Li Bai's family background and birthplace are still a mystery, and there are different opinions in academic circles. One said that Li Bai's ancestral home was in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now southwest of Jingning, Gansu), and he was born in Broken Leaf City (in Tang Dynasty, it belonged to Anxi Duhu House, now in Kyrgyzstan). When I was a child, I stayed with my father in Qinglian Township, Changlong, Mian County (now Jiangyou, Sichuan Province). Teenagers show their talents, recite poems, read widely and exercise. From the age of twenty-five, he left Sichuan, traveled around the world and experienced more social life. In the meantime, he was canonized by Hanlin, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.
Throughout Li Bai's life, his experience can be divided into four periods: (1) reading roaming period (before the age of 42). At the same time, Li Bai's fifteen wonderful books, Fu Ling Xiang Ru, fifteen immortals and fifteen good swordsmanship. After the age of twenty, he roamed the land of Shu. This has an important influence on Li Bai's bold and unconstrained character and poetic style. Judging from his footprints, he is half China. He has lived in seclusion with Yuan Danqiu, Kong Chaofu and Taoist Wu Yun in Songshan, Culai and Tanzhong. (2) Chang 'an for three years (42 to 45 years old). In the first year of Tianbao, due to the recommendation of Wu Yun, Xuanzong sent a letter to Chang 'an. "Laugh at the sky and go out. Are we Artemisia people? " ("Nanling children go to Beijing") He Zhangzhi's opinion, lamenting that it is "fallen immortals", and the ruling and opposition parties became famous. But Xuanzong only used him to decorate Taiping, so he felt that his political ideal was shattered. Li Bai despises powerful people. It is said that Gao Made took off his boots in front of Xuanzong when he was drunk. Gao Lishi thought it was a great shame, so he picked Li Bai's poems and angered Yang Guifei. "Yang Jiuzhu, make waves and red leaves." His arrogant style of despising the imperial power was finally unacceptable, so he came out again. After three years in Hanlin, he realized the decadence of the ruling delegation and the darkness of real politics, so he began to write some poems to express his anger and attack the reality. (3) Roaming again (45 to 55 years old). "As soon as I go to Beijing, I will take ten passengers to Liangyuan." After leaving Beijing, I made friends with Du Fu in Luoyang. When they arrived in Bianzhou, they met Gao Shi again, and the three of them went with Song Liang. Du Li has established a deep friendship. In the meantime, "being unemployed is like floating Peng", and life is very embarrassing. As politics became darker and darker during Tianbao's reign, his mood was also very sad. But he believes that he is "brilliant and worthy of being an Englishman in the world." Therefore, more and more works reveal the reality, and the spirit of resistance is getting stronger and stronger, which has become a remarkable feature of his creation in this period. (4) unfortunate year (55 to death). An Shi Rebellion, Li Bai hid Lushan Mountain. Lin raised his troops and crossed Xunyang, making him a shogunate general. I was willing to fight against chaos, but I was dragged down by the defeat and exile of Yelang. "I have never shed tears in my life. I am crying here." On the way, I met the East. Wandering and suffering in his later years, he died in Dangtu, Anhui.
Most of Li Bai's life was spent in the heyday of Xuanzong's rule in Tang Dynasty, that is, Kaiyuan and Tianbao years. In the 14th year of Tianbao of Xuanzong (AD 755), an Anshi Rebellion, a great war that swept half of China, lasted for eight years. The war has seriously damaged the social production in the Yellow River basin and brought great disasters to the people. Since then, the Tang Dynasty began to decline. Li Bai's life is also in the historical period from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the sharp decline. He was a witness to many important events in this period. During the Anshi Rebellion, Li Bai and Fu were regarded as the embodiment of patriotism.
1. Engineering overview
Li Bai was a great poet in China in the Tang Dynasty, and he was known as "Poet Fairy". Among more than 900 poems handed down by Li Bai, there are obvious expressions of contempt for feudal dignitaries, reflections on the sufferings of people's livelihood at that time, exposure and criticism of political darkness, and praise for the magnificent mountains and rivers of the motherland. His poetic style is magnificent, his imagination is rich, his language is clear and lively, and his temperament is harmonious and changeable. He is the pinnacle of classical romantic poetry. In addition to the two poems in this class, Li Bai's representative works include Thoughts on a Quiet Night, First Making a White Emperor City, Difficult Travel, Difficult Road, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, Going to Wine, Ding Du Hugue, Autumn Puge, Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Looking at Tianmen Mountain and so on.
major project
Five-word quatrain: thinking at night
The foot of my bed is shining so brightly. Is there frost already?
