The spirit of Taoist culture can be summed up in one word, that is, "Tao". "Tao" is the existence of the highest universe ontology, is "born" and "can be the mother of the world" Tao is the highest existence, and heaven, earth and people are all derivatives of Tao. In the embodiment of Tao, heaven, earth and people are consistent. "Mountain Wood" said: "Heaven and man are one." However, the concept of "harmony between man and nature" between Taoism and Confucianism is different. In Confucianism, heaven and man are father-son relationships; In Taoism, heaven and man are brothers. The relationship between father and son is covered with a layer of ethics, so the word "virtue" is emphasized; Brothers are immersed in an equal affection, so the word "affection" is emphasized. Therefore, Taoist thought is more artistic and closer to aesthetics. Therefore, Taoism has a greater influence on China literati and China literature. Mr. Lin Yutang said: "All beautiful China literature ... is deeply contaminated with this Taoist spirit."
The core of Taoist cultural spirit can also be summarized in one word, that is, "nothing". The core of Tao is nothing. It is the highest existence that the subject of "invisible, inaudible and immobile" can't perceive. According to the twenty-first chapter of Laozi, the interpretation of Tao begins with "nothing → image → thing → nothing", that is, it begins with "nothing" and finally returns to "nothing". Like a flower, there is no flower at first, then there is a flower, and then there is no flower; A person, from the beginning without this person to the existence of this person, and then to the absence of this person. This is a law of development, a process of life and a philosophical cycle summarized from "nothing → being → nothing". But this is only the ontology of "nothing", that is, the universe philosophy of "nothing". In addition, there is also a kind of "nothingness" of the subject, which emphasizes the "ruthlessness" and "inaction" of the subject. This is the philosophy of life of "nothing". The "nothingness" of the subject is different from the noumenon's "nothingness", which is "transcendence", a detached attitude towards life and the realm of the subject's personality. Therefore, if Confucianism is strengthening the subject, then Taoism is diluting the subject.
Therefore, the artistic conception under the influence of the above Taoist cultural thought, that is, Taoist artistic conception, has two basic forms: one is the artistic conception that things and I do not distinguish. Zhuangzi said, "Everything is one with me." In Taoist thought, there is really a detached attitude towards things, so the unity of things and man is the real unity. Because Confucianism highlights the status of the subject (I), in Confucianism, the relationship between man and nature is one-way; Taoism, on the other hand, played down the status of the subject (me). Therefore, in Taoism, the relationship between man and nature is a two-way dialogue and communication. The other is the artistic conception of no self. Taoism is precious. In their view, it has neither ontology nor subject. There is nothing, and there is no me. However, in art, the artistic conception of selflessness has been derived. Mr. Chen Lai said that Zhuangzi and Tao Yuanming embodied the realm of selflessness. Mr. Cai Bao also said: "The realm of no self is the artistic conception of Zhuang Xue." This artistic conception is a cliche, so I won't give an example. In short, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai and others are outstanding representatives of Taoist artistic conception, which is also found in landscape poems, metaphysical poems and landscape paintings.
(Selected from the cultural interpretation of artistic conception connotation, with deletion)
8. The following explanation of Taoist culture and artistic conception is inconsistent with the original text ()
A. Taoist cultural spirit can be summarized by a word "Tao", and its core is a word "nothing". This "nothingness" is both noumenon nothingness and subject nothingness.
B according to the interpretation of Tao in chapter 21 of Laozi, that is, from "nothing → image → thing → nothing", that is, starting from "nothing" and finally returning to "nothing". This is the philosophy of life of "nothing".
C. Confucianism emphasizes "virtue" and Taoism emphasizes "emotion", so Taoist thought is more artistic and closer to aesthetics. Taoist artistic conception is dominated by Taoist cultural spirit.
D. Taoist artistic conception has two basic forms, one is the artistic conception that things and I are not divided, and the other is the artistic conception that there is no self. In Taoism, the boundary between things and me is broken, and the two-way dialogue and communication between man and nature is realized.
9, the following inference is not in conformity with the meaning of a ()
A. In the Taoist universe schema, "Tao" is the highest existence, and "heaven", "earth" and "man" are all derivatives of "Tao". In other words, Tao is everywhere in the sky, on the ground and in people.
B Taoist culture emphasizes the "nothingness" of the subject, that is, the "ruthlessness" and "inaction" of the subject, which is a detached attitude towards life and the realm of the subject's personality. This is also in line with the Taoist practice requirements of abstinence and quietness.
C. The poetic realm of Tao Yuanming, Li Bai and others is an outstanding representative of Taoist artistic conception. Tao Yuanming's Drinking and Li Bai's My Moon Shines in My Shadow, and I Go to the Yanjiang River (Climbing Mount Tianmu in My Dream) are both typical examples of this artistic conception of "blending things with me".
D, Confucianism strengthens the subject, while Taoism downplays the subject. Confucianism has a realm of me, while Taoist artistic conception has a realm of no me. Du Fu's poems often lament the feelings of worrying about the country and the people because he forgets the painful gains and losses of himself, which is a Taoist artistic conception without self.
10, Jin Shengtan said, "I look at flowers, and flowers look at me. I look at flowers and people walk towards them; Flowers look at me coming. " Please briefly explain whether this is the artistic conception of Confucianism or Taoism from the perspective of the relationship between man and nature. (3 points)
answer
8.b (This is the universal philosophy of "nothing". )
Du Fu's poems are typical representatives of my Confucian artistic conception. )
10 is a Taoist artistic conception. In Confucianism, the relationship between man and nature is one-way, that is, only "I look at flowers" but not "flowers look at me"; Here in Taoism, the relationship between man and nature is a two-way dialogue and communication, that is, there are both "I see flowers and people entering it" and "flowers and people entering it".