(A) literature before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC)
Modern literature in China originated from the May 4th Movement. The 30 years from the May 4th Movement to the birth of New China is the development period of modern new literature in Guangdong. During this period, it can be roughly divided into four stages:
1. The first stage was from 8 years of the Republic of China to 16 years (19 19- 1927), which was the embryonic period of Guangdong new literature. Many advanced intellectuals in Guangdong went to Beijing and Shanghai, the centers of the New Culture Movement, and even went to Japan, Europe and the United States to study. Many advanced newspapers and information also publicized new cultures and new trends of thought. Among them are Peng Pai, Jiangsu, He Xiangning. After returning to China, they joined a group of progressive young people in the local area, set up new literary societies and publications, translated and introduced Marxism, and publicized Marxist literary thoughts; Publish anti-imperialist and anti-feudal articles that expose social darkness, attack feudal ethics and expose imperialist aggression crimes. The establishment of the Guangzhou branch of the Literature Research Association, marked by the formation of the new literature team, further promoted the development of the new culture movement in Guangdong. 12 (1923), the third national congress was held in Guangzhou, and Qu Qiubai, one of the important founders of revolutionary literature in Chen Duxiu and China, came to Guangzhou. They also guided Guangdong's literary movement with party affairs. In the same year, the * * * central organ moved to Guangzhou, where it published the organ publication "Forward", which made Guangdong have a tendency to engage in revolutionary propaganda activities in the form of literature, and wrote a number of revolutionary literary works such as Peng Pai's "Tian Zi scolded Tiangong" and "Labor Song". At this time, Guangdong new literature team began to form, and a number of writers such as Peng Pai, Hou Yao, Liang, Zhang Ziping, He Wei, Hong, Dai and Huang Yangshan emerged.
Since the Republic of China 15 (1926), Guangdong new literature has ushered in a good momentum of greater development. At the beginning of the year, Mao Dun came to Guangzhou. In March, Guo Moruo went to Guangzhou as the dean of the College of Literature of Guangdong University. During his tenure, he wrote the article Revolution and Literature, advocating that revolutionary youth "go among workers and peasants and among the people". At the same time, famous writers who have been to Guangzhou successively include Yu Dafu, Wang, Mu and Zheng. Especially in the early years of the Republic of China 16 (1927), Lu Xun went to Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen University to teach, and gave lectures in many institutions, such as large and medium-sized schools, Whampoa Military Academy and so on, earnestly teaching young students that "reading does not forget the revolution, and the revolution does not forget reading". The arrival of these famous writers greatly promoted the development of Guangdong new literature.
2. The second stage is 16-26 years (1927- 1937). At this stage, due to the failure of the Great Revolution, many writers feel that literature should express the views of the proletariat and directly serve the proletariat. At the initiative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese Left-wing Writers' Union (hereinafter referred to as "Left-wing Writers' Union") was established in Shanghai, becoming a progressive group that unites the broad masses of literary and art personnel under the leadership of the China * * * Production Party. Guangdong writers (Du), Hong, Pu Feng, Feng Keng, Feng Naichao, Dai, Feng and Qiu Dongping successively participated in the "Left-wing Writers' Association", and Feng Naichao and Hong also served as leaders of the "Left-wing Writers' Association". Under the influence of the "Left League", Guangdong's new literature movement flourished. Many young writers in Guangdong have published a number of literary works, established journals and opened up literary gardens in Shanghai.
After the September 18th Incident, Chen, He Andong wrote anti-Japanese songs such as Rise to Save the Nation, National Spirit, Defending China and National Mobilization, which played an important role in mobilizing the anti-Japanese war.
In 2 1 (1932) of the Republic of China, Ouyang Shan and others established Guangzhou Federation of General Writers (Guangzhou Branch of China Left-wing Writers' League) in Guangzhou, and cooperated with the initiative of Shanghai Left-wing League to popularize literature and art, publish Guangzhou Literature and Art Weekly, and vigorously create popular literature and dialect novels. At the same time, Rao Zhangfeng and Dou Ai secretly published Uranus and Nanyin in Guangzhou, and Jiang Mu published literary and artistic publications such as Spark.
In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), Guangzhou left-wing cultural groups established Guangzhou Branch of China General Culture Alliance, Guangzhou Branch of China Social Scientists Alliance and Guangzhou Branch of China Dramatists Alliance, with He Ganzhi, Ouyang Shan and Hu Chunbing as presidents respectively. In the summer of the same year, Guangzhou Branch of Chinese Poetry Society was established, and Liu Wen and Chen Canyun participated in the activities. At the end of the year, Gong Ming, the "Left League" in Guangzhou, was killed by the Kuomintang authorities.
In the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), the "Guangzhou Federation of Literary and Art Circles" was destroyed by the Kuomintang authorities, and six people including Tan were arrested and sacrificed. The activities of left-wing literary and art groups in Guangzhou have basically stopped, but other progressive literary and art groups are still active and developing; Literary and art personnel still adopt various methods and insist on developing new literary and artistic activities such as literature, drama, music and fine arts.
