Image appreciation means that when we read and understand poetry, we should first grasp the image chosen by the poet in the poem and make an accurate analysis from the characteristics of the image to the thoughts and feelings contained in it, so that it is not difficult for us to analyze and grasp the author's thoughts, values and ideological content of the whole poem.
Let's take "Yulinling" as an example. The preface of this word is "cold cicadas wail, Changting is late, and the shower begins to rest." Three typical images are selected, which emphasizes a sad environmental atmosphere and lays an emotional foundation for the following and the full text. The cicada's voice is "cold" and "sad", and the farewell pavilion is also cold after the evening shower. "Late Changting", indicating the time and place. It's raining, just staying; It will be late and the stay time is limited. How they wish the rain would not stop, not too late! Then the poet chose three typical images in the imaginary picture: a thousand miles of smoke, a heavy twilight and an empty Chutian. The characteristics of a thousand miles of smoke are similar to the long-standing melancholy in the poet's heart, the characteristics of dense clouds at dusk are similar to the heavy depression of the poet's mood, and the vastness of the Chu sky is similar to boundless sadness. These images make the poet's complex mood of sadness, despair and hesitation jump out.
Next, imagine a different scenario: "Where will you wake up tonight?" Yang Liuan, Xiao Feng and the waning moon "poets captured three images. They are the waning moon in the west, the riverside where willows are planted, and the breeze that gradually awakens infatuated poets. There is a word "residual" in front of "month". The breeze in the clear autumn is cool, and the willows represent parting and attachment, which is sad. These three images set off the poet's sad mood at that time. At this moment, the sadness of parting is overwhelming. It's really "sadness surging in Yang Liuan, parting wind lingering by the moon".
When applying image analysis, we should do the following:
One is to know the image, know what the image is and how important the image is to poetry.
The second is to learn to analyze and comment on images. Grasp the image first, then accurately grasp the characteristics and significance of the image. It is necessary to have a macro grasp of the whole poem and analyze the connotation of images in depth and in detail. Finally, we should pay attention to learning some appreciation methods, such as juxtaposition of images (that is, showing multiple images that are both related and independent side by side), fusion (that is, cross-combination of images), superposition (that is, multiple images in poetry appear around a certain core and are superimposed together because of the same meaning), flow (that is, images in poetry flow and change, expressing rich thoughts and feelings), and hyperspace combination of images.
Image analysis of poetry: surface meaning+deep meaning.
The third is to accumulate images and sort them out. There are two basic ideas for combing. One is to find out the different meanings of the same image. For example, Du Fu expressed sadness in The Cuckoo Bleeds and Crys, The Ape Sobs, and joy and hope in A Dawn in Du Yu. The second is to find different images that express the same thoughts and feelings. As a sign of parting, there are willows ("I have been far away, Liu Yang Yiyi") and flowing water in the east ("Oh, ask this river flowing eastward, whether it can go further than the love of friends!" ), and the dying moon in the breeze (Wind). Read more poems and you can accumulate the following cards:
Accumulation of Main Images in Yulin Ridge
1, cicadas don't live long after cold and autumn. After a few autumn rains, cicadas will make a few intermittent moans, and their lives are at stake. Therefore, chilling has become synonymous with sadness. For example, Dondero's "Chanting Cicada" begins with two sentences: "The cicadas in the west are singing, and the guests in the south are thinking deeply." Singing in silence makes you deeply homesick in prison. There is a saying at the beginning of the word: "Cold cicadas are sad, Changting is late, and showers are beginning." Before describing parting directly, the feeling of "sadness" has filled the reader's heart, brewing an atmosphere that can touch parting. The poem "Chilling at My Side" (Cao Zhi's "Wang Biao for a White Horse") also expresses such feelings.
