The Sui Dynasty unified China and compiled Qieyun. Based on the elegant sounds of Jinling and Luoyang, the official sounds of the Southern and Northern Dynasties merged to form the official sounds of Chang 'an (Sanpang). The system of Tang and Sui Dynasties. The Mandarin of Sui and Tang Dynasties is "Hanyin" or "Sanpang". Chang 'an is the capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Luoyang is the eastern capital. At this time, Hanyin in the Central Plains and Guanzhong has evolved after blending with all ethnic groups. On the basis of cutting rhyme, the Tang Dynasty formulated Tang rhyme as the standard pronunciation of the Tang Dynasty, stipulating that officials and imperial examinations must use Tang rhyme.
In fact, the pronunciation of Tang poetry based on medieval phonology is very similar to that of Cantonese today, so it is not an exaggeration to call Cantonese the pronunciation of Tang Dynasty. -See Luo Changpei's Introduction to China Phonology, Appendix "Examples of Imitating Tang Poetry", Zhonghua Book Company, 1956. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty was Dadu, which is today's Beijing. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court stipulated that school teaching should use the common language with most phonetics as the main language. Zaju and Sanqu, two new literary forms close to oral language, prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty.
Famous zaju writers Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Wang Shifu are cosmopolitan people, and their works Dou Eyuan, Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty and Romance of the West Chamber all reflect the characteristics of Dadu dialect at that time. The Rhyme of Central Plains written by Zhou Deqing in Yuan Dynasty is based on the rhymes of Yuan Zaju. The phonetic system summarized in the book (initials, finals, tones) is quite close to today's Beijing dialect. Therefore, most dialects have become the most primitive basis for the formation of modern Putonghua. The mandarin of Beijing and Nanjing, the capitals of the Qing Dynasty, is still the mainstream mandarin of officialdom and intellectuals in the Qing Dynasty. In Yongzheng period (1728), an official sound hall was established, and Beijing Mandarin was established as the official pronunciation of Mandarin. The status of Beijing Mandarin has risen rapidly. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the influence of Beijing Mandarin gradually surpassed that of Nanjing Mandarin, and finally Mandarin was established on the basis of Beijing Mandarin during the Beiyang government period. As the official standard language of Chinese, Nanjing Mandarin gradually withdrew from the historical stage during the Republic of China.
By the end of 19, that is, the end of the Qing Dynasty, the situation in China had undergone great changes, influenced by western academic thoughts, especially the Japanese. Before and after Meiji Restoration, Japan vigorously promoted Japanese homophones, which greatly stimulated China. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, great changes have taken place in China's cultural life, and the word Mandarin has spread. 1909, the Qing government called Putonghua the national language. 19 1 1 year, the Ministry of Education of the Qing Dynasty adopted the method of unifying Mandarin, which replaced the status of the original Ming Dynasty Mandarin "Hongwu Zheng Yun" and increased its promotion. After the Revolution of 1911, the word Mandarin was recognized by the Beiyang government at that time and became a national homonym. However, the downfall of the Qing Dynasty made the standard pronunciation status of Beijing Mandarin widely questioned. So there were two arguments about Mandarin in the early years of the Republic of China.
19 12 12 In February, the Ministry of Education, headed by Cai Yuanpei, set up the preparatory office for the unified speech conference, with Wu Jingheng as the director, and formulated eight articles of association for the unified speech conference. It is stipulated that the responsibility of the pronunciation unification meeting is to examine and approve the standard pronunciation of each word, which is called "national pronunciation". After the phoneme of each word is determined, each phoneme should be formulated with the corresponding letter.
19 13 years, although the newly established government of the Republic of China formulated the old national accent, it still had the characteristics of entering the tone of Nanjing Mandarin in order to take care of all localities. At that time, the tone of Mandarin, which was designated as the official language, was a combination of Nanjing dialect and Beijing dialect: the tone was flat, nasal and sharp. Some tones were based on Beijing dialect, and some finals and entering tones were based on Nanjing dialect, making it a compound Mandarin with Beijing dialect as the main tone and both north and south.
19 18 (in 7 years of the Republic of China) published the first set of nationally recognized Phonetic Alphabet, which was based on the principle of "compromise between the north and the south, combining the ancient and the modern", including maintaining the entering tone characteristics, and was mainly created by mixing Beijing Mandarin and Nanjing Mandarin. Zhang Shiyi, a professor at Nanjing University (formerly known as National Southeast University and Nanjing Normal University), published The Unification of Putonghua. His view that Beijing dialect is the standard basis of Putonghua was supported by most people at that time.
