In the 11th century BC, King Wu of Zhou conquered Yin and built a new royal capital here. In the 25th year of the Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty was established and its capital was Luoyang. In 220, Cao Pi established the Wei Dynasty and made Luoyang the capital. In 265, the Western Jin Dynasty replaced the Wei Dynasty, and Luoyang was still the capital. In 494, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang.
Eleven dynasties including the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty, Northern Wei Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Later Liang Dynasty, Later Tang Dynasty and Later Jin Dynasty were established here. It has been the capital or accompanying capital for nearly 900 years, making it one of the cities that has been a capital for a long time in Chinese history.
(Copy and paste)O(∩_∩)O
Luoyang is a famous historical city in China and one of the six famous ancient capitals in China. It shines like a brilliant pearl in the east of the world.
The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation, and Luoyang is the center of this cradle. Because Luoyang is located in the world, it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. Therefore, in China's thousands of years of history, many dynasties have established their capitals here. Luoyang is famous both at home and abroad as the "ancient capital of nine dynasties".
The so-called "Nine Dynasties" has two meanings: one refers to numerous dynasties. In ancient China, "Nine" was the largest and most numerous. The second refers to the nine dynasties. The first statement is not accurate. The second statement is inconsistent with historical facts. How many dynasties have established their capital in Luoyang? Based on historical facts and archaeological discoveries, I believe that there are Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Western Han, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Wu Zhou, Later Liang, Later Tang, and Later Jin Five dynasties established their capitals in Luoyang, each of which is explained below.
1. Xia Dupo (Xunmi)
The Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty in Chinese history. According to the records in the "Bamboo Chronicles", the Xia Dynasty existed between the 21st century BC and the 16th century BC, with a history of more than 470 years and 17 emperors.
The Luoyang area is the hinterland where the Xia people established their country. Yu, the first king of the Xia Dynasty, first made his capital Yangcheng and later moved to Yangzhai. Yangcheng is in Dengfeng and Yangzhai is in Yu County, both not far from Luoyang. Taikang (son of Qi), the third emperor of the Xia Dynasty, poured wine (Xunmi). The ancient "Bamboo Book Chronicles" records: "Tai Kang lived in the pouring (Xunmi)." The current version of the "Bamboo Book Chronicles" also records: "Zhongkang was the emperor, according to the pouring (Xunmi)." "Historical Records·Xia Benji" It says: "Taikang lived in Zhen (Xunmi), Yi also lived there, and Jie also lived there." Yi is Hou Yi, a leader of the Yi tribe in the East. Taking advantage of Taikang's lack of justice and the resentment of the Xia people, he settled in Xunyi and ruled, while rejecting Taikang from outside. After Taikang died, Fuzhongkang ascended to the throne and still lived in Zhen (Xunmi). He was later killed by his henchman Hanzhuo. Where is the pour (seeking meaning)? There are different opinions at present. "Guoyu · Zhou Yu 1" records: "Xi Yi and Luo died, and Xia died." It proves that Zhen (Xunmi) is in Yiluo District. "Historical Records: Biography of Sun Tzu Wu Qi" records: "The residence of Xia Jie, with the river on the left and Taihua on the right, Yique in the south, and Yangchang in the north." Luoyang is in this position. In 1959, the China Archaeological Institute conducted archaeological excavations in Erlitou, Yanshi, Luoyang District, and discovered that the Erlitou area was a large-scale capital ruins, which was named "Erlitou Culture". According to carbon 14 determination, its absolute age is equivalent to the Xia Dynasty. It has a history of more than 4,000 years and is a large-scale capital ruins of the Xia Dynasty. The total area is 3.75 square kilometers. There are large palace ruins inside. Archaeologists have determined that the Erlitou cultural site is the site of the capital of the Xia Dynasty, that is, the location of the capital of the Xia Dynasty. The three emperors Taikang, Zhongkang and Xia Jie of the Xia Dynasty once established their capitals here. "Emperor Century" records: Taikang reigned for 29 years. "Tongjian Waiji" records: Zhongkang reigned for 52 years and Duji (Xunmi) of Xia Dynasty for 94 years.
2. Xibo, the Capital of Shang
The Shang Dynasty was the second dynasty in Chinese history, and it was also a period of high development of Chinese slave society. Shangben is an ancient tribe in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and is a branch of the Dongyi tribe. It was a vassal state belonging to the Xia Dynasty during the Xia Dynasty. The Shang tribe migrated frequently. From Qi to the 14th generation of Tang Dynasty, the emperor migrated eight times. The main areas of activity of the Shang tribe were the northern part of Henan, the southern part of Hebei and the southwestern part of Shandong. Tang's last settlement was Shangqiu in eastern Henan, known as Nanhao in history.
