What's the difference between composition and prose?

Composition definition composition is a style composed of words, which expresses a theme through language organization after people's ideological consideration. Composition is divided into primary school composition, middle school composition and college composition (paper). Primary school composition is divided into 3~6 grades, and the number of words in the third grade composition is about 200~250. There are about 250~350 CET-4 compositions, 350~400 CET-5 compositions and 400~500 CET-6 compositions. The genre of composition includes: narrative, explanatory, practical and argumentative. (1) Narrative: It is a style with narrative and description as its main forms and characters, narrative, scenery and things as its main contents. 1, narrative (1) can be classified into content and expression: ① simple narrative. ② Complex narrative. (2) From the different points of writing objects: ① Narratives written by people are the main ones. (2) Narrative narrative. (3) Narrative based on landscape writing. (4) Narrative mainly tells things. (2) Explanatory text: a style that takes explanation as the main expression and is used to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process, reasons, merits and demerits of things. 1, the classification of expository texts can be divided into objects (contents): ① expository texts of substantive things. (2) explanation. (3) scientific essays. From the language expression, it can be divided into: ① plain and explanatory words. (2) literature expository. 2. The characteristics of the explanatory text: (1) The content is scientific. (2) The structure is clear and organized. (3) There is strict accuracy in language. (3) Practical writing: Practical writing is a practical style that meets the actual needs of daily life, work and study, and has a certain format, short length, simplicity and popularity. 1. writing type of practical writing: (1) letters: general letters, special letters (thank you letter, commendation letter, condolence letter, letter of introduction, open letter, confirmation letter, application, proposal, proposal, invitation letter), telegrams and remittances. (2) Notes: diaries and reading notes. (3) Official documents: orders, decisions, notices, circulars, motions, reports, requests for instructions, replies, opinions, letters and minutes of meetings. (4) Publicity category: advertising draft, speech draft, blackboard newspaper, news, communication and product manual. (5) Notice category: apocalypse, poster. (6) Etiquette: invitation, greeting (congratulatory letter, telegram), telegram and condolence letter. (7) Deed of house: receipt, loan note, receipt, loan note, leave note, etc. ), contracts (agreements) and conventions. (8) Biography: Biography, local chronicles and family history (school history, village history). (4) Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is a common style that directly expresses the author's views and opinions through facts and arguments. (1), classification of argumentative papers: classified by content and purpose: ① general political papers. Two comments. Prose (essays, essays, notes). 4 after reading. According to the way of argumentation: ① Make a paper. 2 refute the paper. Composition elements You shoot one, I shoot one, and write down the time clearly in your heart; You shoot two, I shoot two, don't forget to write the location; You shoot three, I shoot three, and writing movable type is the key; You shoot four, I shoot four, and things are written in detail; You shoot five, I shoot five, and the reasons at the beginning are clearly written; You shoot six, I shoot six, and the result must not be lost; Good words and sentences accumulate and are easy to use when writing; Remember the six elements of composition, and the composition will be written. Writing method 1. Writing at the beginning: Everything is difficult at the beginning, so is writing a composition, but the beginning of the article is very important. Commonly used methods are: (1) background method: explain the time, place, scene and other background of the event. (2) Character method: explain the main characters or related characters to be described in the article. (3) Topic syntax: Put forward a viewpoint or argument as a topic to be clarified or discussed in the article. (4) questioning method: Asking questions leads to the content of the article and attracts readers' attention. (5) Amazing sense of language: Starting with sentences with amazing sense of language, arouse readers' interest. (6) Story method: spread the article in the form of storytelling, and spread the article on this basis. Mostly used in narrative and argumentative essays. (7) Data method: citing verified figures to cause topics. (8) Grammatical quotation: quote famous sayings or commonly used idioms and proverbs as the beginning of the article. (9) Definition method: it is common to define the topic first, and then explain it in detail through examples, logical reasoning and other methods. (10) exaggeration: attracting readers on the premise of an absolutely impossible thing. 2. Text writing (1) deduction: from general to individual. Put the sentence with universality and generality at the beginning of the paragraph, and the other sentences in the paragraph are the concretization of the topic sentence and the concrete explanation of the topic sentence. (2) induction: from special to general. According to specific and individual cases, the general rules are summarized. 