At that time, Wang Zhao, a famous linguist from northern Zhili (inventor of Mandarin Chorus Letters), was very dissatisfied with the members, pointing out that there were as many as 25 people in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, including 5 in Wuxi. After a heated debate, it was finally decided to implement the "one province, one vote" system instead of "one person, one vote". At that time, the debate about one province, one vote system was also fierce. Wang Rongbao from Jiangsu claimed, "If every province has one vote, all ancient books in China will be abolished." Wang Zhao asked, "What does this mean?" Without saying a word, Wang Zhao then asked, "Are there no scholars outside Jiangsu and Zhejiang?" Northern members insisted on one vote for each province and threatened to dissolve themselves and quit the meeting if they failed. Finally, under the impetus of Dong Hongwei, Acting Minister of the Ministry of Education, the "one province, one vote" system was finally passed. This system of one province and one vote is the key to interpret the results of the meeting. Learn to select some commonly used Chinese characters from Li Guangdi's Interpretation of Phonology in Qing Dynasty, and each character is decided by one vote and a majority vote in each province. 19 13 checked the pronunciation of more than 6,500 Chinese characters, and also checked the pronunciation of more than 600 "vulgar" words, chemical neologisms and transliteration words with weights and measures. The pronunciation of Chinese characters examined in this way is phonetic, which is called "national pronunciation".
The National Music Unification Conference finally closed on May 22nd. Wu Jingheng, the speaker of the congress, resigned on April 22nd due to the fierce argument during the congress. Wang Zhao, who took over, took sick leave after May 7th, and wang pu, Zhili, temporarily presided over the congress. At that time, the voiced sound and entering sound were particularly fierce. Wang Rongbao, the representative of Jiangsu, is even more exaggerated: "Southerners can't live without voiced sound and entering tone." Wu Jingheng, who is also a representative of Jiangsu and a spokesman for the conference, also made a surprising statement: "The words that are voiced are magnificent, which is the vitality of China. German has many voiced words, so it is strong; China's Mandarin is not voiced, so it is weak. " During the meeting, for the disputed pronunciation, the majority vote based on the principle of "one province, one vote" was adopted to decide the "national pronunciation". Generally speaking, the final result is mainly Beijing dialect, and at the same time it absorbs the phonetic characteristics of other dialects (mainly Nanjing dialect), such as distinguishing the sharp group sounds and retaining the entering tones. The pronunciation of Chinese characters adopted at this meeting was later called "the pronunciation of old Chinese characters". Implemented from 19 18.
19 18, Qian published "China's Future Characters", calling for "the abolition of Confucianism must be accompanied by the abolition of Chinese characters" and proposing to replace Chinese characters with Roman characters. 1923, Qian published a long article entitled "Chinese Character Revolution" in the first volume of Mandarin Monthly: "I dare boldly declare that education will never be popularized, Mandarin will never be unified, Mandarin literature will never develop, and new truths, new knowledge and new knowledge shared by people all over the world will never be written in Mandarin conveniently. Why? Because Chinese characters are difficult to recognize, remember and write; Because blunt Chinese characters are not enough to express lively Mandarin; Because Chinese characters are not a sharp tool to express pronunciation; Because there are Chinese characters, it is difficult to input the original words of new learning and new theory into Mandarin. Then, Cai Yuanpei, li jinxi, Zhao Yuanren, Lin Yutang, Zhou Jianming, Xu Xiwu and many other intellectuals who had studied abroad published articles on romanization of Chinese characters, put forward romanization plans, and set off a wave of "Romanization Movement of Mandarin". The so-called national Roman character means that 26 Latin letters are used to represent the sound, rhyme and tone of Chinese. However, this is not an easy task, and the complex phonetic components of the "old national voice" have become its biggest obstacle. Therefore, scholars who advocate the Roman characters of the national language demand to unify the pronunciation of Chinese characters, modify the national sound based on the Beijing sound, and remove the sharp sound and entering tone of the "old national sound".
