Buddhists say that life and death are important matters. Zenists also say that death is the last opportunity for people to gain enlightenment.
Looking at the five thousand years of China, and counting the last words of those great people or heroes that are much talked about, the love and hate, joy and sorrow, generosity and desolation, regret and remorse in them are fascinating. Seeing that in the face of this last opportunity, the answer is often a sigh - too many people, even if they touch people's hearts, are still facing a wall of obsession in their lives. The responsibility and integrity of a virtuous person and the bright mind of a wise person are just a flash of inspiration.
When we are deeply shocked by their words and mood when facing death, we should have deep thinking and understanding. The object of thinking and understanding is life, life, and all confusion and enlightenment.
01. Wu Zixu (559 BC - 484 BC)
Stand above Wudong Gate in Wuyan County to watch the Yue invaders enter and destroy Wu! ("Historical Records·Biography of Wu Zixu")
Wu Zixu was a doctor and military strategist of the State of Wu in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
Wu Zixu repeatedly advised King Wu Fu Chai to kill Gou Jian, but Fu Chai refused to listen. Fu Chai was eager to enter the Central Plains of Tu and led his army to attack Qi. Wu Zixu once again advised Fu Chai not to attack Qi for the time being and to destroy Yue first, but he was rejected. Fu Chai listened to Taizai Bo Pei's slander that Wu Zixu was plotting to rely on Qi to rebel against Wu, so he sent someone to give Wu Zixu a sword and ordered him to commit suicide. Before Wu Zixu committed suicide, he said to his retainers: "Please dig out my eyes and place them on the east gate. I want to watch the Kingdom of Wu perish!" Nine years after Wu Zixu's death, the Kingdom of Wu was destroyed by a sneak attack by the Yue Kingdom.
02. Yurang (Spring and Autumn Period)
I can repay Uncle Zhi! ("Historical Records·Biographies of Assassins·Yu Rang")
Yu Rang was a native of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was a retainer of Jin Qing Zhiyao (Zhibo). In the 22nd year of the Jin Dynasty (453 BC), Zhao, Han and Wei all destroyed the Zhi family. In order to avenge Zhibo, Yurang painted himself with paint, swallowed charcoal to make himself mute, and lurked under a bridge. He attempted to assassinate Zhao Xiangzi but failed, and was captured by Zhao Xiangzi. Yurang knew that there was no hope of survival and that he could not fulfill his vow to assassinate Zhao Xiangzi, so he asked Zhao Xiangzi to take off one piece of his clothes so that he could symbolically assassinate him. Zhao Xiangzi complied with his request and sent someone to bring his clothes to Yurang. Yurang drew his sword and jumped up to stab it many times. He looked up to the sky and shouted: "I can report it to Uncle Zhi!" Then he fell down. Sword suicide.
It is said that when the patriots of Zhao State heard the news of Yu Rang's death, they all cried bitterly. In Chinese history, assassins like Yu Rang were not tolerated by orthodoxy, but their chivalrous spirit of valuing justice over profit, and being willing to risk their lives for those who knew themselves, have been admired by people for thousands of years. Yu Rang is a representative figure among these people. His heroic spirit of "a scholar will die for his bosom friend" is enough to make the ungrateful people of future generations ashamed!
03. Bai Qi (? - 257 BC)
Why have I sinned against Heaven to be here? ...In the Battle of Changping, hundreds of thousands of Zhao soldiers surrendered. I deceived and trapped them all, which was enough to kill them. ("Historical Records: Biography of Bai Qi and Wang Jian")
Bai Qi, a famous general and strategist during the Warring States Period, ranked first among the four famous generals of the Warring States Period.
Finally, he was sentenced to death by King Qin Zhaoxiang. When Bai Qi picked up his sword and committed suicide, he looked up to the sky and sighed: "What sin have I committed against God to end up like this?" After a while, he said again: "I should have died. In the Battle of Changping, how many soldiers did Zhao Jun surrender?" One hundred thousand people, I used deception to bury them all alive, this is enough for a death sentence!" Then he committed suicide.
