How to solve this problem? If candidates can judge the flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese with the help of their existing knowledge about the grammatical characteristics of modern Chinese parts of speech, they will form a more systematic understanding of them, thus making the problem simple and clear.
Tables and examples of flexible use of parts of speech
Second, the flexible use of parts of speech
(A) the flexible use of nouns
1. Use nouns flexibly as general verbs.
(1) Nouns are followed by objects, and nouns can be used flexibly as verbs.
For example, the donkey is furious and kicks it with its hoof.
The king's drum music here today.
Cui Wei, who cuts the clouds?
A brief analysis of "hoof" is a noun, but it is followed by the object "zhi" in the sentence. At this time, "hoof" plays the role of a verb, so it should be used flexibly as a verb to mean "kick"; The noun "drum" takes the object "music" as a verb: play; The noun "Guan" takes the object "Qieyun" as a verb: Dai.
(2) Nouns are followed by complements, and nouns can be used flexibly as verbs.
For example, (1) Supreme and Liuhe.
(2) Zheng merchants string high city in Zhou.
A brief analysis of the noun "Lu" with the complement "Supreme" as a verb: crawl; "City" with the complement "Yu Zhou" is used as a verb to do business.
(3) There are willing verbs or adverbs in front, and nouns can be used flexibly as verbs, such as (1) a fake ship, not water.
Now that the king and the people are having fun, then the king.
A brief analysis of adverb "Fei" before "water" and will verb "Neng" as verbs: swimming; Add an adverb "Ze" before the noun "Wang" as a verb to rule the world and be king.
(4) The same noun is used repeatedly, or two nouns are used together. These two nouns do not overlap, nor are they combined, partial or compound, so one of them is often used as a verb.
For example, today is a day when everything is idle.
On the overlapping of nouns "things", the first one is used as a verb: do, engage in.
5. There is a structural auxiliary word "suo" in front, and nouns are used flexibly as verbs.
For example, (1) put it in the belly of a fish.
A brief analysis of the structural auxiliary word "suo" before the noun "one" Used as a verb: to catch with a net.
Positional nouns are often used as verbs, some of which are preceded by the conjunction "he" or adverbs, while others are preceded by neither the conjunction "he" nor adverbs.
For example, Sui Dong in Qin Dynasty.
A brief analysis of the adverb "sui" before the locative noun "east", which is used as a verb: March eastward.
The causative usage of nouns.
(1) indicates the action of making an object a person or thing represented by a noun, or making an object a noun a verb.
For example, (1) longitudinal jiangdong brothers pity me, what do I see?
A brief analysis of "Wang" followed by "I" as the object means "making me king".
(2) Occasionally there are omitted objects after nouns used as causative agents.
For example, (1) the son of heaven may not be a minister, and a vassal may not be a friend.
A brief analysis of "improper minister" is equivalent to "improper minister"; "Don't make friends" is equivalent to "Don't make friends", which means "Don't make him a minister" and "Don't make friends with him".
(3) Positional nouns are a kind of nouns, which are used flexibly as verbs and sometimes as causalities.
For example, the king of Qi is not as good as the eastern perilla, and Qin will doubt Qi and not believe in perilla.
(2) the building is blocked, and its households are in the southwest.
A brief analysis of the causative usage of locative nouns is to make the person or thing represented by the object move in a certain direction, which means to make perilla (Su Dai) eastward; "Southwest households" open their doors to the west or south.
13. Verbal usage of nouns.
For example, Meng Changjun invited me.
A brief analysis of the noun "ke" followed by the object "I" and its flexible use as an intentional verb. "Guest me" means "treat me as a guest" and "treat me as a guest".
4. Nouns can be used as adverbials directly.
(1) nouns are flexibly used as adverbials when expressing the state and characteristics of actions and behaviors.
For example, (1) swept the world, including the whole world.
A brief analysis of the nouns "cushion", "bag" and "bag" as adverbials: like cushion, like parcel and like pocket.