I looked up at the moon and looked down, feeling nostalgic.
Seven-character quatrains: Looking at Lushan Waterfall
The purple mist is illuminated by sunlight, and the waterfall hangs in front of the mountain.
On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth.
Seven-character quatrains: a gift for Wang Lun.
Li Bai was just about to leave when he heard a farewell song from the shore.
Even if the Peach Blossom Pond is deep, it is not as deep as Wang Lun's sending away my love.
Seven-character Rhyme: On "Nanjing on the Phoenix Platform"
There used to be a phoenix on the phoenix platform, and the phoenix went to Taiwan, only Jiangdong returned.
Martial arts flowers were laid on deserted paths, and the number of relatives and friends in the Jin Dynasty has become a famine.
The mountains are shrouded in clouds, such as blue sky, and the river is divided into two.
There is always a traitor in power, like covering the sky, and Chang' an is depressed when he can't see it.
There is a phoenix flying on the phoenix platform, and the phoenix flies away. Now that the Phoenix Tower is empty, the Yangtze River water is still flowing. The once prosperous court of Wu was abandoned. The aristocrats of the Eastern Jin Dynasty have already been buried. Three mountains are looming on the horizon. Egrets divide the river into two channels. Clouds always cover the sun and the moon, and I can't go back to Chang' an, so I am deeply depressed.
When Li Bai was young, he first came to the Yellow Crane Tower and stood upstairs looking at the prospect of the Yangtze River. He is full of emotion and poetry. However, "the sight is a scene, but Cui Hao's poems are in his mind". Nevertheless, Li Bai has never forgotten this matter, nor has he forgotten the poem Yellow Crane Tower. Later, Li Bai wrote "On the Phoenix Terrace in Nanjing" with the rhythm of Cui Haoshi.
Jinling was the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties. The poet boarded the Phoenix Terrace and looked at the magnificent Yangtze River. Relying on history and feeling today, all people will become passers-by of history in a hurry, but the natural beauty in front of them is eternal. The whole poem perfectly combines history with reality, natural scenery with personal feelings, and expresses the feeling that ambition is hard to be rewarded in one go. Its neckline is gorgeous, ingenious, accurate and beautiful.
Song ti: the difficulty of Shu Dao
Hey, hey, it's dangerous! Such a trip is more difficult than climbing the blue sky. Until the two rulers of this area forced their way through in the foggy age. Forty-eight thousand years have passed, and no one has crossed the Qin border. And Dabaishan, to the west, still has only one bird path, which can cross Emei Mountain. Once it was broken by an earthquake, some brave people lost it, and then the ladder stone pile was hooked. On the high flag, six dragons drive the sun, and far below, the river lashes its twisted channel. This height is difficult for even yellow cranes to climb, because apes are eager to climb. The Green Mud Mountain is made up of many circles. For every hundred steps, we have to turn nine times in the middle of its mound. Panting, we passed Orion, passed Jingxing, and then fell to the ground with our arms folded and groaned. We doubt whether this path to the west will never end. It is too steep to climb. Nothing can be heard except the cries of birds surrounded by ancient forests. The male bird rotates smoothly and follows the female bird. Jathyapple, what comes to us is the melancholy voice of Du Fu, a sad empty mountain. This kind of trip is more difficult than climbing the blue sky, and even hearing it will make people pale. The highest cliff is less than a foot from heaven, and the withered pine trees hang low on the cliff surface. Flying rapids and waterfalls make a noise, and Shi Bing Cliff turns to stone and thunder. If the risk is the same, people from afar will be called by Hu Weiwei. Although the pass of the watchtower is strong and steep, one person guards it and ten thousand people can't beat it. What if he is not loyal, but a wolf to his companions? . There are scary hungry tigers during the day and poisonous reptiles at night. With their teeth and fangs, they kill like hemp. Although the Silk City is beautiful, I'd rather go home soon. Such a trip is more difficult than climbing into the blue sky and looking sideways at the west for a long time.