04. Jing Ke (? - 227 BC)
The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man will never return once he is gone! ("Historical Records·Biography of Jing Ke")
Jing Ke was a famous assassin during the Warring States Period. After the Qin State destroyed Zhao, its troops pointed directly at the southern border of the Yan State. Prince Dan was frightened and decided to send Jing Ke into Qin to assassinate the King of Qin.
In 227 BC, Jing Ke took Yandukang Tu and Fan Yuqi's head to the State of Qin to assassinate the King of Qin. Before leaving, Prince Dan of Yan, Gao Jianli and many other people saw Jing Ke off at the edge of Yishui River. The scene was very solemn and solemn. "The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man will never return once he is gone." This is a poem sung by Jing Ke when he said goodbye.
After Jing Ke and Qin Wuyang entered the Qin Dynasty, the King of Qin solemnly summoned him in Xianyang Palace. After handing over Fan Yuqi’s head, he presented a map of Dukang (now Zhuoxian, Yixian, and Gu’an in Hebei). Later, Tu Qiong saw the dagger, and Jing Ke failed to stab the King of Qin. He was seriously injured by the King of Qin with his sword drawn, and was later killed by the Qin guards.
05. Li Si (approximately 284 BC - 208 BC)
I want to go out to Cai Dongmen with Ruo Fu and lead the yellow dog to chase the cunning rabbit, how can we succeed! ("Historical Records·Biography of Li Si")
Li Si was a famous politician, writer and calligrapher in the Qin Dynasty.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, he conspired with Zhao Gao to forge a posthumous edict, forcing the first emperor's eldest son Fusu to commit suicide and establishing his youngest son Hu Hai as the second emperor. Later, he was tabooed by Zhao Gao. In the second year of Qin II (208 BC), he was cut in half in the bustling city of Xianyang and merged with the Yi tribe.
Before he was executed, Li Si saw that his most beloved young son was also in the queue to be executed. He suddenly felt sad and said sadly: "I really want to be like you when you were a child, with father and son holding hands with each other." Dog Ah Huang, with his falcon, went out to the east gate of Caicheng to hunt down the cunning rabbit, but it is impossible now!" Everyone who listened to the story shed tears.
06. Xiang Yu (232 BC - 202 BC)
His strength is overwhelming. When times are unfavorable, good things never fade away. Nothing can be done if the glory is not gone! Yuxi, Yuxi, what can I do! (Xiang Yu's fatal poem "Gaixia Ge")
Xiang Yu, a representative figure of the "military situation" in Chinese military thought (the four forces of military strategists: military situation, military strategy, military yin and yang, and military skills), is famous for his bravery. Military strategist. King Xiang Yu of Han fought a four-year Chu-Han War with Liu Bang, but was finally destroyed by Liu Bang and committed suicide by the Wujiang River (now Wujiang Town, He County, Anhui).
"Gaixia Song" is a poem sung by Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu, before his defeat. It is a magnificent song that can shock the gods and weep ghosts. It expresses Xiang Yu's full spirit when he was surrounded by the Han army. Resentment and helplessness. It is filled with unparalleled pride and deep affection; it not only shows rare self-confidence, but also sighs heavily for the insignificance of human beings. It is truly a miracle to express such rich content and complex emotions in just four sentences. For thousands of years, it has touched the hearts of countless readers, and its charm probably lies in this!
07. Han Xin (approximately 231 BC - 196 BC)
I regret not using Kuai Tong's plan, but I was deceived by my children. Isn't it heaven! ("Historical Records: Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin")
Han Xin, the founding hero of the Western Han Dynasty, an outstanding military strategist in Chinese history, was listed as one of the three heroes of the early Han Dynasty along with Xiao He and Zhang Liang, and was also known as one of the Three Heroes of the Early Han Dynasty along with Peng Yue and Yingbu. Three famous generals in the early Han Dynasty. Later, he was killed by Empress Lu. When he was about to be executed, he said: "I regret not adopting Kuai Tong's plan (to divide the world into three parts and make the king the king), so that I was deceived by women and boys. Isn't it God's will?" Han Xin was killed by the Yi tribe.