About the 16th century BC, Xia Dynasty died and Shang Dynasty was established. After Shang Tang conquered Xunyi, the capital of Xia, he decided to build a new capital near the capital of Xia. After the new capital was built, Shang Tang moved here from Nanhao, and it was called Xishao in history.
Where is Xishao, the capital of Shang? This has been a question in history for thousands of years. "Yanshi, Henan is Xishao, the capital of Emperor Ku and Tang, and Pan Geng also moved his capital there." This Xishao is in the Xixiang Township of Yanshi, Luoyang.
In 1983, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences conducted archaeological excavations in the Xixianggou, Dahuaishu and Tazhuang areas of Yanshi, Luoyang, and discovered the ruins of this mall. Since then, the secret of Xishao has been revealed and the historical mystery about Xishao for thousands of years has been ended. This is a major discovery in the field of history at home and abroad. The total area of ??the mall is 1.9 million square meters. There are palace ruins in the south and central part of the city. The palace city is in a square shape. Behind the main hall, there are several palace buildings, facing east and west, where the royal palace is located. The roads in the city are criss-crossed and orderly. There is a ring road outside the city. This large-scale merchant palace was obviously built according to the specifications of the capital city. According to the absolute age determined by carbon 14, it is a city from the early Shang Dynasty. Thirdly, the Shang culture site in Yanshi Xiang, Luoyang is where the Shang capital Xishao is located. "Chronicles of the Bamboo Book" records: "Tang lived in Xishao. In the first year of Zhongding, Xin Chou came to the throne and moved from Hao to Xiao." "Historical Records·Yin Benji" also records: "At the time of Emperor Pan Geng, Yin had already made its capital in Hebei. Pan Geng crossed Henan and returned to Chengtang's former residence.
"It is also said that "Emperor Geng Ding died, his son Emperor Wu Yi was established, and Yin Fu left Hao and moved to Hebei. "It can be seen from this that the Shang Dynasty had its capital in Xishao twice. The first time it was from 1711 BC to 1482 BC, a total of 230 years, it went through Chengtang, Waibing, Zhongren, Taijia, The 10 emperors Woding, Taigeng, Xiaojia, Yongji, Taiwu and Zhongding made the capital of Xishao the second time, from about 1310 BC to 1140 BC, which lasted for 170 years. The nine emperors Xiao Yi, Wu Ding, Zu Geng, Zu Jia, Xun Xin, Geng Ding and Wu Yi were the capitals of Xishao twice in the Ming Dynasty, with 19 emperors in the Shang Dynasty.
Since Pan Geng began to implement the dual-capital system, there was both the southern capital, Xichao City, and the northern capital, Yincheng. Luoyang and Anyang became sister cities during the Shang and Yin Dynasties.
3. Luoyang, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou tribe was originally a tribe with a long history in the west of my country. Together with the Xia and Shang tribes, they were called the three major tribes in the late primitive society of my country. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, the Zhou tribe was their vassal state.
At the end of the Shang Dynasty, King Zhou was ignorant and ignorant. During the reign of King Wu, the power of Zhou was already very strong and he was determined to destroy Shang. In 1066 BC, King Wu of Zhou took the opportunity to lead his troops eastward and crossed the river through Mengjin in the north of Luoyang, overthrowing them in one fell swoop. The Shang Dynasty was ruled by the Zhou Dynasty, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty. After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he wanted to establish his capital in Luoyang. According to "Zuo Zhuan·Xuan Gong Three Years", "King Wu conquered the Shang Dynasty and moved the Nine Tripods to Luoyang". Wherever he moved, it meant where to build his capital. After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he first came to Luoyang and decided to build a city here immediately, named Luoyi. The site was located southeast of the White Horse Temple. "Historical Records of the Zhou Dynasty" records: "King Wu camped in Luoyi during Zhou Dynasty and then left. "Between the camps, King Wu once went to Mount Song to offer sacrifices to heaven. King Wu did not return immediately after conquering Shang. Instead, he stayed in Luoyang to observe the terrain, built residences for Zhou people, offered sacrifices to heaven on Mount Song, moved Jiuding, etc. At the same time, in Before Zhou Gong built Luoyi, Luoyang was already called Luoyi. The city of Luoyi was probably not big. Although King Wu wanted to make Luoyi the capital, he did not move the capital until he became the king of the city.