This poem borrows the old topic of Yuefu to express the hardships of life. Focusing on the word "difficult", the whole poem vividly depicts the majestic, majestic, fantastic scenery and unstoppable majestic momentum of Shu Road with vigorous brushwork, magical and rich imagination, bold and ingenious exaggeration, long and short sentence patterns and harmonious and changeable rhythm. This is an excellent poem full of strong romantic passion. In this poem, Li Bai, based on his rich life experience in Sichuan, galloped his rich imagination and tried his best to paint a picture of Sichuan's mountains and rivers with vivid language, exaggerated techniques and amazing images, showing the majestic beauty of Sichuan's mountains and rivers and the magnificent beauty of the motherland's mountains and rivers.
As for whether this poem has a deeper meaning, there are different opinions in the past dynasties. Here I will discuss poetry on the basis of poetry without analyzing its meaning.
The style of this poem is mixed prose, uneven sentences, vertical and horizontal brushwork, bold and free and easy. The whole poem is well-structured, distinct and unpredictable. With the need of content, the sentence pattern and rhythm are constantly changed, making poetry more free and vigorous. The three appearances of "Tao is difficult to ascend to heaven" in the poem clearly highlight the lyrical tone and melody of the whole poem, thus depicting the peaks, valleys and dangers of Shu Dao, and gradually pushing the poet's strong feelings to the fascinating grand artistic conception.
Writing background and poetry appreciation;
(a) "Xuanzhou Xie Tiao Villa Farewell Minister Shu Yun"
1. Writing background:
The Farewell Minister of Xie Tiao Village in Xuanzhou is also called "Song of Yu Shuhua's Escort to Climb the Building". This poem was written by Li Bai in the last year of Tianbao in Xuancheng (755), and he was the secretary of the provincial school. Xuanzhou, now Xuancheng, Anhui. Xie Tiao Building, also known as Xiegong Building or North Building. According to legend, it was built by Xie Tiao, a poet in the Southern Dynasties, when he was the magistrate of Xuancheng, and rebuilt in the Tang Dynasty. Uncle Yun, or rather, is a proofreader. He was a famous essayist at that time, also known as Hua, and was Li Bai's uncle. Former secretary of the provincial school. In the eleventh year of Tianbao, he was appointed as the suggestion. Be honest and upright, not afraid of powerful people.
This poem was written by Li Bai, as Li Yun went to Xuancheng to pay a visit to Li Bai, and went to Xie Tiao Building together for a farewell dinner. Li Bai lived in seclusion in Xuancheng at this time. It has been nearly ten years since Tianbao left Chang 'an in 744. In the past ten years, although he admired the world, visited famous mountains and accepted Taoist teachings, deep down, he always prayed to be called again and show his "Wang Ba" photos. But ten years have been wasted, which is his deep "yesterday's worry." Because I know Liu Yun very well, I can pour out my heart and anger at the farewell table. The whole poem is generous and bold, expressing the poet's fierce resentment against his talent. It not only expresses the poet's self-confidence and ambition, but also expresses the poet's yearning and pursuit of ideals.
2. Poetry appreciation:
1) Poetry reading and appreciation (see PPT, the sound file includes two poems, and the first one can be heard here).
2) Poetry reading (please read).
3) Poetry analysis
(1) Interpretation of Poetry:
The time that abandoned me yesterday is irresistible; Today, this period of disturbing my mood is extremely worrying. Changfeng Wan Li blows autumn geese back to the south. Faced with this scene, you can go straight to the tall building and have a good drink. Your article is as profound as the immortal prose stored in Penglai Palace, and also has the character of Jian 'an literature. And my poetic style is as fresh and beautiful as Xie Tiao's, elegant and bold. You and I are also full of relaxation, wandering thoughts like flying high in the blue sky and picking up the bright moon. However, whenever I think about the opportunities in life, I worry. It's like drawing a treasure knife to cut running water. Instead of being cut off, the current is more fierce. I raised my glass and drank heavily. I wanted to drown my sorrows in wine, but I was even more worried. Life is so unhappy in this world, it is better to let me wander freely in the rivers and lakes in a boat tomorrow.