08. Li Guang (? - 119 BC)
Guangjie fought with the Xiongnu for more than seventy years. Fortunately, he was sent by the general to take orders from the army, and the great general The general moved to Guangbu and returned to a distant place, but lost his way. Isn't it heaven? And after more than sixty years, he can no longer be an official with swords and pens. ("Historical Records: Biography of General Li")
Li Guang, a famous general in the Western Han Dynasty. The Huns once feared him and called him a flying general. They did not dare to invade for several years. During the Battle of Mobei, Li Guang was a former general. He lost his way and failed to participate in the battle. He committed suicide in shame.
Before he died, Li Guang said: "I have fought with the Huns more than seventy times since I was a boy. Now I am fortunate to go out with the general to fight against the Shanyu army. However, the general has sent my troops to take a roundabout way. I got lost on the way, isn't it God's will? Besides, I am over sixty years old, and I can never be insulted by those swordsmen." So he drew his sword and killed himself.
09. Liu Bei (161-223)
His talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and he will definitely be able to secure the country and finalize major events. If the heir can assist, then assist him; if he is not talented, you can take it yourself. ("Three Kingdoms·Zhuge Liang Biography")
Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. Zhang Wu died of illness in Baidi City in the third year of his reign at the age of 63.
When Liu Bei was seriously ill, he summoned Zhuge Liang from Chengdu and entrusted him with matters after his death. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang: "Sir, your talent is ten times greater than that of Cao Pi. He will definitely be able to stabilize the country and finally complete the great cause of unifying the world. If the heir can assist, I will ask you to assist; if he is not successful, you can replace him yourself." Zhuge Liang With tears in his eyes, he said: "I will do my best and assist you with loyalty until my death!" Liu Bei also issued an edict to teach Empress Liu: "You and the prime minister are working together, and you should treat him like your father." ! ”
10. Kong Rong’s 7-year-old daughter (201-208)
The girl is seven years old and the boy is nine years old. Because of her young age, she was given to her. . The two pieces are playing chess, but they are absorbed and do not move. The left and right people said, "Why can't the father get up?" The answer was: "The nest is destroyed but the eggs are not broken!" The master left some meat juice, and the man drank it when he was thirsty. The girl said, "How can we survive today's disaster? Why do we need to know the taste of meat?" The brother stopped crying. Or he told Cao Cao, so he killed them all. When he received it, he said to his brother: "If the deceased knew it, it would be his best wish to see his parents!" He stretched his neck to be executed, and the color did not change, so he was injured. ("Book of the Later Han·Biography of Kong Rong")
(Kong Rong) The daughter is seven years old and the son is nine years old. Because they are both young and weak, they are preserved and fostered in other people's homes. The two children were playing chess, but their father Kong Rong was arrested and did not move. The people around said: "My father was arrested and you didn't get up. Why?" The daughter replied: "Where can the nest be destroyed but the eggs are not broken?" The master gave them gravy. The son was thirsty and drank it. The daughter said: " How can I survive for a long time and still know the taste of meat after encountering such a disaster today?" Brother stopped crying. Someone told Cao Cao about this, so he decided to kill them all. When the captors arrived, the daughter said to her brother: "If the deceased has a soul and can see his parents, isn't this our greatest wish?" Then he was tortured with his neck unchanged, and everyone was sad for it.
11. Ji Kang (224-263, first authored in 223-262)
In the past, Yuan Xiaoni tried to learn "Guangling San" from me, and I always studied it. "Guangling San" is now extinct! ("Book of Jin·Biography of Ji Kang")
Ji Kang was a famous thinker, musician, writer, celebrity, and leader of the "Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest" during the Cao and Wei Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms. Because of his uncooperative attitude with the Sima clan, he was hated by him, and because he offended Zhong Hui and framed him, he was executed by Sima Zhao at the age of 39.
Before his execution, Ji Kang's expression remained unchanged, and he asked for a guqin to play, and he played "Guangling San". After playing it, Ji Kang said: "Yuan Zhun once asked to learn this piece of music, but I refused to teach it to him. From now on, "Guangling San" will be perfect!" At that time, three thousand students from the Imperial Academy wrote to him, requesting Ji Kang to be his master. The teacher tried to use this method to save him, but failed.