Changting Changting is a farewell place on land. In ancient times, there was a long pavilion every ten miles and a short pavilion every five miles for tourists to rest and see off. Later, "Changting" became synonymous with farewell places. Li Bai Bodhisattva Xia: "Where are you going home? The pavilion is shorter. " Li Shutong's Farewell: "Outside the pavilion, beside the ancient road, the grass is green." Obviously, in China's classical poetry, the pavilion has become a farewell place on land. The old pavilion is also a famous farewell pavilion in ancient times. Li Bai's Old Pavilion is a sad place on earth. Spring breeze knows that it is not bitter, and it does not turn green. "Xie Ting, also known as Xie Gongting, was built in the north of Xuancheng by Xie Tiao, a poet from Southern Qi Dynasty, as a great punctuality in Xuancheng. He once bid farewell to his good friend Fan Yun here, and later Xie Ting became a famous farewell place in Xuancheng. Li Bai has a poem "Xie Ting": "After Xie Ting left, the scenery was always sad. Outside the sky, the mountains are clear. " Li Bai also wrote a poem: "When you bid farewell to Northern Fujian, you should enjoy the wine every time." . Play with white horses and laugh at green hills. Back to the whip refers to Chang' an, west dusk Qin Guan. The emperor's hometown is three thousand miles away, among the blue clouds. "Xu Hun also has a poem" Xie Ting Farewell ". Repeated parting was staged in Xie Ting, which stained the beautiful scenery of Xie Ting with a layer of sadness. Obviously, in China's classical poetry, the pavilion has become a farewell place on land. "Cold words, late for the pavilion, the beginning of the shower. "This pavilion is also a place to leave, with the poet's deep feelings of parting.
3. The ancients in Lanzhou often said that "the boat is tired" and "it is suitable for both land and water", which shows the important position of "the boat" in ancient transportation. A boat with a leaf, the sky is vast, and it is getting smaller and smaller than people; When people see a lot of foreign things in their journey, they are more likely to cause infinite thinking. The image of "ship" in the following poems is more integrated with the poet's sense of wandering: "There are monkeys whimpering in the shadow mountains and rivers running in the dark. The wind on both sides of the strait rustled the branches and leaves, and the moonlight reflected on the river, a boat on a river. Jiande's scenery is good, but it's not my hometown. I still miss my old friends in Yangzhou. Two long tears flow eastward to find the nearest touch of the sea. " (Meng Haoran, "From a berth on Tonglu to a friend in Yangzhou") "There are many leaves falling, and the southeast is foggy and frosty. Forests and mountains in the evening, the sky and the sea are blue. The color changes for a long time, so does the autumn sound. Lonely boat, or go home alone. " The theme of these two poems is very similar to that of image group: both poets are wandering in a foreign land and living on a passenger ship. At four o'clock in the evening, the night wind blows the leaves on the shore and makes a sad sound. When they were far away from home and lonely, the two poets remembered their former friends and wrote poems to express their feelings. As the central image of poetry, the former is "I sail alone across the moon" and the latter is "I sail alone in a boat", both of which emphasize the combination of "moon" and "boat". I am afraid that the most direct poem to express the feeling of wandering is Li Shangyin's Magnolia: "The waves in Dongting Lake invade the clouds and sail away every day. Looking up from Mulan's boat several times, I didn't know that Yuan was a flower. " The word "homesickness, blue boat urges hair" expresses the profound meaning of wandering, staying away, wandering around the world, endless thoughts and sadness.
4. Dusk is a kind of dusk image. Du Mu's "Hearing Hu Family Trilogy" says: "It's dusk in Baisha, and I feel lonely from Wan Li." Twilight is the poet's parting feeling. In the author's view, parting is long-term and extremely painful. Qin Guan's "Man Ting Fang" says: "The mountain wipes Wei Yun, the sky fades, and the horn sounds like a door. Suspend the collection, and talk about * * * leading away from the statue. How many things happened in Penglai? Looking back in vain, there are many smokes. Outside the sunset, Western jackdaw in the west counts, and the water flows around the lonely village. Enchanting, at this moment, the sachet is hidden and the ribbon is light. If you win, the brothel will survive. When can I see you here? There are tears on the sleeves. The wound is broken in the high city, and the lights are dusk. " This poem was written in the winter of Yuan Feng's second year. Qin Guan had close contact with an affectionate singer and stayed in Huiji for a long time for several months. When leaving, Qin Guan recalled the Old Story of Penglai and expressed his feelings through the scenery: faint clouds, declining vegetation, faint smoke, lonely western Western jackdaw, dusk lights, lonely villages, flowing water ... All the hazy twilight images vaguely revealed the poet's confused eyes and embarrassment. This word is a masterpiece of traveling in rivers and lakes. When writing farewell worries, it reached the artistic realm of blending scenes: "I miss thousands of miles of smoke, and the sky is wide at dusk". It is cold and sad, and the shower is thousands of miles away. The dusk is the materialized representation of the poet's lost mood after leaving. The protagonist's gloomy mood dyed the sky gray and wrote his true feelings, which is an eternal farewell speech.