(2) Poetry appreciation:
The poem aims to compare Penglai's articles with Liu Yun's, and express himself with Xie Qing Jr. Say goodbye to praise each other, but cherish your life. It fully embodies the poet's bold and frank personality and helpless mentality. The large-span leap in structure is consistent with the poet's emotional changes.
(1) (How worried are those who abandoned me ...)
The whole poem begins with a sigh, which leads the pulse from a distance and makes it difficult to go to Japan. The first two sentences begin with the long sentence 1 1. Instead of saying goodbye or writing articles about the building, they expressed their frustration and worry. The word "abandon" and "can't stay" is extremely sad; But why is it painful? "Yesterday" instead of talking about it has caused "confusion" and "worry" of "today", which sets the tone of a poem: recalling yesterday today, from yesterday to today, is nothing more than a general disorder, which cannot be let go and cannot be separated.
(2) Changfeng Wan Li ... High-rise building)
At this point in the poem, although yesterday's worry is still a suspense, it has deepened today's worry-the worry of parting, which has long been known, so I started from yesterday, focused on today, and then turned to the matter of going upstairs to say goodbye. The phrase "Changfeng" suddenly took a turning point, from gloomy to hearty, and a picture of sending geese in autumn was launched, which was used to express feelings. A "farewell" and a "sound" point out the theme of "farewell". Changfeng Wan Li, Qiu Yan Gao Xiang, pedestrians will leave, and this scene just makes you get drunk at the top of a 100-foot tall building! Although this scene has a farewell regret, it is very colorful. "Tall Building" is a poem, which not only closes the first half, but also shows that the poet seems to be inspired by autumn scenery, trying to cheer up, trying to drink with dignity, eliminating long-term worries and getting drunk on the spur of the moment, thus leading to the following escape.
(3) (Penglai chapter ... Look at the bright moon)
The sentence "Penglai" is divided into two sides, which is related to the relationship between uncles and nephews. It is said that the school book uncle is mature, far less than Penglai Dongguan in the Han Dynasty, and his character is strong; I am like Xie Tiao, whose poems are fresh and beautiful. Writing the feelings caused by going upstairs in this way is also the center of Li Bai's drunken conversation with his uncle Li Yun. It expresses the poet's pursuit of ideals and also shows the poet's literary view. The word "zhong" can attract people's attention, which makes these two comparisons unfold in the long history of literature since the Han Dynasty and are closely related, so they are divided and combined. What's more, today's ancients feel the same way. Zhuang Fei flew, but * * * can take away the bright moon in the sky. At this point, in the sense of historical depth, the euphoria from "tall buildings" seems to have reached the extreme, and the previous worries seem to have vanished in the imagination of the blue sky and bright moon.
(4) (Draw a sword and cut off the water ... get a boat)
However, just as this escape came so suddenly and went so quickly, sadness suddenly came again. The last four sentences express the irreconcilable feelings between ideal and reality, and it is inevitable to be worried and depressed, so we have to seek sustenance in "boating". The poet suddenly used "but since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with the sword" as a stepping stone, metaphorically speaking, "raising a glass to eliminate sorrow is more worrying", and the word "raising a glass" responded to "a towering building", bringing the imagination of flying over the sky back to the reality of farewell. At this time, his anxiety about disappearing doubled, so that he could not help but sigh "since the world can't answer our desire at all." As a result, the suspense of the so-called "yesterday" was solved, which turned out to be "boring"; The intention of luxury and prosperity in the middle section is also clear. Those who don't care are "abandoned" by the times for a long time because of their unique talents. Perhaps the poet remembered Tao Yuanming's motto at this moment: "realize the past and don't remonstrate;" If you know the past, you can pursue it. " He wanted to find himself lost in the secular world of Beijing, but in the Ming Dynasty, he took off his hat and went boating, wandering in the rivers and lakes, and was truly liberated in the embrace of nature. This expresses the sadness that ambition is hard to pay.
