purpose of the bourgeoisie. In the history of China, only socialism can save China and only socialism can develop China. Second, the speed advantage, that is, under the socialist system, China has gone through the course of capitalist countries for decades, and the development speed of socialism is obviously faster than that of capitalism. Third, the advantage of concentrating on doing great things, that is, socialist countries have the advantage of concentrating all kinds of resources and forces through planning and other regulatory means, so "this advantage must be maintained to ensure the superiority of socialism." The general secretary attributed "the socialist system can concentrate on doing great things" to our greatest advantage and an important magic weapon for the success of our cause. Fourth, the essential advantage, that is, the leadership of the China * * * production party is the most essential feature and the greatest advantage of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and all the institutional advantages of Socialism with Chinese characteristics are inseparable from its essential advantages.
We need to correctly understand institutional confidence. On the one hand, institutional self-confidence is not blind self-confidence, nor is it an institutional standard. Comrade Deng Xiaoping once pointed out that "China's observation of state relations is not based on social system". In international relations, abandoning the social system and ideological standards and focusing on the interests of the country and the nation is not a manifestation of institutional confidence, but a manifestation of institutional confidence. On the other hand, institutional self-confidence includes not only the fundamental system of socialism, but also the basic system and important system of socialism. The General Secretary has included "some provisions not explicitly included in the discipline" in the inner-party rules, which is party member's self-discipline. Inner-party laws and regulations include "fine traditions and working practices formed by the Party in long-term practice". The Party relies not only on written regulations such as party constitution and discipline, but also on unwritten disciplines such as the Party's fine traditions and work practices. Discipline is a hard rule, and unwritten discipline is also a tradition, a paradigm and a requirement.
System construction must adhere to system innovation.
The purpose of system construction is to ensure fairness and justice. Institutional innovation should be carried out around the purpose of institutional construction, and fairness and justice are a mirror to observe institutional innovation. Institutional innovation needs problem orientation, strong problem consciousness, grasping key problems and solving contradictions and difficulties with new methods and measures.
Institutional innovation needs to be guided by Marxism. Marxist historical materialism holds that the superstructure serves the economic base, and the superiority of the political system is ultimately manifested in the development of social productive forces and the improvement of people's material and cultural life. Marxism is the theoretical basis of our reform, opening up and socialist modernization, and it is also an important guarantee for institutional innovation to adhere to the correct direction.
Institutional innovation needs to adhere to governance according to law. The rule of law is the inevitable requirement of system innovation and the proper meaning of governing according to law. The system is not an imaginative imagination, and institutional innovation is not to create articles at will. Regarding how to evaluate whether a country's political system is democratic and effective, the general secretary advocates judging the behavior of state leaders, all the people and the ruling party in the operation of the national political system from the perspective of "whether it conforms to the law". The life of the system lies in execution, and the authority of the system lies in execution. Institutional innovation is accomplished in practice, and institutional practice is realized through governance. The general secretary stressed that it is necessary to "use the rule of law thinking and the rule of law" to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. To promote institutional innovation under the premise of ruling by law, we should take the law as the criterion and adhere to a critical attitude. The general secretary pointed out that "the reform should be based on the law, but we should not dare to go beyond the line because of the current legal provisions, which will not promote the reform." He quoted Huainanzi as saying that "those who are beneficial to the people don't have to learn from the past, and those who are useless don't have to follow the old rules" to further illustrate the relationship between institutional innovation and governance according to law: "The reforms that need to be promoted can be revised first and then promoted later."
Institutional innovation needs to adhere to the people-centered development thought. People's needs are the driving force of system innovation, people's interests are the purpose of system innovation, and people are the judges of system innovation. The fundamental purpose of system construction in the new period is to serve the people wholeheartedly, which requires adhering to the people-centered development thought in the process of system innovation in the new period. The achievements of institutional innovation should be tested by history and judged by the people, so that the people can see the real reform achievements. In the process of institutional innovation, we should also uphold the attitude of being responsible to the people. If it is beneficial to the cause of the party and the state, we must unswervingly change it.
