Li Kaixian (1September 28th, 502 ——1March13,0568), Han nationality, was born in Jinan, Shandong. Writers and dramatists in Ming Dynasty. The word Bohua is called Zhong Lu Zi, Zhong Lu Shan and Zhong Lu Fang. In the eighth year of Jiajing (1529), he was a scholar. He served as director of the household department of the official department, minister of foreign affairs and doctor, and was later promoted to Shao Qing, the imperial palace of Siyige, as magistrate. In the past twenty years, he witnessed corruption in political affairs, attacked Xia Yan's cabinet and was dismissed. Returning to the field in the prime of life, "Longquan is self-effacing, and there is still a rainbow." He hoped that the imperial court would be restored to use, but he refused to curry favor with the powerful and had to live in seclusion until he died. Li Kaixian's literary thought is close to that of Tang and Song Dynasties. He admired opera novels different from orthodox poetry, and advocated that the language of opera was "both popular and elegant" and "easy to understand and not difficult to understand".
Chinese name: Li Kaixian.
Alias: Zi Bohua, the road in the name, Zhonglushan.
Nationality: China Ming Dynasty
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Place of birth: Zhangqiu District, Jinan City, Shandong Province
Date of birth:1September 28th, 502 (August 28th, 15th year of Hongzhi, Ding Maoli)
Date of death: 1568 March 13 (Qin Long, Chen Wunian February 15, the last day of B).
Occupation: writer, opera screenwriter
Faith: Confucianism
Masterpiece: sword
Zodiac: Dog
Brief introduction to life
Smart since childhood, obsessed with piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, especially with Sanqu and Zaju in Jin and Yuan Dynasties. In the seventh year of Jiajing (1528), Jinshi was selected in the following year. In charge of the Yunnan division of the household department, he went to Ningxia border defense twice on the salary of fate. In view of the serious border troubles and lax defense, he went to the imperial court and put forward the idea of cleaning up the bureaucracy, enriching Qiang Bing and eliminating border troubles, but it did not attract the attention of the imperial court. In the thirteenth year of Jiajing, he was transferred to Xuzhou to supervise the granary. When he was in office, he vigorously rectified the grain policy. Because he violated the interests of eunuchs, the rectification was resisted and destroyed, and finally ended in failure. Soon, transferred to the official department. He has successively served as the director of the examination department, the foreign minister of the department, the doctor of selected works, and the official of Taichang Temple in Shao Qing. A fire broke out in the royal ancestral hall of Xin Chou (154 1) in the twentieth year of Jiajing, Sejong. Shao Qing, as the Taichang Temple, was disintegrated by Xia Yan, who was in charge. This year, in the 22nd year of Jiajing, Guimao (1543), he was officially dismissed from office and returned to Zhangqiu, Shandong Province to live in seclusion. After Li Kaixian returned to his hometown, he formed a "Ci Society" with friends from his hometown in Zhangqiu Luyuan Mountain, and organized the "Fuwentang Ci Society". In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing (1556), his Collection of Idle Houses was published, including four volumes of poems and eight volumes of essays. He also admired folk songs very much, thinking that "real poetry only exists among the people", and successively compiled folk song collections such as A Little Draft of Clouds and A Little Preface of Dressing Stage.
In the eighth year of Jiajing (1529), he was a Jinshi and worked in the housing department. Once, I delivered the reimbursement to Ningxia and witnessed the lax border defense and the serious foreign invasion, which was deeply touched. Back in Guanzhong, Shaanxi, I visited Kang Hai and Wang, then writers who cut their work at home, and they admired them. From then on, they became friends. Jiajing 1 1 to 2 1 year (1532 ~ 1542), served as director of the examination department of the official department, member of the collection department, literary anthology department, doctor, and youth official of Taichang Temple, and served as the magistrate of Siyi Pavilion. During this period, he and Wang, Zhao Shichun, Xiong Guo, and others were also called "Jiajing Eight Sons". They opposed the style of writing that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty", and advocated learning from Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu and Ceng Gong, emphasizing the ideological nature of their works and demanding simple and simple words. In the 21st year of Jiajing (1542), he was dismissed and returned to Zhangqiu's former residence for attacking Xia Yan and Yan Song in power at that time and exposing political corruption at that time. Build a garden at home, set up a poetry club, collect songs, and collect China traditional dramas and folk literature. He wrote more than 65,438,000 "Mid-Foot Poems" in the form of folk ditties at that time, which were widely circulated. Wang has composed 65,438+000 songs, collectively known as "100 songs in front of dressing table". In the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing, he wrote the legendary drama Sword. In his later years, he wrote six books, such as Dreams in the Afternoon Garden and Playing the Stupid Zen, with the total name of "Smile Three". It is also written in the form of folk popular ditty "Mountain Sheep". He was a famous bibliophile at that time, especially his operas. He is called "Ci Qu Shan Hai". I edited 16 Yuan Zaju with my disciples.