3. Write a brief evaluation or conclusion at the end (1): The last few sentences of the article summarize the full text and further affirm the central idea of the article or the author's point of view. (2) Repeat the topic sentence: go back to the central idea or topic sentence of the article to achieve the effect of re-affirmation or emphasis. (3) Ending with a rhetorical question: Although the form is a question, the meaning is affirmative, with obvious emphasis, which can arouse readers' thinking. (4) Put forward a prospect or hope: put forward a prospect or hope for the future and call on readers to act on it. (5) Quote famous sayings, proverbs and common idioms at the end. Improving writing skills is an important part of people's language expression ability, so it is very important to cultivate students' writing ability in the process of Chinese teaching. My teaching target is mainly intermediate level students. In the process of teaching, I found that there are some problems in students' writing: 1, and the vocabulary is limited, so it is impossible to express in detail: "My mother is a good mother. She is good not only to me, but also to everyone. She is really a good mother. " Simple and repetitive words obviously limit the expressive power of language. 2. Limited expressive ability makes it difficult to organize an article with complete structure and coherent tone. Because students are not familiar with Chinese thinking habits and expression habits, when they transition from writing a single sentence to organizing an article and expressing it coherently in Chinese, they often feel inadequate, and the articles they write are often fragmented or unsatisfactory. I don't know what I wrote in the article. This is a very special phenomenon, which mostly happens to children in China. It seems that the text is orderly, but its author can't understand it. Why? Because the composition is written with the help of parents, choosing words and making sentences reflects parents' thinking. This kind of composition exercise doesn't work at all. 4. I dare not write a composition. Some students do well in reading, dictation and even sentence-making, but they almost give up their Chinese study for several years because they are afraid of writing. In front of such a teaching object, it seems that only explaining how to examine questions and how to organize materials is a drop in the bucket. Because they still have a series of obstacles to overcome before they start writing. If you don't help them overcome these obstacles, then writing can only be an armchair strategist. In teaching practice, I found that changing the writing procedure from "thinking-writing" to "thinking-speaking-writing" is one of the effective ways to help students overcome these obstacles. This change means that at this time, the focus of teaching for this specific group should not just stay on "writing", but should first do the first two steps: "thinking" and "speaking", that is, preparation and guidance before writing. Because these activities are student-centered, we can also call them "pre-practice before writing". The focus of pre-practice before writing is to guide and help students to correctly say what they want to write in Chinese according to the requirements of a composition. The program of preview before writing and its function are as follows: 1. The preparation stage is actually the stage of "thinking". Before writing, arrange the topic and thinking outline of the composition in the form of homework, such as the composition "My favorite person/thing", and ask students to think in advance: Who/What? What are his/her characteristics? Why do you like her/it? Wait a minute. Due to the limited vocabulary of most students in middle and lower grades, it is difficult to express it directly in written form. Proper preparation can make students understand and be familiar with what they want to involve, especially some related words and expressions, thus ensuring the full discussion in class. At this stage, many students think with the help of their mother tongue first, and then translate it into Chinese. The influence of their mother tongue will leave traces more or less, thus affecting the expression effect of Chinese. Therefore, the following link is more necessary and important. 2. Oral composition and class discussion, that is, the stage of "speaking". It is to let students dictate their ideas in class, and then discuss them in class, and the teacher will comment on them. Every composition discussion should focus on topics and themes in terms of vocabulary, sentences and structure, determine several key points, solve problems step by step, and accumulate and improve bit by bit. The function of this activity link is as follows: (1) Improve students' overall expression ability through oral expression. Ye Shengtao once said: "oral words are words, and written words are words." Moon Jae in, not biased, because of its combination. " Any language is divided into "language" and "text". The expression of "language" is listening and speaking, and the essence is the use of language thinking. The expression of "Wen" is reading and writing, and its essence