12. Ran Min (? - 352 years)
The world is in chaos. You, Cao, Yi and Di, have a human face and an animal heart, and still want to usurp and rebel. I am a hero for a moment, why should I not be an emperor? ("Book of Jin·Biography of Ran Min")
Ran Min, the founder of the Ran Wei regime during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, was famous for his bravery. In 352, Ran Min failed to break out of the encirclement and was captured by the former Yan Emperor Murong Jun. He was executed on the Nexing Mountain and was later posthumously named King Wu Dao.
Ran Min was born in the dark age of the Five Hus, when the Han people were almost exterminated under the butcher knives of the Hu people. Ran Min almost wiped out many branches of the Hu people with his famous "Killing Hu Order", which became history. A controversial figure in the world, he is both revered as a national hero and also stigmatized as a butcher.
In the last battle, Ran Min rode a Zhulong horse, holding a double-edged spear on the left and a hooked halberd on the right. He faced the wind and killed more than 300 Xianbei soldiers. In an instant, the Yan cavalry swarmed in and surrounded Ran Min, who was finally captured.
Murong Jun asked Ran Min to stand in front of him and asked him: "You, a servant, why do you pretend to be the emperor?" Ran Min replied: "The world is in chaos. You Yi and Di people have human faces and animal hearts, and you still want to usurp the throne and rebel. I am a lifelong hero, why can't I be an emperor?" Murong Jun was furious and killed Ran Min on Mount Erxing.
At that time, all the vegetation in the seven miles to the left and right of the mountain withered, locusts broke out, and there was no rain from May until December. Murong Jun sent envoys to offer sacrifices and posthumously named Ran Min King Wu Miao. It snowed heavily that day.
13. Tan Daoji (? - 436)
This is the Great Wall that destroyed you thousands of miles away! ("Book of the Song Dynasty. Biography of Tan Daoji")
Tan Daoji, a famous general of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties, was the author of "Thirty-Six Strategies". At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Liu Yu attacked the Later Qin Dynasty and made many military exploits, reaching the rank of General in the Southern Campaign. Emperor Wen of the Later Dynasty killed the important ministers and disciples of his former dynasty who were good at fighting.
Before his execution, Tan Daoji threw his hat to the ground and shouted angrily: "You are destroying the Great Wall!"
Tan Daoji was killed in vain, and the people of the country were heartbroken. The news reached Pingcheng (today's Datong, Shanxi), and the generals of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the old enemies of the Southern Dynasties, celebrated with their crowns: "Once Tan Daoji dies, the people of Wu will have nothing to fear!"
In the twenty-seventh year of Yuanjia, Emperor Wen again ordered the generals to expedition north. The eastern front suffered repeated setbacks, causing the Wei people to reach Guabu in the south, hoping to drink from the Yangtze River. Facing a powerful enemy across the river, Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty sighed: "If Tan Daoji were here, how could Hu Ma come here!" But at this time, Tan Daoji had been dead for fourteen years.
14. Su Shi (1037-1101)
The West is not lacking, but its efforts are poor. ("Chronicles of Dongpo")
Su Shi, also known as Zizhan, also known as Dongpo Jushi, was the representative of the highest achievements in literature in the Song Dynasty. His poems are called "Su Huang" together with Huang Tingjian. His poems are bold and unrestrained, and he is called "Su Xin" together with Xin Qiji.
On July 28, the first year of Jingguo’s reign in the Northern Song Dynasty (1101), Su Shi, a famous writer and cultural master in ancient my country, died of illness in Changzhou. When he was dying, his friend Abbot Weilin said loudly in his ear: "Duanming should not forget the West." (Duanming should not forget the West.) Su Shi murmured in response: "The West is not missing, but we can't focus on it. .” (It’s not that the Western world doesn’t have it, but it can’t use it). His friend Qian Jiming also leaned into his ear and said: "Mr. Gu has been practicing this all his life, so he needs to work harder." (Mr. Gu has been practicing this all his life, and he should work harder at this time.) Su Shi said the last words in his life: " "If you put in the effort, it will be wrong."
Buddhism talks about non-attachment and letting things happen. Layman Dongpo, who has devoted himself to Buddhism for most of his life, expressed his ultimate understanding of Buddhism in the last words of his life.