Main work
Sword is the representative work of Li Kaixian's traditional opera. According to Zhou Su's preface: "Tan Wo began, Gu Lan followed, Shan Quan Weng Zheng Zhi, and Zhong Xunzi became it." It is known that his friends also participated in the creation. The whole drama ***52 plays the story of Lin Chong in the Water Margin, and the plot has changed greatly compared with the novel. Li Kaixian once mentioned Water Margin in his poems. He read this book and used it as the basis of his legendary creation. He changed the plot in "Fairy Sword" and wrote that Lin Chong had participated in the cronyism of Gao Qiu and Tong Guan many times, which brought disaster to the country and the people. He was framed by Gao Qiu and Tong Guan, and mistakenly entered the White Tiger Hall, and moved the plot of Gao Qiu's son to Lin Chong's wife, Zhang Zhenniang, to Lin Chong, in order to highlight the struggle between loyalty and treachery in the imperial court. This is related to the author's persecution by power, leaving his post and leading an idle life. His chest was full of injustice, and this play was written to denounce the dark politics at that time. In the play, the image of the protagonist Lin Chong is the most prominent, and the author focuses on his thoughts and actions of patriotism and love for the people. The thirty-seventh book describes Lin Chong's night rush, which is wonderful. It is written about Lin Chong's complex psychology of being forced to Liangshan, expressing her husband's grief and indignation because he has not reached the sad place. It is also excellent to describe Zhang Zhenniang's faithfulness and Gao Qiu's fierceness. Other minor figures, such as Lu, Fu 'an and Fu 'an, have vague images and outstanding personalities, which are far less than novels. The story in the Water Margin has been adapted into a long legend, which is very distinctive. Li Kaixian was the first.
There are six kinds of smiles in the original, and now there are two kinds of dreams in the afternoon and playing dumb Zen. Another legend, Dengtan Ji, has been lost. In Dream in the Afternoon Garden, a fisherman dreamed that Cui Yingying and Li Wa were quarreling, and the maid matchmaker and Qiu Gui were their own masters. The center of the argument is whether the two women are equal. Cui Yingying has family prejudice, thinking that she is the daughter of the country and despises Li Wa, a former prostitute. As a result, she was refuted by the other party. Dumb Zen describes a butcher who broke the elders' dumb Zen. As a result, the young monk found that the elder misunderstood his meaning. The two plays are short and pithy, with unique humor.
Li Kaixian's Sanqu, the most famous of which is Xiao Ling in the Middle Foot (also known as Hundred Songs by the Dressing Table), is mixed with grief and negative thoughts. His poems and collections of poems are included in "Living in Idleness". Among them are works that care about current affairs, such as Summer News, Frontier Newspaper and Song of Fortress. There are also some biographies written by writers at that time, which truly reflect their behavior and ideological style, such as Biography of Li Kongtong, Biography of He Da, Biography of Zun Yan Wang's Participation in Politics, Biography of Tang Dou Jingchuan's Imperial History, Biography of Shan Kang Xiu, Biography of Wang Bei's Examination, Biography of Four Sons of Kang Wang Tang, etc. The Collection of Li Kaixian compiled by Princess Lu contains Li Kaixian's existing poems, essays and dramas (only one is Wu De Divorce in Broken Hair), as well as his miscellaneous words, paintings and poems, which were published by Zhonghua Book Company 1954. The legendary "Sword Story" has the first edition of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, which was included in the first collection of ancient drama series and published by Literature Ancient Books Publishing House from 65438 to 0959. Broken Hair was published in Shidetang, Wanli, Ming Dynasty.