(2) Nouns are used flexibly as adverbials to express the attitude and way of action.
For example, (1) officials and people can stab me.
A brief analysis of noun "face" as adverbial of verb "thorn" and the way to express "thorn": face to face.
(3) Nouns are tools used to express actions and behaviors, and they are used flexibly as adverbials.
For example, there are no donkeys in Guizhou, but there are good people on board.
A brief analysis of the noun "ship" as an adverbial of the verb "load" shows that the tool used for "load" is shipment.
(4) Nouns are flexibly used as adverbials when indicating the place where the action takes place.
For example, (1) a lonely sail comes from the sun.
A brief analysis of the noun "diurnal change" as an adverbial of the verb "lai", indicating the place of "lai": from diurnal change.
5] Nouns are flexibly used as adverbials when indicating the time when actions occur.
For example, 1) Liang Younian changed his knife.
A brief analysis of the time noun "sui" as the adverbial of the verb predicate "Geng" shows the nature of "Geng": every year.
Nouns are flexibly used as adverbials when expressing the trend of action and behavior.
Take the land of Baiyue in the south for example.
This paper briefly analyzes the adverbial of the locative noun "South" as "Na", indicating the trend of behavior and action: South.
(7) Nouns indicate that the situation changes gradually and are used flexibly as adverbials.
For example, a neighbor's birthday is a frown.
A brief analysis of the noun "day" as an adverbial of adjective predicate "vinegar" means "vinegar", which gradually develops and changes: day after day, day after day.
(B) the flexible use of verbs
Verbs are used flexibly as nouns.
For example, if (1) serves and loses, the enemy cannot be vertical.
Briefly analyze the verb "wind" as a noun, meaning "give up the opportunity" and as the subject of the sentence.
The causative usage of verbs.
The causative usage of (1) verbs mainly focuses on intransitive verbs.
For example, how to accompany neighbors with dead Zheng?
(2) Xiang Bo kill people, I live.
Brief analysis of the above examples, "Wu" and "goods" are intransitive verbs, and neither can take an object, but they are both causative verbs because they are followed by "Zheng" and "Zhi" respectively. "Destroying Zheng" means "destroying Zheng"; "Living" means "keeping it alive", which can be translated as "saving him" here.
(2) Some transitive verbs also have causative usage, which is rare.
For example, eat carefully and sometimes offer.
(2) jinhou drink Zhao Dun wine.
A brief analysis of "eat" is a transitive verb, but here it is not the snake catcher who eats the snake, but the snake catcher "lets the snake eat" (let the snake eat), which can be translated as feeding. Re-reading "food" as the causative meaning s √; "Drink" is a transitive verb, but what we are talking about here is not that Jin Hou drinks Zhao Dun's wine, but that Jin Hou drinks Zhao Dun and Zhao Dun's wine. When "drink" is used as causative meaning, read yì n.
3. Passive usage of verbs.
For example, it is ok to die in the country.
A brief analysis of "death" is a verb usage, and "national subjugation" means "death for the country"
(C) the flexible use of adjectives
1. adjectives are used flexibly as nouns.
For example, big banks ignore details.
A brief analysis of "be careful", adjectives as nouns, meaning "details"
4. Adjectives are used flexibly as general verbs.
⑴ Adjectives can be used flexibly as verbs after the word "suo".
For example, the height of the world is the Yellow Emperor.
"Gao" is an adjective, but it is made into a component in this sentence and translated into "admiration".
⑵ Adjectives can be used flexibly as verbs after verbs that can make wishes.
Because will verbs are always used with verbs before verbs. Therefore, if a will verb and an adjective are combined as the predicate of a sentence, then most adjectives are also used flexibly as verbs.
For example, if you dig deep into him, his good traveler can't be poor.
A brief analysis of the combination of "poverty" and "energy" in this sentence acts as a predicate component, so it is used flexibly as a verb.
⑶ Adjectives are placed before pronouns such as "Zhi" and "I" and used flexibly as verbs.
