During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundreds of scholars such as Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Mozi, Yang Zhu, etc. were all philosophers. Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty, Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty, and Wang Yangming in the Ming Dynasty were all philosophers.
The word science is an imported product. In the history of feudal China, there was no one who claimed to be or was called a scientist by the world. Of course, the great scientists after the founding of the People's Republic of China will be famous throughout the ages!
Literature and art should not be called home. The field of literature and art is too broad. There are countless great writers in Chinese history, including calligraphers and painters. Because the field of literature and art is too broad and there are too many famous people, I will not list them one by one. Hope it helps you
Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi, I don’t know if you have heard of these three categories.
Huang Zongxi revealed that the monarchy is the most powerful in the world, and proposed the democratic idea that the world is the master and the king is the guest, which played a positive role in promoting the future anti-autocratic struggle.
Gu Yanwu formed the idea of ????managing the world and striving to solve practical problems such as the national economy and the people's livelihood. He put forward the idea that everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the country, and started a generation of simple academic style.
Wang Fuzhi was one of the ancient philosophers in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. He believed that the world is a qualitative thing, an objective existence, the development of matter is changing, regular things can be understood, and spirituality is relative. The movement is absolute, has a simple dialectical spirit, reflects the way of thinking of modern people, and has epoch-making significance.
Scientist:
1. Zhang Heng: The most famous one is the Houfeng seismometer, which cannot be built even now.
2. Zu Chongzhi: Accurate pi to between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927, more than 1,000 years ahead of the West.
3. Shen Kuo: The genius among geniuses in ancient China, the all-rounder among all-rounders. His achievements are too numerous to list here. (Baidu yourself, you will be surprised)
Zhang Heng, Zu Chongzhi, Shen Kuo (from left)
Philosopher: This is too much
Lao Tzu, Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi, Wang Shouren, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi.
Liters and artists: Boya, Gu Kaizhi, Wu Daozi, Du Fu, Li Bai, Wang Wei, Zhang Zeduan, Xu Beihong, etc. (countless)
Modern Chinese geographers, Chinese geography theory One of the main advocates and promoters of development and change from ancient times to modern times----------Mr. Bai Meichu!
Mr. Bai Meichu was born in Lulong County, Hebei Province in 1876. He is a Manchu. He read many traditional geography books and later studied at Beiyang Normal School. After graduation, she was hired as a class teacher at Tianjin Zhili Women's Normal School because of her excellent academic performance. He was also the teacher of Comrade Deng Yingchao. He was later hired as a professor at Beijing Normal University and concurrently served as the director of the Geography Department. During this period, he also participated in the establishment of the Geological Society. He also served as the editorial director of the "Journal of Earth Science" for 25 years. Even though wars were frequent in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, he still went out for inspections. Unfortunately, he died of illness in Sichuan in 1940 while inspecting the Sichuan-Kang area in southwest China.
Mr. Bai Meichu has written many books, including a 4 million-word professional masterpiece such as "The Complete Records of Provinces and Districts of the Republic of China". He has made great contributions to the modern development of Chinese geography, including such widely circulated works as "Chinese Human Geography". For this reason, Mr. Bai Meichu is known as the "founder of modern Chinese geography". Now we know the famous "nine-dash line" in the South China Sea, an important geographical definition for safeguarding my country's territorial waters. It evolved from the "eleven-dash line" first proposed by Mr. Bai Meichu in 1936! It can be said that Mr. Bai Meichu’s academic level and patriotic sentiment are worthy of learning from future generations!
There are many scientists, philosophers, and writers and artists in Chinese history. I will give you one example of each.
Guo Shoujing was a native of Xingtai, Xingzhou. He was a famous astronomer and mathematician in the Yuan Dynasty. He is an expert in water conservancy engineering and has made outstanding achievements in astronomy, calendar, water conservancy and mathematics.
Wang Shouren is from Yuyao, Zhejiang. A famous thinker, philosopher, calligrapher, military strategist, and educator in the Ming Dynasty. Yangmingology was one of the mainstream theories in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. It was later spread to Japan and had a great influence on Japan and East Asia.
Cao Xueqin’s ancestral home is controversial (Liaoyang, Liaoning, Fengrun, Hebei, or Tieling, Liaoning). He was born in Jiangning (now Nanjing). Cao Xueqin had an open-minded nature and a wide range of hobbies, including epigraphy, poetry, painting, gardens, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. Darning, craftsmanship, diet, etc. were all studied. With perseverance and many years of hardship, he finally created a great work of great ideological and artistic quality - "A Dream of Red Mansions".