Chess attainments
Li Kaixian is also a chess player and has no opponents in his life. Although he was obsessed with chess since he was a child, chess was only a sideline for him, but his chess skills made those professional players look invincible at that time. He also wrote many poems describing the scene of playing chess. For example, in "Chess Saints Wu Juyin and Wu Shengfu", he wrote: Although the national players push and shove, Qiang Bing is unique. Every time, it is difficult to succeed, and if you give a horse a break, you lose. Wu Juyin and Wu Shengfu were famous chess players at that time. Li Kaixian gave them the third place, but they were no match at all. If they are allowed to play alone, they often can't win one or two games. At that time, a famous chess player in Yanjing once defeated another famous chess player, Zhang, and caused a sensation all over the world. However, Li Kaixian's chess skill is better than that of Chen Zhen, a world-famous national player. He often gives him a rest during the game. But even so, a year later, Marco has always been defeated in countless games between them, and he can only play a few games on foot, but he has never won a game on Li Kaixian. At that time, someone praised him: only this ability can be high in ancient and modern times.
Li Kaixian summed up his practical experience in chess and collected some basic theories in "After Chess Song", and put forward that "don't walk on the cliff, it's a livable place"; "The potential is big and small, and it can be good at times"; A poem similar to "one is strong, one is weak, one is weak and outnumbered". They are simple, meaningful and easy to remember. He emphasized that "the first gun can shock people and the hidden car can be broken" and thought that the layout of the first gun was superior to other layouts; Li Kaixian also paid special attention to the actual combat role of the team: "Let's play another game, first use the team, and the other enemy will block it, and our division will be able to block it. Keep walking, try first. The more revenge, the more sympathy for the weak. Seeing the sun in a daze, Mars gave birth to lotus flowers. You can break through when you go out, and you can cut it off when you go in. If the forbidden child is overwhelmed by Mount Tai, the home will be as safe as a rock. " This conclusion comes down in one continuous line with the theory of using pawn of a generation of chess players in the late Qing Dynasty (the original author of Anti-Plum Blossom). This is the conclusion that chess has reached its peak and the strength of chess pieces has reached an extreme and profound level.
Personality influence
Li Kaixian has "three virtues" in his life: good opera, good library and good friends. He revised hundreds of Yuan Zaju, compiled six kinds of Zaju, such as Dreams in the Afternoon Garden, and wrote a theoretical work on traditional Chinese opera, Ci Banxue. His Sanqu "Little Ridge in the Middle Foot" is widely circulated. At that time, people sang everywhere in the streets and alleys of the countryside, and as many as 84 celebrities wrote "postscript" for this song. His legendary drama is represented by the sword. This work, based on the story of Lin Chong, is one of the three great legends in the mid-Ming Dynasty, which has a great influence on the contemporary and later drama circles. Li Kaixian likes collecting books, which is located in Qidong, and he is also called "two outstanding men in the north and south" with Jin Lingjiao. When he became an official, his salary was mainly used to buy books. After returning to my hometown, I built a "library" and a "sea of words" as my collection places, with the largest collection of songs and lyrics, which is known as the "sea of words". According to the collection of books, some materials of Ming operas are sorted out, and many essays of Sanqu and Zaju are selected, which has high reference value for later literary research. At that time, famous bibliophiles Bian Gong and Liu Xiqiao were also famous for their books, but their books were soon lost, while Li's books lasted for a hundred years. The bibliography edited by Li Zhonglu has long been lost. According to his book collection, "It was copied from Liu's Seven Views". In short, there are no fewer than 10,000 volumes, and the rest are different. " Li Kaixian is extremely hospitable, and all like-minded people are regarded as bosom friends. I visited the famous dramatists Wang and Kang Hai in Shaanxi, and the three of them hit it off, singing and writing poems together. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Mao's Collection of Ancient Pavilion, Zhu's Wanjuan Hall and Xu's Handed Down Building all collected these books.
Li Kaixian was highly respected in the literary world at that time, and was called "Jiajing Eight Masters" with Wang, Li, Xiong Guo and Ren Han. He is also good at chess, and his book "Chess Song" has been circulated to this day.