Like a little closer.
"Jin" is an adjective, but it is followed by the pronoun "Zhi" as the object and verb.
(4) When adjectives are followed by prepositional structures as complements, they can be used flexibly as verbs.
For example, (1) make Yin ... die and make Doctor Shangguan short of Qu Yuan to assist the king.
A brief analysis of Lingyin Zilan ... Finally, let Shangguan doctor (Shanxi businessman) vilify Qu Yuan in front of Xiang Wang. "Short" followed by the prepositional structure "Yu Wang" should be used as a verb.
3. The causative usage of adjectives is characterized by making the person or thing represented by the object have the nature or state represented by the adjective.
For example, (1) vassals feared, formed alliances, and sought to weaken Qin.
The spring breeze in Jiang Nanan is green.
"Weak" is an adjective, which is used as a predicate in a sentence, but the adjective is used as a predicate and cannot be followed by a noun object. Now it is connected with the object "pro", so it should be used flexibly as a verb to mean "weaken" "Green" is an adjective followed by a nominal object.
4. Verbal usage of adjectives.
A verb derived from the flexible use of adjectives means to think (feel) that an object has the nature or state represented by this adjective.
For example, Teng Qigong's words are strong and his appearance is strong, but he is unrealistic.
(2) the beauty of the wife.
(3) Confucius climbed high and small, and climbed Mount Tai and was smaller than the world.
A brief analysis of "strange words" and "strong appearance" is the meaning that Teng Gong, the subject, thinks that strange words and strong appearance mean. The adjective "beauty" is followed by the object "I". "Beautiful me" means "taking me as beauty", that is, "thinking that I am beautiful"; "Little Lu" and "Little World" are Confucius' subjective states that "Lu" and "Little World" are small.
Subsequent exercises
1. Read the following paragraph in classical Chinese and complete 1~6 questions.
Ji Gang, a native of Linyi, is open to all students. Prince (1) set out to cross the county, please follow suit. Wang, say it. Those who are good at riding and shooting will be cunning and good at hooking people up. Wang loves her luck and awards loyalty to thousands of families. In other words, the throne, the Royal Guards, make the code pro-army, make the prison. Outline the emperor's decree, spread it widely to a captain, and pick up the affairs of the subjects. The emperor learned that the rule of off-duty was profound. The emperor thinks loyalty is close to his heart. They are all in charge of affairs, or in charge of jinyi. In the emperor's anger, the chamberlain monk Wu Da talked about his death, so he went home to wash vegetables. Yang said that if they saw it, they would forgive them, lure them away with gold and silk, and be suddenly punished in the city.
After many twists and turns, the family pretended to be the imperial edict and went to various saltworks to store more than 4 million yuan of salt. Also known as the imperial edict, 20 official ships and 400 ox carts were detained, privately installed and delivered directly. Trapped in dozens of armor, it has exhausted its capital. Because the king of Jin and the king of Wu did not have Jinbao. Be crowned, sit high and buy wine, order excellent children to play music, shout long live, and take up all the tools. I wanted to buy a female Taoist as a concubine, but the governor got it first. When I met Lu Da-nei, I broke my head and died. The school commander didn't avoid the road, falsely accused him of taking the reward and killed him.
The outline also stores more fugitives and makes crossbows. On the Dragon Boat Festival, the emperor shot at the willow tree, and the town official Pang Ying said, "I missed. If I break the willow and make trouble, I will win the hearts of everyone. " Ying, as he said, no one dares to correct it. Just now Xi said, "No way." Have ulterior motives. /kloc-in July of 0/4, the person in charge of the enemy squad committed a crime, ordered the dissolution of the official and the court, and was sent to Duchayuan for treatment, fearing that something would happen. Today's disc (5) is in the city, all the family members are guarding the border, and the crime is presented to the world.