King Wu destroyed it. In the second year after the Shang Dynasty, he died of illness in Haojing, and King Cheng ascended the throne. Since King Cheng was a child, his uncle Zhou Gong assisted him in the administration. Duke Zhou came to Luoyang successively and started large-scale construction projects from March to December. From then on, there were two capitals in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Haojing. During the Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang in the east was called Chengzhou. Chengzhou was divided into the royal city and the lower capital. The lower capital was later called Chengzhou. During the Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang had many names, and they often changed. "鏏(humiliation卩)". 鏏(humiliation卩) is the royal city of Zhou Dynasty. In the fifth year of King Cheng's reign, he moved the capital to the royal city of Zhou Dynasty.
The inscription "He Zun" records: "King Wei first moved his residence to When the Zhou Dynasty was completed, the ceremony was repeated to King Wu, and blessings came from heaven. Only the five sacrifices of the king. "Since the Western Zhou Dynasty became king, all the kings came to Chengzhou to occupy the throne and govern. This is recorded in the inscriptions on Zhou vessels. Among them, it is recorded that there are 8 vessels for the king, 7 vessels for King Zhao, 1 vessel for King Mu, and 14 vessels for King Gong. , King Yi's 4 vessels, King Xiao's 3 vessels, King Yi's 1 vessel, King Li's 15 vessels, and King Xuan and King You's 2 vessels each. No inscription records were found by King Kang that other kings often stayed in Luo and Hao to handle state affairs. Neither of the two capitals had the highest official position in the central government. The Duke of Zhou was in Luo and the Duke of Zhao was in Hao. After the death of Duke Zhou, his son Jun Chen inherited the position of Duke of Zhou and continued to guard Luoyang as the eastern capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. From the fifth year to the second year of King Ping, it lasted for 295 years. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were 10 kings: King Cheng, King Zhao, King Mu, King Gong, King Yi, King Xiao, King Yi, King Li, King Xuan, and King You. /p>
4. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty
When King Zhou Xuan died and King Zhou You was established, a big earthquake occurred in Guanzhong and the disaster was serious. "Shi Xiaoya·The Turn of October" says: "Three rivers were exhausted." , Qishan collapse. Hundreds of rivers are boiling, mountains and tombs are collapsing, high banks are turning into valleys, and deep valleys are turning into mausoleums. "Coupled with internal corruption, social darkness, and palace divisions. In 771 BC, King You was killed, and the Western Capital of Haojing was robbed. In the second year after King Ping came to the throne, that is, in 770 BC, he decided to abolish the Western Capital and move all of it to the Eastern Capital. History It is called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. There was only one capital in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: Luoyang. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were still two cities: one was the royal city, built by Duke Wu, and the other was the residence of the emperor. When the camp was restored, it was the capital of the Qiudong Bureau of Wangcheng for 310 years. Starting from King Ping of Zhou, it went through King Huan, King Zhuang, King Li, King Hui, King Xiang, King Qing, King Kuang, King Ding, and King Jian. There were 14 emperors: King Ling, King Jing, King Mou, and King Nan. Chengzhou was the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty for 205 years, and went through King Jing, King Yuan, King Zhending, King Ai, King Si, King Kao, and King Weilie. Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty for 515 years and 25 emperors. On the third day of February in 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor in Dingtao, which is known as the Western Han Dynasty or the Former Han Dynasty in history. In the month when Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, he came to Luoyang from Dingtao. "Zizhi Tongjian" records: "The emperor set up wine in Luoyang Nangong. "After commenting on the merits and rewards, the civil servants and military generals were all very happy, so they decided to make Luoyang the capital. In May, Lou Jing from Qi passed by Luoyang and persuaded Liu Bang to move the capital to Chang'an. Liu Bang's civil and military ministers were mostly from Guandong and were unwilling to move westward. After a debate , Liu Bangcai decided to move the capital west to Chang'an
6. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty
In the 25th year of Luoyang, Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor in Baixiang, Hebei, and became Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty. Attacked Luoyang and made Luoyang the capital. It was called the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Later Han Dynasty.
After more than ten years of fighting, Guangwu Liu Xiu completed the great cause of unifying the country. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Luoyang was a famous capital in the world. Luoyang was the political, economic, and cultural center of the country, and it was also the largest industrial and commercial city in the country. Its city site is on the east side of the current White Horse Temple, which is the ruins of the ancient city of the Han and Wei dynasties. Liu Xiu of the Eastern Han Dynasty founded it in 26 AD, and it took 196 years until Emperor Xie arrived in 220 AD. The Eastern Han Dynasty had three capitals: Luoyang, Xuchang, and Chang'an. Among them, Luoyang was the capital for 165 years, Xuchang was the capital for 26 years, and Chang'an was the capital for 5 years. There were 14 emperors in Luoyang: Emperor Guangwu, Emperor Ming, Emperor Zhang, Emperor He, Emperor Shaodi Shang, Emperor An, Shaodi (Liu Yi), Emperor Shun, Emperor Chong, Emperor Zhi, Emperor Huan, Emperor Ling, (Liu Bian), and Emperor Xian.