In addition, institutional innovation should also deal with the relationship between innovation and inheritance, innovation and reference, that is, what to inherit and what to learn from. Institutional innovation is neither a simple renovation of the old system nor a blind rejection of other related systems. When the old system is still useful at some levels, we can't abandon it at will. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that "the old form must be based on the expression of realistic content, and the method should be used critically and selectively"; "Good traditions must be preserved" and "what worked in the past must be adhered to, especially the fundamental system, socialist system and socialist public ownership cannot be shaken". At the same time, institutional innovation also involves how to learn from the experiences and lessons of other countries. The general secretary emphasized that "there is no identical political system in the world, and there is no political system model suitable for all countries". Only by adhering to the stand of independence and China's fundamental political system, critically absorbing the beneficial achievements of foreign institutional civilization and combining them with the reality of China, can institutional innovation produce new systems.
Grasp the relationship between institutional self-confidence and institutional innovation
Institutional self-confidence is the premise and foundation of institutional innovation. Institutional confidence runs through the whole process of institutional construction and comes from the history, present situation and future of the system; From the content, implementation process and results of the system; It comes from the comparison of the development level of productive forces under different systems, the comparison of people's production and living conditions and the comparison of comprehensive national strength. Institutional confidence is not self-esteem and complacency, but the unity of firm institutional confidence and continuous reform and innovation. Institutional innovation is the inevitable trend of institutional development, and institutional innovation is the external expression of institutional self-confidence.
Institutional self-confidence needs institutional innovation. Marxist historical materialism holds that everything is developing and changing, static things do not exist, and systems do not exist. System comes from and serves social development. With the development of society, some systems cannot be changed. To develop, it is necessary to change the system appropriately, and without change, it will not develop. This is the theoretical basis of their relationship. Institutional confidence is not confidence in a certain period or a certain field, but confidence in the whole process and whole field of institutional development. If institutional confidence only stays on achievements and deliberately avoids twists and turns and mistakes, it is not institutional confidence, but institutional confidence; If institutional self-confidence is only confidence in the past or present system and does not change the system with the development of society, this self-confidence cannot stand the test. Institutional change is inseparable from institutional innovation, which is the inevitable requirement of institutional self-confidence and social development. Holding back is the enemy of institutional innovation and the weakness of institutional confidence. This is the realistic basis of their relationship.
Institutional innovation needs firm institutional confidence. With the development of society, the system must be innovative and can be innovative, which in itself is a kind of institutional confidence. It is completely wrong to think that a certain social system is commendable after hundreds of years. This kind of understanding always looks for answers from the old system when facing the problems of social development, rather than exploring new methods according to new situations and new problems. This misunderstanding is either a complete superstition of the old system or a lack of confidence in the formation of the new system. Institutional innovation is the necessity of historical development. Institutional innovation needs to respect institutional history. Respecting institutional history does not mean fully affirming history. It is neither an attitude of historical materialism nor a manifestation of institutional self-confidence to completely affirm or simply deny the institutional history.
Model essay on innovation system II
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, a series of important expositions have been published around the socialist economic construction, with lofty ideas, rich connotations and profound thoughts, which have comprehensively answered the major issues of how to treat and do a good job in China's economic development, and have important guiding significance.
The Central Institute of Party History Literature edited Excerpts on the Construction of Socialist Economy, and extracted important documents such as speeches, reports and instructions from 20 121month 15 to 20 17 March 12. Many of them are published for the first time. The fifth part of this book focuses on "implementing innovation-driven development strategy", and some wonderful discussions are as follows:
Scientific and technological innovation and scientific popularization are two wings to realize innovation and development, and scientific popularization should be placed in the same important position as scientific and technological innovation. Without the general improvement of the scientific quality of the whole people, it is difficult to build a high-quality innovative army and realize the rapid transformation of scientific and technological achievements. It is hoped that the majority of scientific and technological workers will take it as their duty to improve the scientific quality of the whole people, and it is their unshirkable duty to popularize scientific knowledge, carry forward scientific spirit, spread scientific ideas and advocate scientific methods, so as to promote the formation of a good atmosphere of stressing science, loving science, learning science and using science in the whole society, so that the innovative wisdom contained among hundreds of millions of people can be fully released and the innovative motivation can fully flow.