(Excerpted from Ming History)
Note (1) The Prince of Yan: Judy, the first emperor of Ming Dynasty, the fourth son of Ming Taizu. In the 13th year of Hongwu, he became the Prince of Yan in Ming Taizu. ② Abstraction (t √): exposure. (3) Riding on: This refers to the objects used by the emperor. (4) zhuā: strike, knock. ⑤ disc (zhé): a criminal law of splitting limbs.
1. The words added in the following sentences have the same meaning as ().
A.① Be cunning; 2 talkative.
B: ① profound writing and slander; ② Wording and whitewashing.
C, ① loading the private section and giving the straight section; ② Fill the cow's head with charcoal.
D: ① Order gifted children to play music and present gifts; Please present a gift to the king of Qin.
2. In the following sentences, the added word is not a living part of speech, but ().
A. please be self-effective when knocking on the horse. B. Making the code beneficial to the army
C. Jin Wang and Wu Wang D. were crowned.
3. In the following groups of sentences, the group with different meanings and usages of added words is ().
(1) the king and the language, say it.
(2) the north and coach during this period.
(1) the emperor thought loyalty, if close to the heart.
(2) All beautiful women are better than Xu Gong.
(1) the emperor angry in waits and Chen Wu next outline theory of death.
(2) The poor know me.
I missed it.
(2) Zhu Haixiu no longer thanks.
4. The following sentences are divided into four groups, and the group used to depict the image of Ji Gang who is totally drunk is ().
(a) the prince set out for his county, and the outline of knocking on the horse was effective. (2) He is very cunning and good at hooking people. (3) The emperor thought he was loyal, and if he kissed him from the heart, (4) Yang said that he would forgive him if he saw it, and he would try his best to lure Jin Si, and suddenly he was sent to town. I missed. If I shout, I win the public opinion.
A.②④⑤ B.①③④ C.②③⑤ D.①④⑤
5. The following statement does not conform to the original intention is ()
A. This paper focuses on depicting the image of Ji Gang, a power traitor. Because he was eloquent and good at reading other people's minds, he was favored by the prince, so he rose to a high position.
B. Ji Gang trained a group of his own party followers, framed dissidents and lured property; Fake imperial edicts, taking official salt; Making weapons privately, plotting evil.
C once when he entered the palace, he met the satrap he envied and punched Xue on the head, beating his head to death.
D. Ji Gang committed all kinds of crimes, and finally he was punished according to law, and his family was punished.
6. Translate underlined sentences into modern Chinese.
(1) framing dozens of counterfeiters has exhausted its capital.
Translation:
(2) There is another village with a bright future, which is widely expected.
Translation:
Second, read the following passage in classical Chinese and complete question 7~ 12.
Ma Rong word season is long, Fufeng Maoling people also. Be beautiful and handsome. At the beginning, Jing Zhao devoted himself to teaching Confucianism, hiding in Nanshan, and should not be recruited. He paid great attention to Kansai, participated in his study tour and learned a lot of classics. Curious and talented, treating his wife like a wife.
In the second year of Yongchuan, general Deng Zhirong called him to give up his family. Unless he is excellent, he should not be ordered to stay at the Hanyang border of Liangzhou Wudu. Lu Qiang will rise, the border will be chaotic, and rice will become expensive. Starting from Kansai, the roads are opposite. Rong was hungry and sleepy, but he was remorseful. He sighed, "As the ancients said, a fool doesn't do it if his left hand presses the map of the world and his right hand licks his throat. Therefore, life is more precious than the world. Today, it is almost not what Laozi and Zhuangzi said to destroy innocent people with the shame of vulgar music. " Therefore, I should be called.
For four years, he served as the school book lang and the school secretary of Yidongguan Store. At that time, Empress Dowager Deng came to Korea, and his brothers supported the government. Generally, Confucian scholars think that virtue can be honored and martial arts can be abolished, so they go to bed to search for the inauguration ceremony and stop fighting against the old law, and thieves will take advantage of it. Integration is gratitude, thinking that the way of civil and military affairs, the sage does not fall, the five talents are exhausted, and nothing can be abandoned. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty, he made an allegory in Ode to Guang Cheng.