In the 25th year of the Republic of China (1936), Rao Zhangfeng returned to Guangzhou from Hong Kong to organize activities in memory of Lu Xun, which revived Guangdong's new literature activities. That autumn, Guangzhou Artists Association was established.
At this stage, the activities of Guangdong left-wing literary and art groups and their writers were integrated into the mainstream of Guangdong new literature (literature and art) in the 1930s, which laid a solid foundation for the development of Guangdong revolutionary literature and art and had a far-reaching impact.
3. The third stage is 26-34 years old (1937- 1945). After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression began, Guangdong writers such as Ouyang Shan joined the anti-Japanese propaganda work in Shanghai. In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), Du, Zuo, Yang Yingbin and He Jiahuai joined the Shanghai Field Army of the Eighth Army, and brought the field army to the anti-Japanese front to publicize comfort and relief for refugees. In the same year, Ouyang Shan, Cao Ming, and Ryan returned to Guangzhou to start Half-monthly Talk. In February 65438, Ouyang Shan, Yang, Bai Jia, Pu Feng, Ma Sicong, Liao and others, who were elected as the propaganda ministers of Guangdong Cultural Salvation Association, used novels, poems, music, drama, art and other literary forms to carry out anti-Japanese propaganda. At the same time, Guangzhou Poetry Society was established and published to encourage the war of resistance. After that, Guangdong new poetry rose, and new poets emerged, creating a number of excellent new poems. After the fall of Shanghai, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China * * systematically transferred the democrats and intellectuals in the occupied areas, such as Soong Ching Ling, He Xiangning, Liu Yazi, Guo Moruo, Ba Jin, Zou Taofen, Zhang Naiqi, Du Junhui, Ye, Yao Qianxiu, Sakongge, Ryan, Zhou Gangming and Lin Lin, to Guangzhou and Hong Kong. The arrival of these cultural celebrities in the provinces and ports greatly accelerated the process of the new literature movement in the provinces and ports.
At the beginning of the 27th year of the Republic of China (1938), Wang Jiu Daily was officially reissued in Guangzhou. Lin Lin, Yao Qianxiu, Ye, Ryan, Zhou Gangming, etc. Participated in the preparations for the re-publication, and later Guangdong writers such as Hua Jia, Chen, Cai, Ouyang Shan, Si Mawensen and Huang Xinbo all took part in running the newspaper. Pu Feng, Lei, Huang and Lin also volunteered to write for the newspaper. In March, Feng Naichao was elected as the director of the All-China Federation of Anti-Japanese Literary and Art Circles, and participated in the Federation's leadership and promotion of national anti-Japanese literary and artistic activities. Since then, Huang Xinbo, Lai Shaoqi and Li Hua have participated in the leadership work of the National Anti-Japanese Association in the art world. The slogan "Articles go to the countryside, articles join the army" put forward by the Federation of Literary and Art Circles has a positive impact on encouraging literary and art workers to go deep into life and reflect the real struggle. In March and April of the same year, Mao Dun's Literary Position and Ba Jin's Bonfire were reprinted in Guangzhou.
During this period, Guangdong writers created and published a number of works that exposed the brutality of the Japanese invaders, the Kuomintang troops retreated without fighting, and praised the people's indomitable and tenacious struggle for national liberation. Such as Ouyang Shan, Cao Ming, Shao Zinan, Qiu Dongping's The Giver, Qiu Dongping's Stormy Days, A Company Commander's Battle Encounter, Maoshanxia, Ryan's Retreat, Yu Ru's Far-off Love, Pu Feng's Anti-Japanese War Poems, etc.
4. The fourth stage is 34-38 years old (1945- 1949). After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, most of the Guangdong literary and art workers who were originally under the leadership of the underground party in China returned to work in the mainland through organizational arrangements. In 35 years of the Republic of China (1946), Mao Dun returned to Guangzhou to guide Guangdong's literary and artistic activities, which led to the rapid prosperity of Guangzhou's new literary activities and dozens of literary publications. However, in the first half of that year, the Kuomintang authorities in Guangzhou banned progressive books and periodicals, destroyed progressive cultural institutions and persecuted progressive intellectuals. In the summer of the same year, a large number of progressive intellectuals from Shanghai, Chongqing, Kunming and Guangzhou retreated to Hong Kong again, making Hong Kong a new stronghold for the development of new culture, newly expanding Guangzhou's "dialect literature" and creating and publishing a number of popular literature works.
During the War of Liberation, Guangdong writers created and published a number of works, such as Ouyang Shan's The Power of Gao Qian's Peace, Tears of the Pearl River, Yu Feng's Country Girl, Huang Guliu's Biography of Shrimp, Huang's short story of democracy, and his long poem Retreat.
(B) Literature after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).
