According to the bulletin recently issued by the French National Research Center, scientists from the Institute of Cell and Molecular Studies at the University of Strasbourg have studied a protein called BMAL 1, which plays an important role in the biological clock system. Within 24 hours, the content of protein in the organism changes with time, from zero to a certain amount, and then it automatically fades, every day.
After further research, scientists found that the regular growth and decline mechanism of BMAL 1 protein occurred inside the cell, because a special peptide in the cell would attach to BMAL 1 protein, which would be unstable and gradually decrease after the protein aggregated to a certain extent. Scientists found that when the peptide no longer attached to it, the aggregation level of BMAL 1 protein no longer changed, and the biological clock lost its function.
Scientists say that when night comes, plants need to tighten their leaves or petals, people who travel in the ocean will feel jet lag, and mice will wake up and go out to look for food. The reason why people, animals and plants can feel the 24-hour circadian rhythm is precisely because this special peptide has an effect on BMAL 1 protein. This discovery may help to find new ways to relieve people's symptoms such as nervousness and insomnia. The relevant achievements of French scientists have been published in the American magazine Science.
Experts in Bio-Valley commented that BMAL 1 protein is actually closely related to rhythm-related genes such as biological clock and has been deeply studied. In recent years, it has been found that these biological clock factors are expressed not only in nerve cells, but also in a series of cells, such as hematopoietic cells and immune cells, thus regulating the circadian rhythm of hematopoietic cells and immune cells and endocrine. The deepening of these studies is very helpful to reveal the mechanism of biological clock.
Moreover, a series of discoveries in recent years have increasingly confirmed that the biological clock has far more influence on the life activities of organisms than expected, not only affecting the nervous system, immune system and endocrine system, but also affecting the growth of heart, liver, kidney and even tumors. Its influence is all-round and multi-level, from the secretory movement of tissues and organs to gene expression to stress response to external stimuli. And it is closely related to the biological clock. There is a unified mystery behind these connections, the biological clock.
In addition, the adjustment mechanism of biological clock is also very complicated, which is a networked adjustment mechanism. It is not a certain gene, but a group of very complex genes * * * that form a network regulation, thus accurately determining various rhythms, especially circadian rhythms. These genes include time, clocks and other members of the extended family. At present, as shown in the figure, there are more and more research methods, including not only traditional electrophysiology, but also molecular biology and genetics.
Chloroplast: the outer membrane is double-layered, the basal particles are like cakes, the pigment is on the top, and the enzymes in the cyst are on the bottom.
Germ layer differentiation: the outer surface is attached to inspiration, the inner surface is free from breathing and pancreas and liver, and the others come from mesoderm.
The important period of metaphase mitosis: the equator is homogeneous, with clear shape and quantity.
Essential amino acids: one or two pigments are inherently weak.
Isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine, valine.
Basic laws of living matter:
Water and inorganic salts, form determines function.
Sugar and lipid, the energy source of cells; Variety and function have also changed.
Nucleic acid protein, unit is the key.
Amino and carboxyl groups are dehydrated into peptide bonds; Five-carbon sugar phosphate base, * * * together form nucleotide.
Amino acid classification:
Asparagus Valley, Laijing Group, Styrene-acrylic cheese fragrance. Cross-strait poetry and books are half-shouldered, and dry cakes are limited.
【 Note 】 Asparagus and millet are acidic, while Lai, Jing and Zu are alkaline. Phenyl propyl, color and cheese have benzene rings. Silk, perilla, cysteine, egg, asparagine and glutamine are polar, while sweet, propyl, valerian, bright, bright and preserved are nonpolar.
Papaya, Chrysanthemum and Papaya (with connected milk tube)
Rhododendron walnut, Sang Lan plum grape (endophytic mycorrhiza)
1 Chapter 1 Memory of Cell Membrane in Cell Structure
Linear leaf pair (mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes)
Ruthless sugar (centrosome and ribosome without membrane structure)
2. Differentiation memory of easily mixed single-celled organisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes: Chlamydia (Chlamydia) Clam (Mycoplasma) Sperm (Bacteria) Blue (Cyanobacteria)
Eukaryote: A group of (Chlamydomonas) yeasts (bacteria) are moldy (bacteria).