(3) Artistic features
This poem is the representative work of Li Bai's singing style of harmonious combination of nature and boldness. As mentioned above, Li Bai had left Chang 'an for nearly ten years when he wrote this poem. At this time, he lived in seclusion in Xuancheng. In the past ten years, although he spoke loudly, he always looked forward to being called again to show his "Wang Ba" figure. But ten years have been wasted, which is his deep "yesterday's worry." However, Li Bai's worries are never expressed in a low-key way, but always in a wild form-he often drowns his worries with wine, and the dispute between grief and madness makes his poems like songs and grievances, and his emotions are ups and downs, showing a series of personality characteristics:
The first is the ups and downs of the structure in one go. This poem takes "today" as the farewell words, but it is not the theme, but centered on "today", starting with "yesterday" and ending with "Ming Dynasty". On this main line, there are two intermittent jumps. The words "Changfeng" came to the point, and suddenly, inspired by the scenery, the spirit of space transportation changed from suppression to promotion. After "going to the sky", it came to an abrupt end, but it was through the drunkenness of the people that they fell into deeper sorrow. After the promotion and suppression, it rose from the second trough and became the high song of "Ming Dynasty", so it had a kind of verve to overcome everything.
At the same time, he used a series of vivid images in his melancholy thoughts, such as "Changfeng Wan Li", "Tall buildings", "Fairy Penglai", "Xiao Xie with fresh hair" and even clear skies and bright moons. This makes sadness drift with a clear and elegant air.
The artistic structure of the whole poem is ups and downs, ups and downs are unprovoked and there is no trace to be found. The poet's mood reached a climax in the ruthlessness of natural running water and the helplessness of drinking to drown his sorrows. The sad music is permeated with the poet's heroic and generous feelings, and there are also adjustments and dispositions of the poet in anxiety and depression. Poetic language is bold and natural, and the melody is harmonious and unified. "But since the water is still flowing, even though we cut it with our swords, we are more worried by raising our glasses." This sentence has been a famous sentence describing melancholy for thousands of years.
(2) Drinking the bright moon alone
1. Writing background:
There are four * * * poems in Drinking the Bright Moon Alone, which is the first one and a lyric poem. Although the theme of this poem is drinking and enjoying the moon, it is essentially different from the romantic poems written by many idle literati. This poem expresses the author's lonely and depressed mood of drowning his sorrows in wine. Although it is an expression of personal feelings, it is closely related to the political reality at that time. When Li Bai took part in political activities, the Tang Dynasty was in the dark period when the royal family was in power. They formed an alliance with party member and rejected dissidents. Li Bai is not only a "non-gallery temple instrument" (Xuanzong language of Tang Dynasty), but also a proud figure, so he will never show his face. Therefore, he has been frustrated politically. Li Bai can't realize his political ideal and change the reality, so he feels lonely and distressed. This poem reflects this melancholy and resentful mood and dissatisfaction with the reality at that time by drinking the bright moon alone. At this time, the time for the poet to leave Chang 'an is not far away.
Step 2 enjoy
(1) Interpretation of Poetry:
I put a pot of wine among the flowers and poured it myself. I don't have any relatives or friends around me. Raise a glass to the sky, invite the bright moon, reflect on me, and you will become three people. The moon can't appreciate the joy of drinking, and the shadow can only follow me silently. I had to stay with the bright moon for a while, and take advantage of this beautiful scenery to eat, drink and be merry. I sing poetry, the moon lingers with me, dancing and dancing, and the shadow lingers with me. I share my joy with you when I am awake, and I can't find you again when I am drunk. Let's forge an eternal friendship and meet in the distant sky tomorrow.
(2) Poetry appreciation:
Li Bai calls himself a "fairy in wine". He amused himself with wine when he was happy, and relieved his worries with wine when he was sad. He even pretended to be crazy by drinking, insulted powerful people and looked down on the emperor. Wine is the catalyst of his poetic talent, so Du Fu said that "Li Bai has a bucket of (wine) poems". The theme of this poem is based on drinking.
The whole poem can be divided into four meanings: the first four sentences (flowers ... three people) are written on the night when the moon is shining. It's lonely to drink alone without a blind date. At this moment, I suddenly saw the moon shining on me and the figure was thrown on the ground, so I suddenly had a whim in loneliness and wanted to invite the moon into the shadow to make up three people.