1920 Less than two years after the implementation of Putonghua, a big debate called "Beijing Debate" broke out at that time. The cause of the problem lies in the standard pronunciation of Putonghua. Those who support the national voice and those who support mute are divided into two factions. Guoyin is mainly "Beijing-oriented, giving consideration to the north and the south." Mute is "purely based on Beijing dialect". The quarrel between the two factions is very fierce. Therefore, Zhang Shiyi published an article, arguing that "phonetic symbols and national pronunciation should be fundamentally reformed" and that "the definition of standard language that conforms to academic principles should be announced by the Ministry of Education first, and the characters of Beijing natives with at least secondary education should be used as the standard of national common language". This idea has been supported by many people, especially in the south, which has aroused strong repercussions. They even held many meetings to respond, and even passed a resolution: "We don't recognize the national voice, and advocate using Beijing voice as the standard voice", "Please ask the Ministry of Education to solicit opinions from all sides and use Beijing voice as the standard voice". 1920, the preparatory meeting for the unification of Mandarin was held in Beijing, and the proposal of "the method of unifying Mandarin" put forward by Ma Yuzao, Zhou Zuoren, Qian and Hu Shi was adopted. The third item is "Since the unification of Putonghua should begin in primary schools, all kinds of teaching materials used in primary schools should be used as the base camp to promote Putonghua, among which Chinese is particularly important". The National Federation of Education and Education and the primary school affiliated to the Jiangsu Teachers' Federation have successively made resolutions to determine Beiping pronunciation as the standard pronunciation. Finally, the National Phonetic Dictionary Committee established "Beiping pronunciation as the standard pronunciation", that is, "new national pronunciation", and began to promote it in schools all over the country. 192 1 year, China phonograph and Mandarin phonograph were released one after another, which set the tone for China phonograph. The phonograph "The Voice of China Nationalities" was pronounced by wang pu in Shanghai, and the tone of Yin and Yang followed that of Beijing. The tone was short but not urgent, imitating that of Beijing. The phonograph of Putonghua is the pronunciation of Zhao Yuanren in the United States, which is produced and distributed by Shanghai Commercial Press. The tone of Yin and Yang is Beijing tone, and the tone of entering tone is standard Nanjing tone.
Hu Shi taught the history of Mandarin literature in the Third Mandarin Workshop of the Ministry of Education, Nankai School, Nankai University and the Fourth Mandarin Workshop of the Ministry of Education. 1927 In April, Beijing Cultural Society published the History of Chinese Literature based on Nankai mimeographed handouts. Hu Shi said, "I thought China should have pinyin characters in the future. However, there are too many monosyllables in classical Chinese, so it must not be changed into pinyin. Therefore, it is necessary to use vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese, and then turn vernacular Chinese into pinyin. " Hu Shi wrote "On the Literary Revolution of Construction" on 19 18, and summarized the goal of the literary revolution as "literature in national language, the national language of literature", and explained: "The literary revolution we advocate is nothing more than literature that creates a national language for China. Literature in a national language is the only literature in a national language. With the national language of literature, our national language can be regarded as a real national language. Without literature, Mandarin has no life, no value, no establishment and no development. " "The really effective and powerful Mandarin textbooks are the literature of Mandarin and the scripts of novels and poems in Mandarin. The national language used in China's future new literature will be the standard national language in the future. In other words, the only way for us to start is to create literature in vernacular Chinese. When the true beauty of vernacular literature is recognized by the society, standardized Mandarin will naturally be established. " Ministry of Education Order No.8 ordered primary school readers to "adopt common style, avoid using vernacular Chinese and pay attention to grammar." The Chinese Department of Peking University takes the essays of Hu Shi, Zhou Zuoren and Yu Pingbo and the poems of Xu Zhimo as teaching materials, which greatly promotes the New Literature Movement. After the May 4th Movement, the literary revolution and the Mandarin movement surged, and the Ministry of Education in Beijing also strongly advocated Mandarin, and the vernacular Chinese completely occupied the position of primary education.
1924, Beijing Provisional Government was established, with Zhang as Chief Justice and Minister of Education, who opposed the Mandarin Movement and New Literature, and formed a momentum of attacking the Mandarin Movement and New Literature Movement with the faction centered on Nanjing Southeast University. Qian student Wei published an article "Down with the Obstacles of Mandarin Movement" in Mandarin Weekly.
In 1928, Qian put forward the suggestion of "please organize the supplement and revision of Guoyin Dictionary". 12 In July, the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua established the "National Phonetic Dictionary Supplement and Revision Committee". Wang pu, Qian, Wang Yi, Bai Zhenying and other six people were the drafting committee members, who revised the Guoyin Dictionary word by word and formally compiled the Guoyin Dictionary in Beiping dialect. Later, 19 13 "Speech Unification Conference" drafted the national voice and changed it to Beijing voice. 1932, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China published the General Vocabulary of Guoyin based on New Guoyin. In the preface of Glossary, the meaning of taking Beijing as the standard in Guoyin is further explained, that is, the so-called standard pronunciation of modern Peiping refers to the phonology of modern Beiping, and "not every word should respect its local pronunciation". 1935, the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua was reorganized into the National Committee for the Promotion of Languages and Characters, and the comprehensive popularization and promotion of Putonghua education began. After 1932, all Putonghua broadcasts adopt the standard form of "General Glossary of Guoyin". From 65438 to 0937, China's first modern Chinese dictionary, Mandarin Dictionary, was edited by Yu and Qian and published by China Dictionary Compilation Office. The word "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1902, Wu Rulun, a scholar, visited Japan, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should carry out Putonghua education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation. 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, was studying in Japan, she organized a "lecture liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a booklet, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. 1906, Zhu, a scholar who studied word segmentation, divided Chinese into "Chinese" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "common sayings" (dialects) in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin. He not only put forward the name of "Mandarin", but also gave a clear definition of "Mandarin". Later, Qu Qiubai and others also put forward the idea of "Putonghua". In 1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" that "the task of the literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new poems, novels and plays, but to establish a modern Mandarin accent for China." "It is customary to use modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, in all parts of China, with modern' dialect', polyphony and ending ..." He argued with Mao Dun about the true meaning of Mandarin. Since the May 4th Movement, the status of Beijing phonetics has been established and consolidated in the vernacular movement, catchword movement and Putonghua movement.