5, wine, can be used to eliminate sorrow, can convey friendship, can send pride. However, the fact is often that "it's more worrying to raise a glass" and "although I've drunk it all, I'm not happy and reluctant to part with it". As a result, people are lonely when they are drunk and strong when the wine is fragrant. In the works of parting writers, no matter when and where they leave, the parting party and the party who saw them off will mostly "talk about * * * as a reminder" (Fang Ting, the man of Qin Guan). Although he often "drinks without affection" and "drinks without pleasure" (Pipa Trip by Bai Juyi), he still "drinks for each other, and I will say goodbye to him" (farewell to Jinling Restaurant by Li Bai), trying to "temporarily lean on the long glass of wine" (Enjoy Lotte for the First Time in Yangzhou by Liu Yuxi). As for reciting other meaningful poems through wine, it is even more brilliant. Jia Zhi's "Send Li Shiyu to Changzhou" says: "You must get drunk now, and the Ming Dynasty has a long way to go." The reason why I get drunk is to paralyze my nerves so that it will not be frightened by the upcoming separation. Don't the words "where to wake up tonight" feel the same way? Wang Anshi's "Send Sun Yugao" says: "A bottle of wine keeps you alone." For a traveler who returns from a long distance, drinking a glass of wine poured by a friend before departure can also resist the cold of the journey and talk about the loneliness of the guests. Ge Changgeng's "Water Tune Song Tou" says: "Looking back on an old friend a thousand miles away, I am worried about wine." The old friend has gone, even if we raise our glasses to allay our worries, it will be in vain. Didn't you hear "but since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with swords, it's even more worrying to raise a glass to dispel our worries"? Chao Li Duan's "Young Beauty" says: "A bottle of farewell wine is the quickest, like running water flowing east and west." Even the other person's wine can't be drunk calmly, just like breaking up in a hurry and being at a loss. Xin Qiji's "Man Jiang Hong" says: "Ask the world, who cares about leaving sorrow? What's in the cup? " In the author's eyes, wine seems to be the god of parting worries, and its relationship with parting worries is so direct and close! The yuan dynasty anonymous "Gong Zheng? 6? 1 "zhengshan" says: "three glasses of wine lead to heartbroken liver, and one song leaves yang and hates the field. "Three cups into the stomach will make the liver and intestines angry, because this is because" don't drink ",as the saying goes," wine doesn't hurt people ". "From these examples, it is enough to see that wine is also one of the images on which the theme of separation depends.
6. In the history of China literature, Liu was an object of praise for a long time. "I used to go, and Liu Yang yi; I think about it today, it's raining. " The Book of Songs, Xiaoya Cai Wei, is regarded as the ancestor of chanting willow, and willow is related to leaving immediately. Since the Han Dynasty, people often express their farewell by giving each other broken willows. In the Han Dynasty, there was a tune called Broken Willow, which expressed farewell feelings in the form of playing. Yuefu has "Cross Blowing Song"? 6? 1 Fold willow songs ""If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will fold Yang Liuzhi. Playing the flute on the lounge chair, worrying about killing the traveler. " The custom of breaking willows and showing mercy began in the Han Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. Baling Bridge in the Tang Dynasty was the only place for people to leave Chang 'an when they went to all parts of the country, and it was surrounded by willows on both sides, which became a famous place for the ancients to bid farewell to willow. For example, the poem "Willow stays for years, Liling is sad to say goodbye" was used by later generations as the source of farewell allusions. Li Bai's Farewell to Fuling: "Farewell to Fuling Pavilion, flowing water gurgles. There are old trees that don't bloom in the world, and there are sad spring grasses under the trees. "Recalling Qin E": "Yan, the dream is broken". Qin Louyue, willow color every year, Fuling hurts people. "Since the story of Baqiao broken willow, willow and parting seem to have some inevitable connection. Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er Shi An Xi": "Weicheng is rainy and dusty, and the guest house is green and willow-colored. "Wang Zhihuan's" Farewell ","Willow Dongfeng Tree, Jade River. I have been suffering recently and should leave more. In this poem, the sadness of parting is expressed by "Where to wake up tonight, Yang Liuan, the breeze is fading away". Divorce in ancient poetry is often associated with willow trees. Probably because one of the words "Liu" and "Liu" is homophonic, when the ancients bid farewell, they often give gifts to each other, meaning "Liu". Secondly, willows grow easily and quickly. Sending friends away with it means that no matter where you drift, you can flourish, and the delicate willow symbolizes family ties. The swaying shape of the willow branches can better convey the feeling of "reluctant to part" when relatives and friends leave.