Prokaryotes have unique organelles: prokaryotes have nuclei (ribosomes).
3, the role of mineral elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)
Eggs are (n) yellow (leaves turn yellow when nitrogen is lacking) and (p) showers (green) (meaning leaves are dark green when nitrogen is lacking).
(k) Hepatitis A (stem) (meaning that when potassium is deficient, stem is strong)
4. Identification of symptoms when various hormones are deficient or excessive in the growth and development of organisms.
First, symptoms of growth hormone deficiency or excess
A raw (auxin) pig (dwarfism) was dishonest and saw off its acromegaly (gigantism).
B, the role of two kinds of cells in insulin
A (a) Auntie is very tall-that is, insulin A cells produce glucagon.
5. The content and proposer of five-realm classification: Prokaryote (biological) original (biological) taste (Wittke) true (bacterial) beauty (beauty)-The five-realm classification proposed by Wittke in the United States and its contents include prokaryotes, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants.
6. Biological evolution
(1) There are four stages in human evolution: hardship (Australopithecus) ability (Homo erectus) ambition (wisdom-Homo sapiens).
(2) Humans found among Homo sapiens in the early and late stages of human evolution.
Maba Dingcun ate jujube (early Homo sapiens) mud (Neanderthals, referred to as Neanderthals).
There is a Cromanon bowl (Late Homo sapiens) (Neanderthals) in the cave.
7. Genetic diseases and various genetic diseases in eugenics.
Fairy (dominant inheritance) single (single gene) is not enough (rickets) to eat soft (achondroplasia) cake (syndactyly)
Albino (albino) Dragon (congenital deafness) Stupid (phenylketonuria))
Teenagers (diabetes) with anencephaly (children) have a lot of complaints about cleft lip (polygenic inheritance) (essential hypertension)
There are many things to learn and remember in the section of environmental protection.
Endemic species in China (giant panda, baiji dolphin, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, argyrophyllum argyrophyllum): extremely large mercuric chloride.
Ancient species: Laoguyang (alligator sinensis) hits Mulan (Liriodendron chinense).
Precious animals: Xiong Ni nurtures baiji, and Chinese alligator climbs ashore and gets lost (giant panda, giant salamander and baiji are mammals, while Chinese alligator is a reptile and gets lost-elk). It is important to remember that giant salamanders are amphibians, Xiong Ni is a famous swimmer, and people can swim, so as to remember amphibians, Chinese alligators are reptiles, and baiji dolphins are mammals. )
Rare plants: gold and silver fall, pigeons arch out the quilt (Pinus bungeana, Ginkgo biloba and Cryptomeria fortunei are gymnosperms, Davidia involucrata, also known as dove tree, is a kind of scorpion-tailed plants).
Extinct animals: Wild horses in rivers and lakes are extinct (Xinjiang tiger wild horses are extinct)
Plants that can absorb sulfur dioxide: June beauty drinks chrysanthemum, chews apricot and Sophora japonica (Cryptomeria fortunei, rose, canna, chrysanthemum, clove, ginkgo and Sophora japonica).
Plants that secrete antibiotics and have bactericidal function: orange lemons (Sabina vulgaris, black walnut, French phoenix tree, bell wood, orange and lemon) are hung in a round dark room.
Middle school students can quickly master some confusing knowledge in a relaxed and humorous atmosphere. They no longer regard learning as a burden, but as a kind of happiness, so that they can remember quickly and deeply. In addition, students learn how to try to remember while using homophones, which also exercises their innovative thinking.
(B) borrow poetry proverbs to help understand
Clever use of poetry proverbs in biology classroom teaching will deepen students' understanding of biological knowledge and improve their interest in biology. For example:
As you sow, you reap-this shows the heredity of living things.
A mother gives birth to nine children, and these nine children are different-which explains the variability of organisms (gene recombination)
Rooting-vegetative propagation
Unintentionally inserting willows into the shade-asexual reproduction
Stress and phototaxis of moths to fire
Two tigers are not allowed in one mountain-intraspecies struggle
The wolf has a winning game when the shepherds quarrel.