Commemorative figures
Li Kaixian's Tomb is located in the east of Ezhuang Village, Bucun Street, Zhangqiu District, Jinan City, south of Wang Ji Highway, and in Lishi Land. 1979 announced the municipal key cultural relics protection units. Li Kaixian (1502 ~ 1568), a famous writer and dramatist in the middle of Ming Dynasty, was called one of the "Eight Talents of Jiajing". Today, people in Goose Village, Bucun Street, Zhangqiu District, Jinan. He studied in a cave in Hushan, this county, calling himself "Zhong Lu Zi", "Zhong Lu Ren Shan" and "Zhong Lu Fang Ke". In the eighth year of Jiajing (1529), he was a scholar. He was the official in charge of the official department and the official in charge of the official department, and he went to Shao Qing, the Imperial Palace. After the Jiumiao fire? I went back to my hometown by mistake, entertained myself with literature and art, and built a library with ten thousand volumes, which is rich in books and travels from south to north, and is known as the "sea of songs". Poetry and prose works, especially the legends of lyrics and songs. During the 27 years since I was laid off, I have written famous legendary works such as Sword, as well as poems mixed with a large number of works such as Idle Houses, Laughter and Jokes. Li Kaixian's Collection was published in this edition.
On the east side of Li Cemetery is Li Kaixian's tomb. There is a monument in front of the tomb, which was erected in the second year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1629) and wrote "Li Cemetery is at the foot of Taichang Temple". There are two stone tablets in front of the tablet and two original tablets without words. According to Li's descendants, the Li family has been ruined and has no financial resources to carve, so it has become a tablet without words. On both sides of the aisle in front of the seat, there are Weng Zhong and Shi Hu, a pair of stone sheep and a pair of stone horses. They are all in good shape. In front of it is a stone square, which is made up of three smooth stone strips in the shape of a door, which is quite simple. Li Kaixian's parents' graves are on the west side of the field. The southern end of the tomb is a simple stone square, and there are two rows of stone beasts on the north side of the stone square. There are three stone tablets on the north side of the stone beast, and the finished product is zigzag. The first two monuments are stone carvings, and the top of the monument is engraved with Yunlong relief, with the words "Fengtian Imperial Decree" written on it. The stone tablets are all Ming Dynasty stone carvings, among which the inscription "Li Xianyi" and the couplet "When will the long night end and when will the year end?" It was written by Suzhou people. He is a friend of Li Kaixian and a calligrapher.
Anecdotes of characters
In the seventh year of Jiajing, Li Kaixian went to "after having obtained the provincial examination" and got a scholarship in the second year. He began to be an official in the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and served as the director of Yunnan Department. At this time, the Mongolian tribes in the north of Ming Dynasty harassed the south constantly, and the people in the north suffered greatly. Since Jiajing nine years, Li Kaixian has been ordered to transport his salary to Ningxia border defense twice. After arriving at the front line, he found that the border was seriously affected because the border commander was lazy, defensive and corrupt. But they lied about their military information and stole the bell. Li Kaixian is worried about this. He had hoped to clarify the official management and strengthen the country and benefit the people, but the opinions of the young master did not attract attention.
In the thirteenth year of Jiajing, Li Kaixian was transferred to Xuzhou to manage the Guangyun warehouse. According to the system of the Ming Dynasty, besides court officials, warehouse management should be supervised by eunuchs. After Li Kaixian took office, he saw that the Grain Bureau was also full of drawbacks. Not only did petty officials collude with theft, eunuchs were corrupt, but the soldiers and civilians who carried grain suffered greatly. He is determined to get rid of bad habits and carry out strict rectification. At that time, eunuchs were rampant all over the world, and the rectification must first harm the interests of eunuchs. So at the beginning of the work, it was resisted and destroyed everywhere, which made the rectification impossible. Although Li Kaixian's ambition is difficult to realize, his spirit of caring for the country and loving the people is admired by the ruling and opposition parties.
Li Kaixian is honest and pragmatic in officialdom, generous and harmonious among the people, and his literary talent is flying. One day, a scholar was studying in Chaoyangdong. He heard footsteps and knew it was Li Kaixian. He sang to the mouth of the cave: "man is to castle peak and man, I don't know who is the host and who is the guest." Li Kaixian heard the man sing the first two sentences of a quatrain, knowing that it was intended to embarrass him. At this time, a girl playing the sheep flute, Li Kaixian immediately received the song: "Suddenly a flute in the valley called out the plum blossoms in spring." After Yin left, the two burst out laughing.