Ye Shengtao, who was in charge of textbooks from 65438 to 0949, renamed the subject of "Putonghua" in primary schools "Chinese".
1950 "provisional standards for Chinese curriculum in primary schools (draft)" stipulates: "The so-called language should be Putonghua based on Beijing phonology, which is a style written according to Putonghua." "The language used in the commentary is still Mandarin with the Beijing phonetic system as the standard, and there is no dialect." The Draft of Primary Chinese Teaching Syllabus and the Draft of Primary Chinese Teaching Syllabus emphasize once again: "The language and characters taught to children must be standardized Chinese. This language is Mandarin with Beijing accent as the standard, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. Promoting Putonghua is an important task of the Chinese Department of primary schools. " "The first is the voice of words. This first requires teaching according to the pronunciation of Putonghua; Pay special attention to the pronunciation work in dialect areas. "
1955 During the "National Conference on Character Reform" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in June, the official name of Chinese homophones was officially defined as "Putonghua", and at the same time, its definition was determined, that is, "Beijing pronunciation is the standard pronunciation and northern dialect is the basic dialect". 1October 26th, 1955, 10, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote the Reform of Chinese Characters, Popularize Putonghua, and Realize the Standardization of Chinese", which mentioned: "The homonym of New China * * * is Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation".
1955165438+1On 4 October, the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army of China issued the Notice on Promoting Simplification of Chinese Characters, Popularizing Putonghua and Realizing Language Standardization in the Army. 1955165438+1October 17 The Ministry of Education issued the Instruction of People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Education on Vigorously Promoting Putonghua in Primary and Secondary Schools and Normal Schools at All Levels.
1On February 6th, 956, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua: "Beijing dialect is the basic pronunciation, northern dialect is the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular works are grammatical norms." This definition defines the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The word "Putonghua" has been widely used and has a clear connotation. Standard Mandarin Speech Acquisition Station in Luanping County, Chengde City, Hebei Province. The word "ordinary" in "Putonghua" means "universal" and "* * *".
1982, Lv Shuxiang called for the promotion of Putonghua in People's Daily, and proposed that "all schools should be the front for the promotion of Putonghua" and "middle schools should be the focus for the promotion of Putonghua".
1990 The State Language Committee has made it clear that Guangdong, Fujian and Shanghai are the key areas for promoting Putonghua in southern dialect areas.
The Ten-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Outline of the Eighth Five-year Plan, which were adopted by the Fourth Session of the Seventh National People's Congress 199 1, also clearly put forward "vigorously promoting Putonghua". 199 1 year, a special investigation team was sent to some areas of Guangdong and Fujian to conduct a more in-depth investigation and study, and suggestions were put forward for popularizing Putonghua in the two provinces.
In 200 1 year, the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters came into effect, which established the legal status of Putonghua as the national common language and characters, and stipulated that "schools and other educational institutions should teach Putonghua through Chinese language courses and standardize Chinese characters." "Radio stations and TV stations use Putonghua as the basic broadcasting language".
2065438+September 2 1 2004, the key activities of the National Putonghua Promotion Week jointly organized by the Ministry of Education, the State Language Commission and the Hebei Provincial Government were held in Luanping County, Hebei Province.
20 14 is the 7th anniversary of the State Council National Putonghua Promotion Week14. Li Weihong said: "Since 17, the national language and writing ability has been significantly enhanced. At present, more than 70% of the population in China has the ability to use Putonghua, and more than 95% of the literate population use standardized Chinese characters. The Chinese dream of thousands of years is gradually becoming a reality. "
Putonghua is modern Chinese with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. Experts attending the meeting believe that the promotion of Putonghua is not to artificially eliminate dialects, but to eliminate the barriers between different dialects in order to facilitate social communication.