Five to eight sentences (both the moon and spring) invite the moon to reflect, which leads to the idea of eating, drinking and having fun in time. The poet invited the moon and the shadow, but the moon didn't raise a glass, and the shadow just imitated me. The poet's loneliness can't be banished, so he stubbornly thought, although you are heartless, I am partial to love, so it is better to keep company with the moon shadow who doesn't drink and drink as much as possible. Life must eat, drink, and live up to its beautiful days. From this stubbornness, does it seem that the poet has been a little drunk?
Nine to twelve sentences (my song ... scattered) were written from "cheer me up until the end of spring", which seems to be drunk. Thinking that life should be carpe diem, the poet is in high spirits, not only taking care of himself, but also singing and dancing. At this time, the wonders suddenly opened, and the moon shadow that didn't drink or say anything actually became affectionate and knowledgeable. "Song" and "dance" are intertextual. The word "song" also contains the meaning of "dance", and the word "dance" also contains the meaning of "song". The poet felt that the moon was moving back and forth with his song and dance, and his figure was dancing happily. He was ecstatic, but it suddenly occurred to him that "Moon" and "Shadow" had a good time with me when they were awake. However, after being drunk, won't "Moon" and "Shadow" leave me again? So he felt sad again. Please note that "Moon" and "Shadow" have nothing to do with having sex with people, but they say "having sex after waking up", and they are more worried about "then I get drunk and we lose each other", which shows that they have gone from being slightly drunk to living a dream. Drunk as a fiddler, he still wants to catch the nihilistic "moon" and "shadow". What a lonely poet!
The last two sentences (eternal knot ... Han Yun) rose from the depths, daydreamed in drunkenness, echoed the beginning, and produced a poem. After the lively scene of "Moon" and "Shadow" having sex with me, the poet is no longer willing to endure the indifference of "Later I got drunk and we lost each other". So what should we do? He came up with a brilliant idea, which was what Zhuangzi called "unintentional". "Ruthless" means "forgetting your feelings", forgetting all interests and forgetting your own existence; Forget yourself, isn't it you, me and each other? Isn't it that you have me and I have you, and everything is the same? Isn't there no separation? So he said to Moon Shadow: Never mind, it's better to be drunk. Let's forget ourselves and stay together for a long time. Leave this bustling and noisy "earthly world", soar in the nine-day Milky Way, and make that "worry-free journey" of absolute freedom forever.
The whole poem takes a beautiful night under the moonlight as the background, taking drinking alone as the clue, and unfolds my relationship with the moon and shadow layer by layer, expressing my feeling of loneliness and no confidant. "Moon" reflects "I" and has a "shadow". Lonely me is the center of the three, so I named it "drinking the bright moon alone" On the surface, the poet seems to really enjoy himself, but behind it is full of infinite desolation. Poets are lonely enough to invite the moon and the shadows, but not enough. Even in the later years, it is impossible to find someone to drink with. So I can only be friends with the figure in the moonlight forever, and meet again in the fairyland of heaven. The moon is lonely, and so are the people. The poet left Chang 'an not long ago.
(3) Artistic features
This poem depicts the poet drinking with the moon alone. It was lonely to drink alone with the moon, but the poet used his rich imagination to weave the moon and his own figure into the so-called "three people." Words such as "three people in a row", "copulation" and "phase" clearly evoke the poet's joy of enjoying the beautiful scenery with the bright moon and shadow. From the word "flower" to the word "spring" and from the word "injustice" to "song" and "dance", the lonely environment is rendered very lively. But this moon shadow is "heartless" after all, "the moon shadow is more unique with repeated exploration" (see 300 Tang poems). From "independence" to "non-independence" and from "non-independence" to "independence", although the poet can enjoy himself, what he reveals in his heart is infinite desolation. Not only is the pen and ink vivid, but more importantly, it expresses the poet's broad-minded personality and emotion.
Sixth, comments on Li Bai's poems.
Du Fu compared him to "Xian Geng started a government, Jun Yibao joined the army".
Wang Anshi compared Li Bai's poetic style to two lines of Li Bai's poems: "Clear water produces hibiscus, which is naturally carved."
Yan Yu said he was "elegant".
Su Shi called him "elegant".
Su Zhe said that he was "unrestrained".