7. The moon written by the moon poet is often associated with emotions of emotions. "When my boat was sailing in the fog, the day was getting dark and old memories began. How vast the world is, how close the trees are to heaven, and how close the moon is to the water! ""(Meng Haoran's Sleeping in Jiande River) The twilight is boundless and the river is mighty. The poet stopped by the river alone. Looking around, Yuanye is empty, as if the sky is lower than the tree; Looking down, there is only one bright moon swaying in the clear water from time to time, as if accompanying the poet. This brings out the loneliness of the poet. "Frosty night, Jiang Feng fishing sorrow sleep. Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City rings bells for passenger ships at midnight. "(Zhang Ji's" A Night's Mooring by the Maple Bridge ") The moon sets, crows crow, the sky is frosty, the maple trees on the river bank are hazy, and the lights of fishing boats are flashing. Faced with this situation, the poet can't sleep. Obviously, "the moon sets" is an important reason for the poet's sadness. There are many other ancient poems that use the moon to express homesickness and homesickness. For example, "He knows that the dew will be frost tonight, and the moonlight at home is so bright!" (Du Fu's Moonlight Remembers My Brother); In Fuzhou, far away, she is watching the moonlight and watching it alone from the window of her room "(Du Fu's moonlit night). The moon is now at sea, and the horizon is * * * at this time" (Zhang Jiuling's "Looking at the moon and thinking about a person in the distance"); Where is Xiangsi Mingyue Building? Poor upstairs, wandering around the moon ... I don't know each other at this time, and I hope to take care of you every month "(Zhang Chunjiang Moonlight Night); "The moon is bright tonight, and I don't know who fell in Qiu Si" (Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon at Fifteen Nights"); People have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs. This matter is old and difficult. I hope people will last long. "(Su Shi's Water Regulation); The bright moon building is lonely, and the wine turns into homesick tears "(Fan Zhongyan's Su Curtain Cover); Jiangnan moon is like a mirror and a hook. Like a mirror that doesn't invade your face, like a hook that doesn't hang a curtain, it's been a long time since I left you. "(Ouyang Xiu's" Looking at Jiangnan "); Last year's Lantern Festival, the flower market was brightly lit. The moon rose to the willow tree, and he met me at dusk. On the night of January this year, the moon and lights remained the same. "(Ouyang Xiu's Life Checker); Hate you is not like Jiang Lou Yue, North and South, East and West, North and South, East and West, only with each other. Hate you like Jiang Yue. If you are full, you will still lose money. When will you be together? "From the perspective of the shape and change of the moon phase, the full moon is like a disk, round; The waning moon is like a hook, incomplete. The moon is round and missing, missing and round, which naturally evokes people's imagination and association. Under the quiet mountain, bathed in the quiet and soft moonlight, it is easy for people to fall into meditation and daydream, resulting in a lingering distant feeling. People who leave home look up at the bright moon, and their thoughts often fly over space, thinking of their hometown, relatives and friends under the bright moon. "You wake up from the wine tonight, Yang Liuan, where the breeze is fading? "The waning moon left the poet with too much sadness.
On the basis of accumulation, the images in ancient poetry can be merged according to the following categories:
1, animal: Zen (feel life experience and tell sadness; Painful parting, bitter travel), Hongyan (homesickness, homesickness, sad travel), rhododendron (sad homesickness), partridge (sadness and decline after parting), oriole (symbol of spring), bird (free soul) and so on.
2. Plants: such as willows (parting from sorrow), plums (lonely and unharmonious), chrysanthemums (loyal and noble), lotus flowers (love), phoenix trees (desolate and sad), and herbs (away from hate).
3. Natural phenomena: such as bright moon (homesickness), flowing water (lamenting the passage of time, long sadness and historical changes), dusk, sunset (sentimental mood), drizzle, smoke (endless sadness and depressed mood), vegetation (contrasting desolation to express ups and downs), falling flowers (hurting spring) and so on.
4. Seasonal festivals: such as Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Cold Food Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day.
5. Specific location categories: Changting (with feelings of parting), Nanpu (with feelings of parting), Nanshan (a quiet place) and so on.
6. other things. Small building (Miss Building, Leisure Building), Red Bean (Acacia), Boat (Wandering and Freedom), Castle Peak (Home of Body and Mind) and so on.
Finally, the images of mountains, flowing water, Xiongguan, the sea, great rivers and long winds are generally related to their lofty aspirations. Desert, ancient road, sunset, cold wind, cold rain, phoenix tree, cuckoo (cuckoo) banana, etc. Express sad thoughts and lonely and melancholy feelings. Ice, snow, pine, chrysanthemum, plum and bamboo are mostly used to express loyalty and noble character. Willow, orchid, Changting and Guanshan (Moon) partridges are often used to describe the pain of parting. Spring, breeze, bright moon, spring water, flowers, etc. , often used to express leisure and elegance.