15. Zongze (1060-1128)
He died before leaving the army, and the hero was in tears... Crossing the river! Cross the river! Cross the river! ("History of the Song Dynasty·Zongze Biography")
Zongze, a famous general in the Song Dynasty. Upright and forthright, Shen Yi knows the military. During his stay in Tokyo, Zongze wrote to Emperor Gaozong and Zhaogou more than 20 times, urging the return of the capital to Tokyo and formulating a strategy to recover the Central Plains, but none of them was adopted. He died of illness due to his unfulfilled ambition and his grief and anger.
At that time, Zongze became ill from worry and anger, and developed poisonous sores on his back. The generals entered the room to inquire about their condition. Zongze looked at the generals and said, "I am so angry because of the misfortunes suffered by Emperors Hui and Qin. If you can destroy the enemy, I will die without hatred." All the generals were crying. Tears said: "How dare you not try your best!" After the generals went out, Zongze sighed: "'If you die before you leave the army, it will make the hero burst into tears.
’”
On July 12, the second year of Jianyan (July 29, 1128), it was windy and rainy, and the sky was dark. When Zongze was dying, he did not say a word about family affairs, and he could not forget them. During the Northern Expedition, the final cry was "Cross the river!" three times in a row! Cross the river! Cross the river! "With grief and anger, he suddenly passed away at the age of 70.
16. Lu You (1125-1210)
When he died, he knew that everything was in vain, but he was not as sad as Jiuzhou. Wang On the day when the army is stationed in the Central Plains, the family sacrifices are not forgotten. (Lu You's "Jiannan Poetry Manuscript")
Lu You, named Wuguan, also known as Fangweng, was a writer, historian and patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty.
In November of the third year of Kaixi (1207), Shi Miyuan launched a coup, killed Han Yuzhou, and sent envoys with his head to the Kingdom of Jin to conclude the "Jiading Peace Agreement." Lu You declared the Northern Expedition a complete failure. Hearing the news, he was deeply saddened.
In the autumn of the second year of Jiading (1209), Lu You became sick with worry and anger. After winter, his condition became worse and he was bedridden. Lu You passed away on January 26, 2011 at the age of eighty-five.
On his deathbed, Lu You left his last work "Shi'er" as his will: "I know that everything will be in vain after I die, but I will not see the same people in Jiuzhou." . Wang Shibei set the Central Plains Day, and he never forgot to tell Naiwen during family sacrifices. "
17. Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283)
Confucius said to become benevolent, and Mencius said to obtain righteousness. Only when righteousness is fulfilled, benevolence is the best. What do you learn from reading the books of sages? From now on, I am worthy of being a commoner! ("History of the Song Dynasty: Biography of Wen Tianxiang")
Wen Tianxiang, a politician, writer, patriotic poet in the late Song Dynasty, a famous anti-Yuan minister, and a national hero, is also known as Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie. "Three Heroes of the Late Song Dynasty". In the fourth year of Baoyou (1256), he was promoted to Prime Minister You. He was defeated and captured at Wupoling and preferred to die in the 19th year of Yuan Dynasty (1282). On the ninth day of December 2016, he died calmly in Chaishi.
After his suicide attempt and being captured by the Yuan army, the Yuan court summoned Wen Tianxiang and told him: "What is your wish?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "Tianxiang was deeply favored by the Song Dynasty. As a prime minister, how can I serve the second surname? I would be satisfied if I died." "
When Wen Tianxiang went to the execution ground, he was particularly calm and said to the prison officials: "My business is over. "He knelt down to the south and was executed at the age of forty-seven.
His wife Ouyang cleaned up his body and found a praise in his clothes: "Confucius said that benevolence, Mencius said that righteousness, only loyalty To the extreme, only benevolence can do it. What do you learn when you read the books of sages? From now on, I have a clear conscience! ”
18. Fang Xiaoru (1357-1402)
Death means death, the edict cannot be ignored! ("History of the Ming Dynasty·Fang Xiaoru Biography")
Fang Xiaoru, Ming Dynasty The first minister and scholar. Because he refused to draft the accession edict for King Zhu Di of Yan who launched the "Jingnan Campaign", more than 870 of his relatives, friends and students were killed, becoming the only person in Chinese history to be "executed".