Scientist
1 Mo Zhai (Mozi), he was the founder of the Mohist school and a famous thinker, educator, scientist, and military strategist during the Warring States Period. Mozi was the only philosopher of peasant origin in Chinese history. Mozi founded the Mohist school, which had a great influence in the pre-Qin period and was called "Xianxue" together with Confucianism. He proposed "universal love", "non-aggression", "shangxian", "shangtong", "heaven's will", "minggui", "feiming", "feiyue", "sharp burial", "sparing use". ” and other views. With universal love as the core, frugality and respect for the virtuous as the fulcrum.
Mozi created a set of scientific theories with outstanding achievements in geometry, physics, and optics. At that time, the contention of a hundred schools of thought was known as "both Confucianism and Mohism". After Mozi's death, the Mohists were divided into three schools: Xiangli's Mohism, Xiangfu's Mohism, and Dengling's Mohism. His disciples collected Mozi's quotations based on historical materials about his life and deeds, and completed the book "Mozi" to be handed down to the world. my country's first quantum science experimental satellite is called "Mozi".
2 Bian Que, a famous Chinese medicine scientist during the Warring States Period, specialized in gynecology, facial features, pediatrics, etc., and wrote works such as "Nei Jing" and "Difficult Classics". One of the sources of medicine, Bian Que is also revered as the "miracle doctor".
3 Zhang Heng was a great astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng wrote "Lingxian", "Annotations on the Armillary Sphere" and other mathematical works in astronomy. There is "Suan Wang Lun", and literary works are represented by "Er Jing Fu" and "Guitian Fu". "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" contains 14 volumes of "Zhang Heng Collection", which has been lost for a long time. Zhang Pu of Ming Dynasty compiled "Zhang Hejian Collection", which was included in "Collection of One Hundred and Three Masters of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties". Zhang Heng made outstanding contributions to the development of Chinese astronomy, mechanical technology, and seismology. He invented the armillary sphere and the seismograph. He was one of the representatives of the armillary theory in the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty. Due to his outstanding contribution, the United Nations Astronomical Organization named a crater on the back of the moon "Zhang Heng Crater", and the 1802 asteroid in the solar system was named "Zhang Heng Star".
4 Cai Lun, a famous inventor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cai Lun created a new papermaking process based on his early papermaking experience. Therefore, his papermaking technology was called "Caihou Paper", which had a profound impact on human history and greatly promoted the spread of human civilization.
5 Zhang Zhongjing, a famous Chinese medicine scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, authored "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases". Because of the widely influential principles of syndrome differentiation and treatment he used, he was recognized as the basic clinical principle of traditional Chinese medicine and was respected by the world as " Medical Saint".
6 Liu Hui was a famous mathematician during the Three Kingdoms period. He established the ancient mathematical system and created mathematical methods such as the double difference technique, the combination of square covers, and the exploration of pi. His main representatives include "Island Arithmetic Classic", "Island Arithmetic Classic" and "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic Notes" and so on. He is one of the founders of classical mathematical theory.
7 Pei Xiu, a famous geographer in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, whose main representative works include "Yugong Regional Map" and so on. Pei Xiu was the first scientist in China to truly establish the theory of cartography. He proposed the "six bodies of cartography" theory, pioneered ancient cartography, and was known as the "Father of Scientific Cartography."
8 Li Daoyuan was a famous geographer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. His main representative was "Shui Jing Zhu", and this gave rise to the "Li School". Li Daoyuan has made great achievements in hydrology and is known as "the founder of Chinese travel literature".
9 Zu Chongzhi, a famous mathematician during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, was the first mathematician in human history to accurately measure the circumference of pi to seven decimal places, and was therefore called "Zu Lv". His main representative works include "Shu Di "Records", "Anbian Lun", "Zhu Shu", etc.
10 Jia Sixie, a famous agriculturist in the Northern Wei Dynasty. His main representative works include "Essentials for Qi Min". This comprehensive agricultural book is the earliest and most complete agricultural classic existing in China. It helped ancient China Agriculture has made great progress.
11 Sun Simiao, a famous medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, specialized in gynecology, pediatrics, internal medicine, surgery, and facial features. His main representative works include "Shao Xiao Ying Ru Prescription", "Women's Prescription", and "Qian Jin Yao Prescription" " etc. In addition, Sun Simiao was also very successful in the field of acupuncture. He wrote the popular book "Mingtang Acupuncture Diagram" and was known as the "King of Medicine".
12 Bi Sheng, a famous inventor in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented "movable type printing" for the first time, more than 400 years earlier than the metal movable type printing invented by Gutenberg, a Western German. It not only enriched the cultural economy of ancient China field, and also has a profound impact on the spread of world culture.
