Why is the culture of Tang Dynasty diverse and rich?

The Tang Dynasty is one of the prosperous times in the history of China and the most open era in ancient China. Openness and prosperity are the deepest impressions left by the Tang Dynasty to the world, and they are also an enduring and important topic in the research field of Tang Shi. In order to further explore this issue, the Chinese Tang History Society and Hebei Academic Journal jointly organized this group of special discussions. Looking back on the opening and prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, we can find that the opening of the Tang Dynasty originated from the open concept of a big country, and there was no partition between China and foreign countries in the Tang Dynasty. This initially formed concept of "China people and foreigners are one family" not only surpassed the predecessors, but also had a far-reaching impact on the concepts of China people and foreigners in later generations. Secondly, the opening up of the Tang Dynasty was multifaceted. There are not only material materials but also rich cultural resources along the Silk Road. The opening-up of foreign culture in the Tang Dynasty has the characteristics of "striding forward", that is, it not only widely affects neighboring countries and regions, but also absorbs foreign cultures eclectically. Thirdly, the Tang Dynasty created a harmonious ethnic relationship and a relatively stable external environment through its strong economic strength, conferring system and Jimi county system, which provided political guarantee for opening up and prosperity. On the contrary, when there was such a big social unrest in China, or when the politics in the late Tang Dynasty was extremely corrupt, the opening up of the Tang Dynasty was at a standstill. From today's point of view, there are many things that can be learned from the opening up of the Tang Dynasty, leaving many important inspirations for future generations, especially the many characteristics and experiences of the opening up of the Tang Dynasty, which are worthy of our in-depth consideration today. Historical experience tells us that only comprehensive and lasting opening to the outside world is the correct way for the country to become rich and strong and the nation to develop.

The most remarkable literary achievement of the Tang Dynasty is the Tang poetry. Since Chen Ziang and the "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty", famous poets in the Tang Dynasty have emerged one after another, among which Li Bai, Du Fu, Cen Can and Wang Wei in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Li He, Han Yu and Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty are several representatives. Their poems have different styles, including rich imagination of the mythical world and detailed description of real life, including passionate frontier poems, gloomy and heavy "poetic history" and fresh and refined pastoral poems. These poems are isomorphic and become outstanding representatives of China's literary achievements. Although there were still outstanding poets in the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the overall level of regular poetry and classical poetry was not as good as that of the Tang Dynasty, which made Tang poetry an insurmountable peak of classical poetry in China.

The religious policy in the early Tang Dynasty was relatively tolerant, and the two traditional religions in China, Buddhism and Taoism, both developed greatly. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was the state religion, and princes and nobles were all proud of Taoist priests, taking Laozi, Zhuangzi, Wen Zi, Liezi and other Taoist classics as themes. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, monk Xuanzang went to Tianzhu (now India) to study 657 Buddhist scriptures, so the Tang Dynasty built the Wild Goose Pagoda to preserve these Buddhist scriptures. Xuanzang absorbed a lot of Taoist terms in order to conform to the national conditions of the Tang Dynasty at that time. A large number of Buddhist classics were translated and introduced, and China monks' own ideological system gradually matured, which made China Buddhism develop steadily during this period, and most major sects of China Buddhism were formed or matured during this period. Other religions, such as Islam, Nestorianism (Christian nestorius) and Zoroastrianism, were also introduced into China with international exchanges. When Tang Wuzong adopted a high-handed policy towards Buddhism, it was known in history that Huichang destroyed Buddhism, which made other Buddhist sects, except a few sects such as Zen, never recover.

The Tang government pursued a relatively open foreign policy. In 64 1 year, Emperor Taizong sent someone to escort Princess Wencheng to Tubo to marry Zambizong Zambopo. Later, Princess Jincheng married Zampchi Dezuzan and formed an alliance for the same family. Brought the advanced culture of the Tang Dynasty to Tubo. In 822, the Tang-Fan Alliance was established, and the boundaries were demarcated and non-aggression. The Jokhang Temple in Lhasa still preserves the monument of the Tang-Fan Alliance. In 794, the Tang Dynasty and Nanzhao joined forces in Diancang Mountain, and the two sides established good relations.