Struggle for Building a World Power in Science and Technology (2065438+May 30, 2006), People's Publishing House, p. 18.
All scientific and technological innovation activities are done by people. The key to building China into a world power in science and technology is to build a team of innovative talents with large scale, reasonable structure and excellent quality, and to stimulate the innovative vitality and potential of all kinds of talents. We should greatly mobilize and fully respect the creative spirit of the vast number of scientific and technological personnel, encourage them to strive to be promoters and practitioners of innovation, and make planning innovation, promoting innovation and implementing innovation become conscious actions.
Struggle for Building a World Power in Science and Technology (2065438+May 30, 2006), People's Publishing House, p. 16.
Innovation is a systematic project. Innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain and policy chain are intertwined and support each other. It is not enough to reform only in one link or several links. It must be fully deployed and unswervingly promoted. Scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation should play a synergistic role, and the two wheels should turn together.
Struggle for Building a World Power in Science and Technology (201May 30, 6), People's Publishing House, p. 13- 14.
What is the core technology? I think we can grasp it from three aspects. First, basic technology and general technology. The second is asymmetric technology and "killer" technology. The third is cutting-edge technology and subversive technology. In these fields, we are on the same starting line as foreign countries. If we can deploy in advance and focus on tackling key problems, it is very likely to realize the transformation from running with and running with.
Speech at the Symposium on Network Security and Informatization (20 16 04 19), People's Publishing House, p.1/.
To make a breakthrough in core technology, we must have determination, perseverance and concentration. To be determined, we should establish the ambition of tenacious struggle and hard struggle, unswervingly implement the innovation-driven development strategy, invest more manpower, material resources and financial resources in the research and development of core technologies, gather elite forces and make strategic arrangements. Perseverance is to formulate the strategic outline for the development of core technologies and equipment in the information field, formulate road maps, timetables and task books, define short-,medium-and long-term goals, follow technical laws, advance by stages, and maintain by classification. The key point is to base on China's national conditions, face the forefront of world science and technology, face the major needs of the country, face the main battlefield of the national economy, closely focus on climbing the strategic commanding heights, strengthen the task deployment in important areas and key links, and clarify the direction and focus. Otherwise, it will cost a lot of money and resources, and it will be difficult to achieve results in the end.
Model essay on innovation system 3
The general secretary emphasized that the two wheels of scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation should turn together. When talking about the relationship between technological innovation and reform, he also pointed out: "If technological innovation is compared to the new engine of China's development, then reform is an essential ignition system to ignite this new engine." To implement the spirit of the General Secretary's important speech on scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation, we should focus on promoting innovation in three aspects at the institutional level.
Innovative investment system: concentrating financial resources to support core technological innovation
Innovation is the first driving force to lead development, and the state should certainly support innovation, but the state's support for innovation does not mean that all innovation projects must be invested by the state. In fact, the outstanding problem of China's current science and technology investment system is that the investment is too scattered: many projects that do not require government investment have been invested; However, the projects that should be invested by the government are under-invested. Based on this, it is necessary to reform and innovate the input system of science and technology.