Ode, attach importance to the Deng family, stay in the east, and you can't adjust it for ten years. I came back illegally because I lost my brother and son. The queen mother became angry when she heard it, saying that she was ashamed and thin, and wanted to be an official in the county, so she ordered it to be locked up.
When the Queen Mother collapsed, Andi took charge of the government, recalled Langbu and returned to the Ministry. It is a long-standing Hejian royal stables. When the car drove to the east to patrol the ancestors, it merged with Ode to the East. The emperor was curious about his writing style and met the doctor. And Beixiang Hou acceded to the throne, recovered from illness and made contributions to the county.
In the second year of Yangjia, a letter was sent to Dunpu, and a captain of the city gate lifted the car, made a plan, and worshipped Lang. General Liang Shang, engaged in corps commander, turned to Wudu Taizong. During the rebellion of Western Qiang, Ma Xian, a general of the West, and Hu Chou, a captain of the Qiang, were recruited, but they did not enter for a long time. Knowing that you will lose, the court cannot use it.
After three moves, Emperor Huan was the prefect of Nanjun. First of all, I have something to do with General Liang Ji. I satirize the insatiable greed of the company in the county, and avoid the official moving north. Since stabbing to death is not the same, I can be forgiven, I can worship Lang again, concentrate on oriental writings, and go to the office despite my illness.
(Excerpted from the Biography of Ma Rong in the Later Han Dynasty)
7. Add some words to the following sentences, and the wrong explanation is ().
A. border turmoil, rice is expensive: prices are rising.
B. Go to bed and search for the wedding ceremony: stop.
C. gratitude and gratitude: feeling.
D. if you don't check for a long time: stay.
8. The meaning and usage of the words added in the following sentences are in the same group ()
(1) Fools don't do it.
(2) think that virtue can be carried forward and martial arts should be abandoned.
① Secretary of Yidongguan Canon School
(2) The concept, countermeasures and worship of the bus.
(1) Zhao Jing zhi yao as a professor of Confucianism.
(2) Today, with vulgar shame, we will destroy innocent bodies.
(1) It is not suitable for recruitment, and it is important for Kansai.
(2) pay attention to the works of oriental view.
9. The following added words belong to the flexible use of parts of speech ()
A. curious and talented, take a wife as a wife. B. I want to be a county magistrate.
C praise, care about Deng's family, will Ting stay in Dongguan soar?
10. The following sentences are divided into four groups, which can explain that the direct cause of Ma Rong's career is ().
(1) unless it is a good family, hence not life, guest in liangzhou wudu, hanyang border. /(2) Satire on Ode to Guangcheng. I'm worried about the Deng family and I'm stuck in the east view. /(3) Due to the loss of my brother and son. /(4) He Xiang Hou ascended the throne, died of illness, and made meritorious service in the county. /(5) know that it will fail, then it will be effective. /⑥ If you stab yourself differently, you will be forgiven and you will worship Lang again.
A.①②③ B.①③⑤ C.②④⑥ D.④⑤⑥
1 1. Among the following statements, the one that does not conform to the original intention is ().
A. Ma Rong's first teacher, Zhixun, taught Confucianism. Ma Rong traveled with him and learned many classics. Influenced by it, he was unwilling to be an official.
B. When Ma Rong was trapped by hunger, he regretted Deng Zhi's call, and therefore denied the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi.
C. When Ma Rong was in charge of proofreading imperial books in Dongguan, he dismissed the vulgar and cowardly literati at that time, and then wrote an article satirizing them.
Ma Rong was framed for offending Liang Ji. After being dismissed from office, he was shaved and exiled to the north.
Translate the following sentences.
(1) the left hand according to the world figure, right hand cut its throat, fool.
Translation:
(2) the way of civil and military affairs, sages fail, five talents are used, and nothing can be abolished.