7. Luoyang, the capital of Cao Wei
After the first year of Chuping, the reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, the world fell apart, warlords separated themselves, and fighting continued for years. The Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only. The situation of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu gradually taking shape. Cao Cao's power gradually grew during the warlords' melee and suppression of the rebel army, and finally took control of the power of the Eastern Han Dynasty, holding the emperor in power to order the princes. In 207 AD, Cao Cao basically unified northern China. In 213 AD, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty granted Cao Cao the title of Duke of Wei. In 216 AD, Cao Cao was granted the title of King of Wei. In 220 AD, Cao Cao died of illness in Luoyang, and his son Cao Pi succeeded to the throne. Soon, Cao Pi deposed Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty as Duke of Shanyang, and established himself as emperor, who was Emperor Wen of Wei. He changed the name of Han Dynasty to Wei Dynasty and made Luoyang the capital. It is called Cao Wei in history. Cao Wei made Luoyang its capital for 46 years from 220 AD to 265 AD when Sima Yan destroyed Wei. It went through five emperors: Emperor Wen of Wei, Emperor Ming of Wei, King Qi, Duke Gaogui, and Emperor Yuan.
8. Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty
In the later period of Cao Wei, politics was dark and Cao Wei declined. In 265 AD, Sima Yan succeeded to the throne of the Jin Dynasty, and then repeated Cao Pi's trick of replacing the Han Dynasty, forcing Huan Huan to abdicate the throne and proclaimed himself emperor as Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty. He changed the country's name to Jin, and was known as the Western Jin Dynasty in history. The capital of the Western Jin Dynasty was still Luoyang. In the 51st year of Duluo in the Western Jin Dynasty, there were four Jin emperors: Emperor Wu, Emperor Hui, Emperor Huai, and Emperor Min. The city is located at the ruins of the ancient city of Han and Wei dynasties east of White Horse Temple.
9. The Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang
After the Western Jin Dynasty unified the People's Republic of China, there was a period of social stability, the economy was restored and developed, and material wealth increased. But the rulers were extremely corrupt. Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty had more than ten thousand concubines and lived in debauchery. Empress Jia was so lascivious that she snatched men from the street and brought them into the palace to become her concubines. It is surprising that Wang Kai, a foreign relative, is richer than Shi Chong, a nobleman. And so on, it finally led to the "Eight Kings Rebellion", which lasted for 16 years. Luoyang encountered serious damage. In 494 AD (the 18th year of Taihe), the Northern Wei Dynasty occupied the Central Plains, unified the north, and moved its capital to Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was a very accomplished emperor. He insisted on reforms, rectified official administration, severely punished corrupt officials, restored the economy, and developed production. Promoting learning Chinese, speaking Chinese, and wearing Hanfu promoted the integration of northern ethnic groups. Luoyang was destroyed and restored and developed. In the 41st year of Luoyang, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were eight emperors: Emperor Xiaowen, Emperor Xuanwu, Emperor Xiaoming, Emperor Xiaozhuang, King Changguang, Emperor Jiemin, King Anding, and Emperor Xiaowu.
10. The Sui Dynasty established the Eastern Capital
In 604 AD, Yang Guang ascended the throne in Chang'an and became Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. At the end of the year when Yang Guang took the throne, he came to Luoyang in person, climbed Mang Mountain, and inspected the terrain. He believed that the south of Mang Mountain, the north of Yique, the west of (氵廛) water, and the east of Jianhe River were excellent military locations, and he decided to build the eastern capital here. In March 605 AD, he appointed Shangshu Yang Su as the eunuch to build the Eastern Capital, Nayan Yang Da as the deputy eunuch, and Yu Wenkai as the general master craftsman. He recruited two million craftsmen every month to carry out large-scale construction. The project of the Eastern Capital in Luoyang was completed in the first month of the second year. Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty, who was touring the south of the Yangtze River, immediately set off from Jiangdu and arrived in Luoyang, the Eastern Capital. Then the officials of the Sixth Palace moved to Luoyang. It has become the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country, with a population of over one million and tens of thousands of wealthy merchants. Xiyuan in the west of the city is the largest and most beautiful Huaxuan in the country. In 618 AD, Sui Dynasty general Yu Wenji rebelled in Yangzhou. Entering the palace, he killed Emperor Yang Tong of the Sui Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang. Wang Shichong became the Taiwei and took charge of the government. In April of the second year of Yining (AD 619), Wang Shichong deposed Yang Tong as the Duke of Lu and established himself as the emperor. , the country was named Zheng. It was later destroyed by the Tang Dynasty in the 15th year of Duluo.