In July of the 38th year of the Republic of China (1949), a group of literary and art workers from Guangdong participated in the first national congress of literary and art workers.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development of Guangdong's new literature can be roughly divided into four stages:
1. 1949 10 months to 1956 12 months, that is, seven years of socialist transformation. At this stage, under the leadership of the Central South Branch and the Central Guangdong Provincial Party Committee, Guangdong Literature (Literature and Art) Department experienced the process of accepting cultural institutions left over by the Kuomintang government, establishing new literary (literature and art) institutions and teams, cooperating with the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, carrying out publicity and education work, suppressing counter-revolutionaries, the three evils against five evils, land reform, and transforming private industrial and commercial and cooperative movements, thus cultivating literary talents and creating works. His main works include Ouyang Shan's Hero, A Bright Future, Dawn in a Mountain Village in Chen Canyun, An Ambush in Yangcheng, and Qin Mu's Beijing Blessing. As well as a large numb of works by other writer, presented a prosperous scene of literary creation and ushered in that first harvest period of Guangdong's literary creation after the found of the people's republic of China.
2. 1957 1 to1April 966, that is, the year of building socialism in an all-round way. At this stage, although some writers were wrongly labeled as "Rightists" by the scourge of 1957' s anti-rightist struggle, and their creative enthusiasm was greatly hit, Guangdong writers were deeply moved by the high morale of the people and the vigorous construction of socialism, especially by Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi and other intellectuals who suggested that the vast majority of intellectuals in China were already working people. His main works include Ouyang Shan's Romantic Generation, Volume I, Sanjiaxiang and Volume II, Struggle, etc. Chen Canyun's Four Seasons Fragrance, Qin Mu's Flower City, Sima Hai's Shell Picking, Vincent's Wind and Rain Crossing the River, Tao Zhu's Pine Wind, Ryan's Golden Sand Beach, and Wu Youheng's.
3.1May 1966 to1May 1976, that is, the "Cultural Revolution" 10 year. At this stage, Guangdong, like the whole country, the leaders of the literary and art circles were seized of power, literary and art units were smashed and robbed, and the people were forced to work in "cadre schools"; Then criticize the "black line of literature and art" characters and the "three highs" characters; Around 1974, under the control of the Gang of Four, the Ministry of Culture began to criticize the three Taofeng operas, Absolute Music and Black Painting. 1975, under the planning of the Gang of Four, launched "criticizing Deng and opposing Right Deviation". In these black storms, literary and art workers have been attacked and criticized by all kinds of unwarranted attacks. This scourge lasted for several years, making the literary and art circles in the "severe winter season", Guangdong's literary creation shrank and withered, and good literary works were few and far between.
4. 1976 10 After the national reform and opening up, Guangdong literature (literature and art) has embarked on a new stage of steady prosperity and development. * * * The Guangdong Provincial Party Committee decided and directly instructed to hold the second plenary (enlarged) meeting of the first Guangdong Federation of Literary and Art Circles in February 1977 to expose and criticize the Gang of Four's "black line dictatorship theory of literature and art"; Take the lead in carrying out the "four restorations" in China, namely: restoring the Guangdong Federation of Literary and Art Circles and Writers' Association; Restore Guangdong's Cantonese Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Qionghai Opera, Han Opera and other literary and artistic units; Restore literary colleges; The resumption of publishing, screening and performance activities of literary and artistic works such as literature, movies, plays, songs and dances that were unreasonably criticized during the Cultural Revolution made Guangdong literary and art circles have a gratifying scene of "active thinking, active creation and active performance". The People's Daily and CCTV reported these "three activities" to the whole country, which produced great social repercussions. Secondly, the wrongs of previous political movements and the wrong criticism of works and literary and art workers were rehabilitated. Third, eliminate the pernicious influence of the Gang of Four. At the same time, some old writers published articles along the direction of Mao Zedong's literature and art, reiterating that they should advance along the direction of Mao Zedong's literature and art; Some writers continue to create some historical novels; Some writers have created and published a number of literary works that expose the "scar literature" of the Cultural Revolution and the social dark side and social malpractice that were not allowed to be exposed in the past, such as Ouyang Shan's The Romantic Generation, Volume IV, The Holy Land and Volume V, The Spring of Ten Thousand Years, The Tropical Storm, Douay's Storm of the Pacific, and Liu Sifen's White. Guangdong writers, as a team that opened up a new period of China literature, have received national attention and praise.
1979 Summer, Guangdong College of Literature was established as the successor of literary writers. After the Fourth National Literature Conference, a group of writers went to the front line of industrial and agricultural production and reform and opening up, and went deep into Guangdong life. After entering the 1980s, Guangdong writers, old and new, have created and published a number of good works that are influential in the whole country and the whole province, attracted the attention of literary circles and welcomed by readers. At the same time, Ouyang Shan, Chen Canyun, Wu Youheng, Dou Ai, Qin Mu and other older writers held activities to celebrate decades of literary creation, and published collections of Ouyang Shan, Chen Canyun and Qin Mu (65,438+00 volumes each). At this stage, Lu Xun's literary and artistic reward system in Guangdong was established, and the creation, publication, performance and exhibition of Guangdong's literary and artistic works were evaluated and rewarded regularly, which greatly stimulated the creative enthusiasm of literary and artistic workers. Excellent works are constantly emerging, and new people come forth in large numbers, which has become the period with the largest number of artists in Guangdong history.