When sending troops to Peking, Yao Guangxiao once said to Zhu Di: "On the day the city is captured, Fang Xiaoru will definitely not surrender. I hope you will not kill him. If Fang Xiaoru is killed, the seeds of reading in the world will be gone. " Zhu Di agreed.
Zhu Di wanted Fang Xiaoru to draft an edict. After summoning him to the palace, cries of grief resounded inside and outside the palace. Fang Xiaoru continued to question, and Zhu Di wanted to force Fang Xiaoru to submit: "To When the world issues edicts, you must draft them! Fang Xiaoru threw the pen to the ground, crying and cursing: "If you die, die, I will never draft an edict for you!" "
Zhu Di was furious and ordered him to be executed in the busy city. Fang Xiaoru died generously at the age of forty-six.
19. Wang Yangming (1472-1529)
This heart is bright, what else can I say ("Yang Ming Pu")
Wang Shouren, also known as Bo'an, also known as Yangming, is known as Mr. Yangming and Wang Yangming in the world. He is a famous scholar in the Ming Dynasty of my country. A writer, philosopher, thinker, politician and military strategist, he was another great Confucian after Cheng, Zhu and Lu, and an important representative of the "Xinxue" school.
"Yang Ming Pu". It records the situation when Wang Yangming was dying. At that time, he called his disciple Zhou Ji in. After a long time, he opened his eyes and looked at him and said, "I'm leaving!" Zhou Ji burst into tears and asked, "Do you have anything to say?" Wang Yangming smiled slightly and said: "My heart is so bright, what else can I say?" "After a while, he passed away suddenly.
20. Yang Lian (1572-1625)
Laughing, laughing, and laughing again! What does it mean to me to cut the east wind with a knife? ("Yang Lian***")
Yang Lian was a famous remonstrator in the late Ming Dynasty and a member of the Donglin Party. In the fifth year of Tianqi (1625), he was appointed as the Zuo Deputy Chief Censor. He impeached Wei Zhongxian for 24 major crimes. He was falsely accused of "taking a bribe of 10,000 taels", was tortured, and died tragically in prison. His loyalty to the country and his fight against "eunuch" were the main political activities of Yang Lian's life. Historians commented that he was "upright and honorable", which is extremely accurate.
In prison, Yang Lian was subjected to various intrusions such as "burrows of earth over his body and nails driven into his ears", but he did not die on the 24th day of the seventh lunar month in the fifth year of Tianqi (1625). On August 28, 2011), Xu Xianchun drove a large iron nail into Yang Lian's head, eventually killing him. He was fifty-four years old.
Before execution, Yang Lian bit his finger and wrote a *** letter. After writing, he looked up to the sky and laughed. ***Excerpts from the content are as follows:
…I lived a benevolent and righteous life, and now I am dead in prison. How can I say that I did not die in a well-deserved death? What regrets do I have in heaven? What resentment do you have against others? Just because I, as a deputy constitutional minister, am under the care of the late emperor, Confucius said: "I have been entrusted with the fate of Gu He, and I must not lose my integrity when dealing with major issues of right and wrong!" With this belief, I can finally live up to the spirit of the late emperor in heaven, and be worthy of the second ancestor and the ten sects. The emperor, the queen, the earth, and the people of the world have lived together for generations. Laugh, laugh, laugh some more! If a traitor cuts off his head, why should I fear him?
21. Chongzhen (1611-1644)
In the seventeenth year since I ascended the throne, the rebels have invaded the capital. The ministers have misunderstood me. When I die without a face to see my ancestors, I take off my crown and cover my face with my hair. Let the thieves divide you, and no one will be harmed. ("History of Ming Dynasty: The Benji of Chongzhen")
Zhu Youjian, the 16th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, reigned from 1627 to 1644. His reign was Chongzhen, and he was later called Emperor Chongzhen.
After Zhu Youjian succeeded to the throne, he vigorously eradicated the eunuchs. He was diligent in political affairs and lived frugally. He had committed crimes against himself six times. He was a young and promising emperor. During his reign, a peasant uprising broke out, and the Houjin regime was eyeing him outside the country. He was already in a situation of internal and external troubles. In 1644, when Li Zicheng's army conquered Beijing, he hanged himself in Meishan at the age of 34 and reigned for 17 years.