In 11th year, the Tang Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang. In 618 AD, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, ordered the renovation of Luoyang City, known as Luoyang Palace. He came to Luoyang three times to handle government affairs and foreign affairs, and lived in Luoyang Palace for two years. Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi came to Luoyang in the sixth year of Yonghui (AD 657) to handle national affairs. In fact, the capital of the Tang Dynasty had been moved from Chang'an to Luoyang. In 44 AD, the capital was in Luoyang for 10 years. After the Anshi Rebellion, the power of the Tang Central Committee was greatly weakened, and the power of the Jiedu Envoy became stronger and stronger. In 907 AD, Zhu Wen deposed the Tang Emperor (Aizong), and the Tang Dynasty was divided into five dynasties and ten kingdoms. During the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang and Chang'an were both famous cities in the world. Luoyang was the capital of the Tang Dynasty for more than 30 years, including Emperors Gaozong, Zhongzong, Ruizong, Xuanzong, Zhaozong and Aizong.
Twelve, Wu Zetian was the capital of China. The only female emperor in history. She played a certain role in the development of Chinese history.
Known for her beauty, she entered the palace at the age of 14 and became a talented woman. After Li Zhi, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, came to the throne, he was named queen. Li Zhi suffered from hypertension, and Empress Wu participated in political affairs. The ministers also called the emperor and empress the "Two Saints". On September 9, the first year of Tianshou (AD 690), Wu Zetian proclaimed Li Dan his heir, proclaimed himself emperor, honored him as Holy Emperor, changed the name of the country to Zhou, and changed the Eastern Capital to the Divine Capital. In the first year of Shenlong (705 AD), the 82-year-old Wu Zetian was forced to give way to Tang Zhongzong Li Xian while she was ill, and the country's name was restored to Tang. Wu Zetian was in power for 50 years and reigned as emperor for 15 years, with Luoyang as her capital.
13. The capital of Houliang was moved to Luoyang
In 907 AD, after Zhu Wen deposed Li Qi, Emperor Aizong of the Tang Dynasty, he proclaimed himself emperor and established the Liang Dynasty, which was known as Houliang in history. The first capital was Kaifeng. Later, the capital was moved to Luoyang, and the history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began. Zhu Wen was greedy. In 912 AD, Zhu Wen's third son, Zhu Yougui, fought for the throne, killed Le Wen, and established himself as emperor, still making his capital Luoyang. In February 913 AD, Zhu Youzhen killed Lie Yougui, proclaimed himself emperor, and later moved the capital to Kaifeng. In the 4th year of Duluo's reign in the Later Liang Dynasty, he became the second emperor.
14. The capital of the Later Tang Dynasty was moved to Luoyang
In 923 AD, Li Cunxu eliminated the Hou Liang regime in Kaifeng and proclaimed himself emperor. The emperor was named Tang Zhuangzong, the country was named Tang, and was known as the Later Tang in history. Kaifeng was the capital Later moved to Luoyang. The Western Capital was renamed Luojing, and later the Eastern Capital. After Emperor Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty proclaimed himself emperor, he restored the Tang system and made a difference. Later, the middle chamber was overhauled, beauties were widely selected, they were arrogant and extravagant, ignored political affairs, imposed excessive taxes and miscellaneous taxes, and the people were miserable. In 936 AD, Shi Jingtang, the governor of Taiyuan, captured Luoyang with the help of Khitan nobles, and the Later Tang Dynasty fell. In the 13th year of Duluo's reign in the later Tang Dynasty, there were four emperors.
15. Luoyang, the capital of the Later Jin Dynasty
Shi Jingtang used the Khitan army of 300,000 to destroy the Later Tang Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, and was named Gaozu of the Jin Dynasty. He was called the Later Jin Dynasty in history. Duluo for 2 years, then moved the capital to Kaifeng.
To sum up, there were 15 dynasties and 105 emperors who established their capital in Luoyang, which lasted for 1,650 years.
Luoyang is a world-famous ancient capital with the earliest establishment, longest duration and most dynasties among the six ancient capitals in China