13 Shen Kuo was a famous comprehensive science popularizer in the Northern Song Dynasty. His main representative works include "Liangfang", "Mengxi Bitan", etc., especially "Mengxi Bitan", which is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese science. He has made considerable achievements in chemistry, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics, hydraulics, medicine, etc., and is therefore honored as "the most outstanding figure in the entire history of science in China."
14 Guo Shoujing, a famous astronomer in the Yuan Dynasty, created high-precision astronomical measuring instruments such as Yangyi and Jingfu. He simplified the armillary sphere of his predecessors into a simple one. He compiled the "Time Calendar" and the modern AD calendar. There is almost no difference.
15 Xu Xiake was a famous geographer, writer, and traveler in the Ming Dynasty. His main representative work, "Xu Xiake's Travels", examined the north and south of China over a period of 30 years.
16 Li Shizhen, a famous medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty. His main representative works include "A Study of the Eight Meridians of Qijing", "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Binhu Pulsology", etc. He is known as the "Sage of Medicine".
17 Xu Guangqi, a famous agriculturist in the Ming Dynasty. His main representative works include "Sweet Potatoes", "Agricultural Relics Miscellaneous", "Agricultural Policy Complete Book", "Agricultural Book Draft", "Taixi Water Law", etc. A combination of Chinese and Western agronomy, he also introduced sweet potatoes and advocated the policy of "agricultural politics" in governing the country.
18 Song Yingxing, a famous comprehensive science popularizer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. His main masterpiece "Tiangong Kaiwu" is known as "China's 17th-century craft encyclopedia". He has also made considerable achievements in other fields.
19 Mei Wending, the "first master of calendar calculation" and "the founding ancestor" of the Qing Dynasty, wrote more than 40 kinds of works. He combined Chinese and Western characteristics to create sun-holding utensils, side-viewing instruments, Xuanji rulers, The Yang Observation Instrument, the Moon Path Instrument, etc. are even considered as one of the "three world scientific giants" together with the British Newton and the Japanese Seki Takashi.
Philosophers
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundreds of scholars such as Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Hanfeizi, Mozi, Yang Zhu, Xunzi, etc. were all philosophers. In the Han Dynasty there were Dong Zhongshu and Wang Chong, and Buddhists also had their own philosophy; in the Song Dynasty there were Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Zhang Zai, Zhu Xi, and Lu Jiuyuan; in the Ming Dynasty there were Wang Yangming, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi, Li Zhi, etc.
Literary Artists
Literature and art are too broad. China’s long history has produced generations of outstanding writers and countless outstanding works, with various genres, Themes, styles, and schools have formed a variety of phenomena, trends, and theories. Poems, prose, calligraphy, paintings, novels, and operas have various forms and extremely rich contents. The representative literature of each period includes pre-Qin prose and Chuci, prose of the Han Dynasty, poetry, painting, calligraphy and fantasy novels of the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang poetry, Song lyrics and Yuan music, prose of eight great masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, novels of the Ming and Qing dynasties, etc. For example:
Prose prose in the pre-Qin period includes: "Shangshu", "Spring and Autumn", "Zuo Zhuan" (Zuo Qiuming), "Guoyu", "Warring States Policy" (edited by Han Liu Xiang), "The Analects" and " "Mencius", "Xunzi", "Mozi", "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", "Han Feizi", "Sunzi", "Lu Shi Chunqiu", etc. Chu Ci includes: Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", "Tianwen", "Nine Chapters", "Nine Songs", etc. , Han Fu includes Jia Yi's "Diao Qu Yuan Fu", Mei Cheng's "Qifa", Sima Xiangru's "Zixu·Shanglin Fu", Ban Gu's "Liangdu Fu" and Yang Xiong's "Ganquan Fu", Zhang Heng's "Er Beijing Fu" , Cai Yong's "Shu Xing Fu", etc., Sima Qian's "Historical Records", Ban Gu's "Han Shu", Jia Yi's "On Guo Qin", "On Accumulation and Storage", "Chen Zheng Shi Shu", Jian'an Three Cao (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) ), Tao Yuanming, the Four Great Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty (Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, Luo Binwang), the Poet Immortal Li Bai, the Poet Saint Du Fu, the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties (Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty, and Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong, The prose poetry of Ouyang Xiu, the Song lyrics of the bold school (Xin Qiji) and the graceful school (Li Qingzhao), the four great masters of Yuan opera (Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan), the four famous works (Wu Chengen's "Journey to the West", Shi Naian's "Water Margin" ", Luo Guanzhong's "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Cao Xueqin's "A Dream of Red Mansions"), etc.
Wu Xingjia