How to change the investment system of science and technology? Or what are the key areas of national investment and innovation? Generally speaking, the state should focus on investing in core technological innovation. The general secretary has made it clear what core technologies are: first, basic technologies and general technologies; The second is asymmetric technology and "killer" technology; The third is cutting-edge technology and subversive technology. Why should the government invest in core technology? The general secretary said: "In these fields, we are on the same starting line as foreign countries. If we can deploy in advance and focus on tackling key problems, it is very likely to realize the transition from running and running to leading. "
From an economic point of view, the state focuses on supporting core technology innovation because the core technology belongs to or has the characteristics of public goods. First of all, basic technology innovation needs the support of basic theoretical research, which is different from applied technology research and development. The results of applied technology are commodities and can be transferred with compensation; However, the results of basic theoretical research are difficult to be rewarded through the market. For example, Darwin's theory of evolution is recognized as one of the great discoveries of mankind, but who will spend money on "evolution"?
Look at the "killer" technology. As the name implies, "killer weapon" technology is a national defense and military technology related to national security. National security is an important public product (service), so economists agree that the primary function of the government is to safeguard national security. From this perspective, investing in "killer" technological innovation was originally the responsibility of the government; What's more, the investment in "killer technology" is not for profit, and technological achievements cannot be bought or sold. If the government does not invest, it is impossible to produce "killer technology" only by market financing.
Look at disruptive technology. Subversive technology refers to the technology that has a subversive impact on traditional industries. To some extent, this technology actually has the characteristics of public goods. For example, after the emergence of digital technology, Kodak, a giant film camera, was subverted, and digital technology was subverted. Subversive technology is cutting-edge and advanced. Successful innovation can not only promote the transformation and upgrading of domestic industries, but also enhance the core competitiveness of the country. However, disruptive technology needs a lot of investment and risks, so it also needs the investment support of the state.
What needs to be pointed out in particular here is that the government's focus on investing in the above three types of technological innovations does not mean that the government can stay out of other innovations. We know that government finance is public finance. For technological innovation, the policy meaning of public finance has two layers: first, the government does not need to invest in technological innovation of non-public products (services), and this innovation should be market-oriented; Second, the government should provide public services in science and technology financing platform, pilot plant and technology patent protection to create a good innovation environment for enterprises.
Innovative financing mechanism: diversifying risks and encouraging public innovation.
The core technological innovation is invested by the government, and the risks are naturally borne by the government, but who will bear the risks of non-core technological innovation? If all innovative enterprises undertake it, it will inevitably inhibit the motivation of enterprise innovation. How to solve this problem? In my opinion, the book Risk, Uncertainty and Profit published by Knight 1920, a famous American economist, should inspire us to study this issue. Let me briefly introduce Knight's main points:
Knight believes that all risks stem from uncertainty, which can be divided into two categories: one is measurable uncertainty; One is immeasurable uncertainty. The former means that the probability of risk can be estimated according to empirical data. For example, the probability of a car accident is three ten thousandths, and the probability of a plane crash is one in three million. Knight said that measurable uncertainty is risk, and only unmeasurable uncertainty is the real "uncertainty".
Regarding the treatment of risk loss, Knight put forward two methods: one is to deal with measurable risks through "merger" (buying commercial insurance); The second is to deal with immeasurable risks in a "decentralized" way. The so-called decentralized treatment is to let more people share the risks through some institutional arrangements. Knight vividly explained why he should take risks in a diversified way. He said: Instead of letting one person lose 10000 yuan, let 100 people lose 100 yuan each. Knight's decentralization method is obviously suitable for dealing with innovation risks.
Here is a question for readers: Today, the global insurance industry is very developed. Insurance companies provide insurance for birth, illness, death, natural disasters and man-made disasters, but why are there no insurance institutions that "innovate" insurance? My answer is that if the insurance company is willing to provide some kind of insurance, it must be that the risk probability of this insurance is measurable; Conversely, insurance companies do not insure "innovation" because the probability of innovation failure is difficult to measure, or even if it can be measured, innovators may not accept it.
For example. If the innovation probability of a certain region is calculated to be 90% according to historical data, the insurance company will charge the premium according to the 90% probability. Do you think investors will buy insurance? I don't think so. The reason is simple: innovation is an "uncertain" event, and investors' expectations of innovation success are usually higher than those of failure (and the probability of expected failure will not exceed 50%), otherwise they will not invest. If so, how can investors pay high premiums for insurance? However, from the insurance company's point of view, if the premium is charged at a probability of 50%, once the risk rate exceeds 50%, it will definitely go bankrupt.