is the written expression of language thinking. The law of learning a language is "language" first, then "text". Oral English is the foundation, and students' written expression ability can only be developed on the basis of actual oral English training. (2) Successful "speaking" and "commenting" can help students build a small vocabulary in each writing exercise. For example, when writing "my favorite person/thing", students can be inspired to orally introduce their favorite person or thing on the basis of thinking: what is it like? What do you like about him/it? Write these words on the blackboard and explain them, such as words about the appearance of people/things, words about the character of people/things, words about the quality and behavior of people/things, etc. Then let the students read and remember. In this process, students have accumulated and established a small vocabulary, which not only clears the vocabulary barrier for the next step of writing, but also broadens their thinking, enhances the expression effect and improves their expression ability. (3) Chinese is difficult to learn, not only because Chinese characters are difficult to remember and write, but more importantly, the huge differences in expression and thinking habits between Chinese and Latin have caused students' confusion in using it. What we often encounter is that students can read and write, but they can't speak and write correct Chinese sentences. Such as: "I am Wei Ming, 16 years old"; "David and I will go to the bookstore first"; "We pulled over" and "I ran home". What's more, because I didn't understand China culture, I wrote the sentence "My friend is as kind and friendly as a dog". "Say" begins with oral expression, and through demonstration, explanation and correction, it trains its correct expression, word order and appropriate language, guides students to enter the real Chinese realm, and writes articles that conform to Chinese habits. (4) The training steps of speaking first and writing later are helpful to correct the primary mistakes in expression in time and achieve the effect of * * * improvement. Speaking in class in the form of discussion can give more students the opportunity to learn from others' strengths and be inspired by them. At the same time, due to the "amorphous" nature of oral expression, its revision is much easier than written writing. It allows students to make mistakes, correct each other, correct themselves and correct at any time. The problems exposed by teachers and students can be commented in time, and everyone can learn from them to avoid similar problems from appearing again in the composition. (5) Effective pre-practice before writing can help students overcome psychological barriers and improve their writing enthusiasm. As mentioned above, many students become afraid and hate writing because of poor writing, which leads to a vicious circle. In this link, through "speaking", every student is technically and psychologically prepared before writing. At this time of writing, students' self-confidence will be enhanced accordingly, and their enthusiasm will naturally be improved accordingly. When students can express their basic meaning orally in a more appropriate way, it will be a very good article to tell them how to write what they say, try to write down what they say, and then process and modify it. Practice has proved that this targeted training is very effective in improving students' Chinese writing level and expression level. An overview of ancient and modern prose 1. Ancient prose: In ancient China, all prose articles, including classics, biographies and history books, were called prose in order to distinguish them from rhymes and parallel prose. The development of China's ancient prose: (1) Pre-Qin prose: including hundred schools of thought's prose and historical prose. Hundred schools of thought's essays are mainly expositions, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Zhuangzi. Historical prose mainly focuses on historical themes, and all articles and books describing historical events and historical figures are historical prose, such as Zuo Zhuan. (2) Prose in the Han Dynasty: Sima Qian's Historical Records in the Western Han Dynasty pushed biographical prose to an unprecedented peak. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, individual prose forms such as books, notes, inscriptions, essays and prefaces began to appear. Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng, the four masters of Han Fu, were praised by later generations as the four masters of Han Fu. In addition, there are Sima Xiangru, Meicheng, Chiayi and Huainan Mountain. Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties: Under the impetus of the ancient prose movement, prose writing became increasingly complex, and literary prose appeared, resulting in many excellent works such as landscape travel notes, fables, biographies and essays. And the famous "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" also emerged at this time. (3) Prose in the Ming Dynasty: First, there were "Seven Scholars", mainly imitating ancient times. Later, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, all works were advocated to flow from the chest, the most famous of which was Gui Youguang. Qing dynasty prose: represented by Tongcheng school, Qing dynasty prose pays attention to the embodiment of "righteousness" Yao Nai, a representative writer of Tongcheng School, summed up the style of ancient Chinese prose and classified it into 13 categories, including argumentative essays, prefaces and postscripts, recitation, calligraphy, preface, imperial edict, biography, epitaph, miscellaneous words, ode, ci fu and mourning. 