Eat small fish, big fish, shrimp, predation.
The struggle between snipe and mussel-interspecific struggle
In April, the world is full of beautiful scenery, and the peach blossoms in the mountain temple begin to bloom.
Oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei-the influence of temperature on biology.
Insufficient Spring Breeze —— Influence of Altitude on Biology
A single spark can start a prairie fire-indicating that grassland ecosystem is easily destroyed.
Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze-this shows that the grassland ecosystem is easy to recover.
Self-restraint —— Explain the relativity of adaptation
Once bitten, twice shy-conditioned reflex
Looking at plum to quench thirst-conditioned reflex
Flowers, not Fruits —— Effects of Mineral Elements on Biology
Characteristics of Cruciferae, Leguminosae and Compositae Plants in Plant Teaching;
? Cruciferae, four strong stamens bear pods.
? Butterfly corolla is a leguminous, dimorphic pod.
? The flower head is compositae, and polyandry stamens have achenes.
?
The heart of birds and mammals:
? The atrium is above and the ventricle is below.
? Atrial vein (heart) ventricular connection (pulse),
? Left ventricular systemic artery (pulse), right ventricular lung (artery),
? Remember the staggered cycle.
Blood composition change song:
? Heart arteries and veins remain unchanged, and organs should be exchanged.
? Static (pulse blood) changes (pulse blood) flow through the lungs,
? Other organs become static (pulse blood).
Four kinds of chlorophyll, the chromatographic order is: Hu Ye? A, B also. (carotene, lutein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b)
Biological trace elements: iron, manganese, boron, zinc, green molybdenum and copper (iron falls into a new green bucket)
Essential amino acids: one borrowed (Valeriana officinalis) one (different) benzene blue (brilliant) color book (Su).
Mitosis:
Intermittent replication plus synthesis,
In the early days, there were two eliminations,
Mid-term queuing equatorial plate,
The rear end is opposite to the front panel wall. (Reverse: just the opposite of the previous period; Plate: a cell plate is formed at the position of the equatorial plate, and then a cell wall is formed)
About the formation of urine:
The tubule is curved and long, with a renal capsule at the end;
There is a glomerulus in the capsule, in which arterial blood flows;
Blood flows through this filter, resulting in the original urinary tubule;
Renal tubules are so greedy that useful substances are absorbed;
Waste salt and a small amount of water form urine and send it to the stomach;
The small belly is full of urethral secretions, and the internal environment is balanced and healthy.
Animal individual development
The inner layer has two glands and two layers of skin (liver, pancreas, respiratory tract and digestive tract epithelium)
Mesoderm and three systems (dermis, muscle, circulation, excretion and reproduction)
External sensory nervous system (sensory organs and nervous system)
There are also epidermal appendages (epidermis and accessory structures)
5、4、3、2、 1。
5 refers to five elements, namely c, h, o, n and p.
4 refers to four deoxynucleotides, namely adenine deoxynucleotide, guanine deoxynucleotide, cytosine deoxynucleotide and thymine deoxynucleotide.
3 refers to a deoxyribonucleic acid, which has three components: phosphoric acid, deoxyribose and n bases.
2 refers to two main chains formed by the polymerization of deoxyribonucleic acid.
1 DNA molecule is a polymer compound composed of the above components.
Characteristics of aging cells:
Cells contract and wrinkle,
Decreased enzyme efficiency leads to gray hair,
Pigment accumulation senile plaque,
Permeability change nuclear enlargement
Characteristics of plant cell mitosis in different stages;
Early stage: two solutions and two changes are showing great changes.
Mid-term: Two points on the chessboard are clear.
Late stage: split in two and move the poles.
At the end of the term: both disappear and a new wall appears.
Essential trace elements for plants:
New iron shed containing green copper (zinc, iron, boron, chlorine, copper, molybdenum and manganese)
Biological trace elements: new iron arm (a) manganese zinc iron boron (a) copper molybdenum manganese