Translation:
Reference answer
1.d ("Feng" is the original meaning of "Peng", which means "holding with both hands")
The common usage of the verb "knock" means "kowtow". "Dian" is a noun, which means "Dian Shu", that is, the pro-military roster. It is used flexibly as a verb here, meaning "in charge of the canon", that is, in charge. "Ji" is also a noun, which is used flexibly as a verb to mean "Ji lost, registered and confiscated". "Clothing" is also a noun, which can be used flexibly as a verb.
3.A (a group of prepositions with "harmony" as the front, introducing the partner of action and behavior, omitting the object "zhi" here, which can be translated as "he", "heel" and "same"; The conjunction after "He" means union and can be translated into "He" and "He". The word "one" in the two sentences of group B is "think, think" and is used as a predicate in the sentence. The word "suo" in the two sentences of group C is an auxiliary word, which is put before the verb or verb phrase to form a noun phrase, which can be translated as "the person ……". The "reason" in the two sentences of group D is an adverb, which is used before the verb to indicate that it is intentional.
Before writing his wealth, he was not a "power traitor". (3) Write about the emperor)
5.c (Lv Xue didn't die, but he almost died)
6. (Reference) (1) Fabricating charges and framing hundreds of big businessmen will not stop until their property is stripped. You broke off the willow branches and said loudly that I made a move to observe everyone's attitude towards me.
7.c (it should be "angry")
8.b (a 1 verb, do; 2 verbs, think; B both "yi" means to go; C 1 use; ② Reason: D① pronounced as "zhòng" means "respect" and ② pronounced as "chóng" means "re-establishment". )
9.D (A is pronounced as "qi" and Modern Chinese Dictionary is interpreted as "marrying a wife"; B is an official; C violation; D storm, translated as "like a storm"-nouns as adverbials. )
10.A (① He didn't enter the official career naturally because of his likes and dislikes; (2) Offending those in power by remonstrance will lead to "ten years of irreconcilable differences"; (3) The reason for leaving is "self-impeachment"; (4) Running away due to illness, not sure whether it is "character"; ⑤ The purpose of its promotion is to serve the imperial court, but the latter's "unnecessary" is not the direct reason; ⑥ It should be regarded as "Dashun")
1 1.b ("hardly the so-called Lao zi and Zhuang zi" should be translated as "I'm afraid it's not the metaphysical thought of Lao zi and Zhuang zi", without any negative meaning. )
12. (Reference) ① Press the map of the world with your left hand and cut your throat with your right hand, even a fool wouldn't do that. (2) the way of civil and military, sages don't give up, just like Jin Mu's fire, water and soil, don't give up. In addition, in the process of reading classical Chinese, we often encounter some flexible use of parts of speech, that is, some parts of speech will temporarily change their parts of speech because of the need of use and play the role of another kind of words. If we can't correctly grasp their usage and understand their meanings, we can't correctly understand and translate sentences. Especially the causative usage and intentional usage, it is difficult for students to distinguish. Now, we put the causative, intentional and behavioral usage of verbs together for cognitive comparison, hoping to help students learn.
First, the use of servitude.
Causative usage is a special verb-object relationship, which means that the action expressed by the predicate verb is not made by the person represented by the subject, but by the person represented by the object under the influence of the subject. The predicate verb has the meaning of "how to make the object do something". There are four causative usages: noun causative usages; Causative usage of verbs; Causative usage of adjectives; The causative usage of numerals.
Causative usage of nouns:
It refers to the act of making an object become the person or thing represented by a noun, or making an object produce a noun as a verb. For example:
(1) Domain people do not take his boundaries. (Solve ...)
(2) Huan Gong Jie Guan Zhong. (Let ... be Prime Minister)
(3) What do I see when my father and brother in Jiangdong pity me? (making ... the king)
(2) Causative usage of verbs:
The causative usage of verbs mainly appears in verbs that cannot take objects. For example:
How to use the dead Zheng to accompany the neighbors? (make ... perish)
So many words are dying, and I'm angry. (making ... anger)
Neither "death" nor "anger" can take an object, but they are both causative, because they are followed by "righteousness" and "behavior" respectively.