2. Modern prose: refers to the literary style on an equal footing with poetry, novels and dramas. It is characterized by expressing the author's views and feelings and revealing its social significance through the description of some fragments or life events in real life, which can be processed and created on the basis of real people and things; It doesn't necessarily have complete stories and characters, but focuses on expressing the author's feelings about life, with flexible selection of materials and strong lyricism. The "I" in prose is usually the author himself; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its forms of expression are diverse. It can be combined with narration, discussion, lyricism and description, or it can be emphasized. According to the needs of content and theme, we can create a certain artistic conception by describing typical details in life, describing images, depicting psychology, rendering the environment and setting off the atmosphere. Such as in novels, and use artistic techniques, such as symbols in poetry. Prose has many forms, such as essays, short comments, sketches, close-ups, travel notes, newsletters, letters, diaries, memoirs and so on. In a word, prose is short in length, free in form, widely used, flexible in writing and beautiful in language, which can quickly reflect life and is deeply loved by people. Classification of Prose The definition of modern prose refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with novels, poems and plays, which is divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Prose in a broad sense refers to all literary prose except poetry, novels and dramas. In addition to discussing lyric prose, it also includes communication, reportage, essays, memoirs, biographies and other styles. With the development of writing discipline, many styles stand on their own feet, and the scope of prose is shrinking day by day. Prose in a narrow sense refers to literary prose, which is a kind of literary style with narrative or lyricism, extensive materials, flexible brushwork, short length and rich love for literature. According to the content and nature of prose, it can be divided into the following categories: (1) Narrative prose: prose mainly about writing character notes. This kind of prose gives a concrete and outstanding description and portrayal of people and things, expresses the author's understanding and feelings at the same time, and also has a strong lyrical component, with full feelings between the lines. Narrative prose focuses on reflecting the essence of things from the development and changes of narrative characters and events, with factors such as time, place, characters and events, selecting themes from one angle and expressing the author's thoughts and feelings. For example, Mr Fujino by Lu Xun, Remember a Spinning Wheel by Wu Boxiao, and Remember Mother by Zhu De. According to the different emphases of this kind of prose, it can be divided into note prose and writer prose. Notes-based prose takes the development of events as a clue and emphasizes the narrative nature of events. It can be a story with a beginning and an end, such as "Peanut" by Xu Dishan, or it can be several fragments, such as "From Baicaoyuan to Santan Yinyue" by Lu Xun. The author's sincere feelings are poured into the narrative, which is the most remarkable difference from the novel narrative. People-oriented prose, the whole article is people-centered. It often grasps the character characteristics of the characters, makes a rough outline, and emphasizes the basic temperament, personality and mental outlook of the characters, such as Mr. Fujino in Lu Xun's works. Whether the characters are real or not is the difference between them and novels. (2) Lyrical Prose: Prose mainly expressing the author's thoughts and feelings. This kind of prose narrates and describes specific things, but usually it doesn't run through the whole story. Its outstanding feature is strong lyricism. It is either straightforward or touching, full of poetry and painting, even if it describes natural scenery, it also gives profound social content and thoughts and feelings. Excellent lyric prose has sincere feelings and vivid language, and often uses symbols and analogies to visualize ideas, which has strong artistic appeal. For example, Mao Dun's Praise of Poplar, Wei Wei's Farewell, Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond and Bing Xin's Praise of Cherry Blossoms. (3) Scenery Prose: Prose mainly describing scenery. Most of these articles express their feelings while describing the scenery, or express their feelings through the scenery, or indulge in the scenery, grasp the characteristics of the scenery, use the method of changing the scenery in the order of spatial transformation, and take the observed changes as the context of the full text. Vivid scenery description can not only explain the background and render the atmosphere, but also set off the thoughts and feelings of the