According to this analysis, due to the uncertainty of innovation, the loss of innovation failure cannot be dealt with through "merger". Since it can't be combined, it can only be dispersed. The problem is how to deal with it in a decentralized way. The suggestion of economics is to establish a "limited liability company system". Yes, with the company system, investors only bear limited liability, which is itself a risk sharing mechanism. Butler said that the company system is the greatest invention of modern times. That's true. Since the industrial revolution, there have been more than 60 major innovations in the world, 80% of which were completed by companies.
However, if we think deeply, the company system is important to innovation, but it is not enough to spread the innovation risk. We must also have an innovation financing platform. In this regard, the science and technology innovation board, that is, the "Nasdaq" in the United States, is a successful example. The United States leads the world in technology, and "Nasdaq" has contributed a lot. Fortunately, China has set up a science and technology innovation board in Shanghai Stock Exchange, and held the listing ceremony of the first batch of enterprises on July 22nd this year. Everything is difficult at the beginning, so the next step is to push it away as soon as possible on the basis of the pilot, so that the science and technology innovation board can play a greater role in supporting innovation.
Innovative distribution mechanism: income * * * promotes deep integration of Industry-University-Research.
The state supports innovation aimed at promoting economic development; To drive development with innovation, we must turn scientific and technological achievements into productive forces. The General Secretary has clearly emphasized "promoting the deep integration of Industry-University-Research and realizing the seamless connection between technology and industry." The general secretary's speech is undoubtedly highly targeted. According to public data, in recent years, China has accepted more than 900,000 patent applications and obtained more than 654.38+600,000 patents, but the average conversion rate of patent achievements is less than 20%. The industrialization rate is even lower, less than 5%.
Why don't scientists and technicians in China pay attention to the transformation of achievements? I have done research on this issue in several southern provinces and cities. According to scientific and technological personnel, there are three main reasons:
First, the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements favors one over the other. According to the source of funds, scientific and technological projects are divided into vertical government and horizontal enterprises. According to the heads of science and technology departments in Hunan and Yunnan, the evaluation titles of scientific research institutes tend to emphasize "vertical" rather than "horizontal". During the discussion in Changsha, some scientific and technological personnel said that there was no national topic in the evaluation of professional titles in his unit.
The second is the fiscal package. Since the reform and opening up, the national financial investment in science and technology has increased by nearly 100 times, especially in the past seven years, the financial investment has increased by more than 20% on average. Most of these funds are invested in scientific research institutes in the form of projects. The state pays wages and allocates funds for scientific research, so scientific and technological personnel can sit back and relax, and naturally they don't care much about whether scientific and technological achievements can be transformed.
Third, there is a lack of public service platforms. Another reason why it is difficult to transform scientific and technological achievements at present is the lack of public platforms such as "pilot workshops". A new technological achievement usually needs a pilot test from laboratory to large-scale production. Some data show that the success rate of industrialization can reach 80% after the new technological achievements pass the pilot test. The success rate without pilot test is only 30%. The difficulty lies in the large one-time investment and low utilization rate in the construction of pilot plant, and scientific research institutes and enterprises are reluctant to invest in the construction of pilot plant.
The above factors will indeed affect the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, but I don't think it is the key reason. If the emphasis on "vertical" rather than "horizontal" leads to the disconnection of Industry-University-Research, why don't those scientific and technical personnel with senior titles pay attention to the transformation of achievements? If the financial package leads to the disconnection of Industry-University-Research and the European and American governments also invest in research and development, why can the transformation rate of others' achievements reach 70%~80%? As for the pilot workshop, on the surface, no one pays, and the real reason behind it is that scientific and technological personnel lack the motivation to transform results.
The above is what Bian Xiao shared today, and I hope it will help everyone.