Some verbs that can take objects also have causative usage. For example:
Eat it and sometimes offer it. ("eat", eat, here is the snake catcher "let the snake eat", that is, let the snake eat, which can be translated as feeding. "Shi" is pronounced as "Si" and then used as the causative meaning. )
(3) the causative usage of adjectives:
The causative usage of adjectives is slightly different from that of verbs, which is characterized by making the person or thing represented by the object have the nature or state represented by the adjective. For example:
(1) This is Chang Anjun's position, (making ... respectable)
(2) The governors were afraid, and they would ally themselves and seek to weaken Qin. (Weakening influence) ...)
The spring breeze in Jiang Nanan is green. (making ... green)
4 empty body. Impose poverty on ...)
Causative usage of numerals
After numerals are used flexibly as verbs, they also have causative usage. For example:
Qin Shihuang is immortal ... Although there are four Huang San, six or five emperors, it is not as good as Bilong. If Qin Shihuang lives to be a hundred years old, ... then even if Qin Shihuang and Huang San are tied for four emperors and five emperors are tied for six emperors, it will not be as prosperous as Qin Shihuang. )
The causative usage of numerals is to change things quantitatively (for example, the word "four" in an example can be interpreted as "making … into four" and the word "six" can be interpreted as "making … into six") or visualize.
We can sum up a rule that any word that can be translated into "How to make ……" is regarded as causative usage because it has causative function.
Second, the usage of conation.
Confident usage is also a special verb-object relationship, which means that the predicate verb has the meaning of "thinking about (or thinking about) the object" or "treating the object as something". There are two kinds of conative usage: the conative usage of adjectives; Verb usage of nouns.
(A) the use of adjectives conation
A verb derived from the flexible use of adjectives means to think (feel) that an object has the nature or state represented by this adjective. For example:
(1) Teng Qigong his words, strong appearance, release without cutting. I think his writing is peculiar and his appearance is strong, which can be translated as: I think his writing is outstanding and his appearance is magnificent.
(2) Confucius climbed Mount Tai but was small, and climbed Mount Tai but was smaller than the world. Think about it ... that is, small, which can be translated as: Confucius felt that Lu was small when he climbed Dongshan, and that the world was small when he climbed Mount Tai.
(B) the noun's conative usage
When a noun is used as a conation, the person or thing represented by the object behind it is considered to be the person or thing represented by this noun. For example:
I am here today, and everyone is bullying my brother, which makes me a fish after I am 100 years old. (treat ... like fish [killing at will])
My son and I are fishing in Zhu Jiang. We are friends with elk. Take ... as a partner and ... as a friend.
(3) Meng Changjun guest me. (treat ... as a guest)
There is no difference between causative usage and intentional usage in structural form, but their meanings are different. Causative usage is "how to make the object" and conative usage is "how to think about the object" subjectively. We can understand the difference between the two according to the context.
Third, verb usage.
Verbal usage is a rare verb-object relationship, which refers to the meaning of the predicate verb "how about for the object", for example:
Since I cried for three days, I vowed to be treated. (Crying and begging ...)
Waiting to die, can you die? (Die for ...)
There are certain rules for judging, understanding and translating the three flexible ways: causative action, intentional action and behavioral action: whenever the predicate has an object, translation in the form of "causative action" belongs to causative action; The predicate is called conative usage, and the object is interpreted in the form of "taking …… as"; How about the predicate with the object "Wei"? The translation of "for ..." is used as a verb. For example, "people who hear my ears" should be translated as "let my ears hear", which is causative usage; "Guqi" should be translated as "I think it is strange", which is a conative usage; It's okay to die for your country. This is the passive usage.
In short, students must pay attention to accumulation and comparison, try to translate into the above three formats, and then see which translation is the most reasonable according to the context, so as to make clear which translation is flexible.