characters and better express the theme. For example, Liu's Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. (4) Philosophical Prose: Philosophy is insight, spark of thought, condensation of thought and crystallization of wisdom. It runs through ancient and modern times, across China and foreign countries, embraces the world, penetrates the society of life, stays in the parents of life and flashes in the field of thinking. Smart authors are good at grasping the flash of philosophy and writing rich and thought-provoking beautiful articles in the form of pen and ink. Reciting such beautiful prose often can naturally be enlightened, edified, baptized and sublimated in a subtle way. This internalization is undoubtedly great. Philosophical prose participates in the truth of life with various images, thus revealing the eternal similarity between all things. Because of its profundity and spiritual penetration, it gives us a shocking aesthetic effect of penetrating into the essence through phenomena and revealing the inside story and thoughts of things. Grasp the way of thinking embodied in philosophical prose and experience the profound cultural connotation and accumulation contained in philosophical prose. 1. Symbolic thinking in philosophical prose: Philosophical prose constitutes a symbolic expression of ontology, because it transcends the meaning of daily experience and its own natural physical attributes. It abandons shallowness, but reaches the state of empathy with people's thoughts and resonance with life and gas field. We get rational awakening and carefree spirit from symbols, from the peace of mind to the tremor of the soul, which goes beyond the general emotional response and stays at the top of the spirit. 2. Associative thinking of philosophical prose: Because philosophical prose is a three-dimensional and comprehensive thinking system, after association, the connotation of the article is richer, not thin, and nature, society and life are integrated. 3. Emotional thinking of philosophical prose: Philosophical prose is essentially a dependence of ideological expression on emotion. Because the author has emotional participation in the process of understanding life, and the result of understanding is the fusion of emotion and imagination, the thoughts in philosophical prose are not ordinary dry discussions, but thoughts containing life emotions and full of aesthetic emotional juice. Read the depth of the soul from between the lines of philosophical prose and understand the original meaning of life. This is the artistic beauty of philosophical prose. The main feature of prose is 1. The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered. "Form and dispersion" mainly means that prose is widely used and free, and is not limited by time and space; Expression techniques are not limited to one pattern: it can describe the development of events, describe characters, convey feelings with things, and make comments. The author can freely adjust and change according to the needs of the content. "Distraction" mainly comes from the intention of prose, that is, the theme to be expressed in prose must be clear and concentrated, no matter how extensive the content of prose is and how flexible the expression is, it serves to better express the theme. In order to be scattered in shape but not in spirit, we should pay attention to the internal relationship between materials and central ideas in material selection, so that materials can run through an organic whole with certain clues in structure. Common clues in prose are: (1) taking things with profound or symbolic significance as clues; ⑵ Taking the "I" in the works as a clue and "I" as a clue, because I wrote what I saw, heard, thought and felt, and Kan Kan and Kan Kan talked freely, making readers feel more real, cordial and touching. 2. Deep artistic conception, paying attention to expressing the author's life feelings, strong lyricism and sincere emotion. With the help of imagination and association, the author writes from the superficial to the deep, from the real to the imaginary, in turn, which can integrate feelings into the scenery, send feelings to help each other, express the author's true feelings, realize the unity of things and me, show more profound thoughts and make readers understand more profound truths. 3. Beautiful and concise language, rich in literary talent. The so-called elegance means that the language of prose is fresh, bright and beautiful (also beautiful), lively and full of musical sense, and the writing style is like a trickle, tinkling, telling, sincere and sincere. The so-called conciseness means that the language of prose is concise, natural and fluent. A few words can describe vivid images, outline the scenes of characters and show far-reaching artistic conception. Prose tries to write the scenery as if it were in front of you and the feelings as refreshing. Prose is known as "beautiful prose", which not only has spiritual views and beautiful artistic conception, but also has fresh, meaningful and unpretentious literary talent. Reading some good essays regularly can not only enrich knowledge, broaden horizons and cultivate noble thoughts and sentiments, but also learn the skills of selecting materials, planning layout, choosing words and making sentences, and improve your language expression ability.