Before hanging himself, Chongzhen wrote the last words above on his blue robe...
22. Yehenara Buyangu (?——1619 Year)
Even if one of my descendants has a daughter, they will definitely overwhelm Manchuria! ("Chongling Biography")
Yehenala Buyangu, Yehenala clan, Buzhaizi, the last Yehebel (Xicheng).
In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619), the Ming Dynasty launched the Battle of Sarhu. As an ally of the Ming Dynasty, Ye He sent troops to conquer the Hou Jin Dynasty. As a result, the Ming army was defeated. In the same year, the late Jin Tianming Khan Nurhaci marched into Yehe with the power of victory. Yehebel Jintaiji and Buyangu guarded the east and west cities respectively. Nurhaci led his troops to besiege the east city, and Daishan and others besieged the west city. A few days later, Nurhachi dug into the ground and captured the east city, and Jintaiji died. Buyangu heard that the east city had been destroyed, so he and his brother Buyangu sent envoys to ask for surrender, and asked Daishan to swear an oath not to kill. Daishan agreed and swore an alliance with Buyangu and his mother. Buyangu finally decided to surrender. However, Buyangu was hanged after being introduced to Nurhachi.
According to "Chongling Biography", Buyangu swore a poisonous oath before his death: "Even if there is only one woman left among the descendants of my Yehenala family, I will destroy Manchuria!" The Aixinjueluo family of the Qing Dynasty did eventually die at the hands of the Yehenara family - the Empress Dowager Cixi's surname was Yehenara. The person who finally signed the Qing Emperor's abdication treaty was Empress Dowager Cixi's niece, Empress Dowager Longyu, also surnamed Yehenala.
23. Jin Shengtan (1608-1661)
It hurts.
Jin Shengtan was a famous writer and literary critic in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. His main achievement lies in literary criticism. He has commented on books such as "Water Margin", "Romance of the West Chamber", "Zuo Zhuan" and Tang poems by Du Fu and other writers. Jin Shengtan put forward the theory of "Six Talents' Books", which brought novels and operas together with traditional classics and poetry. He was praised as the pioneer of the Chinese vernacular literary movement and occupied an important position in the history of Chinese literature.
Jin Shengtan was arrogant and eccentric, and his writing style was humorous. His humor lasted his whole life, and he continued to do so until his death. He was finally beheaded because of the "Crying in the Temple Case" for the political purposes of those in power. It is said that when he was about to be executed, the knife rose and fell, and two paper balls rolled out of his ears. The executioner opened it in confusion: one was the word "good" and the other was the word "pain". This last bit of humor makes people feel an inexplicable and profound sadness.
24. Yuan Shikai (1859-1916)
Destroyed a major enemy for Japan and watched China recreate peace.
Yuan Shikai, a famous politician, strategist and leader of the Beiyang warlords in modern Chinese history. There are different opinions on Yuan Shikai's merits and demerits. Some people say that he is a "***" and a "big thief", while others think that he has contributed to China's modernization and is a true reformer. In short, Yuan Shikai is one of the most controversial figures in modern Chinese history.
Subject to severe blows and torture, Yuan Shikai died of illness on June 6, 1916. On the day Yuan Shikai passed away, there was a sentence written by him on his desk: "Destroy a major enemy for Japan and watch China recreate peace." As a pro-Japanese faction in the eyes of most people, a potential supporter of the imperial system and a destroyer of peace, Yuan Shikai's last words were puzzling to many people and thus widely controversial.
25. Tan Sitong (1865-1898)
He wanted to kill the thief, but he was unable to save himself. Death is well deserved, happy, happy!
Tan Sitong, a famous politician, thinker and reformer in modern China. In 1898, he participated in leading the Reform Movement of 1898 and was killed after the failure. He was only 34 years old. Together with Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Lin Xu, Yang Shenxiu and Kang Guangren, he was known as the "Six Gentlemen of 1898".
On September 22, 1898, Tan Sitong was arrested and imprisoned. In prison, Tan Sitong remained calm and composed, writing a poem on the wall and saying: "Looking at the door and stopping there, I miss Zhang Jian, and I endure death for a moment and wait for Du Gen."
I am smiling towards the sky with my horizontal sword, leaving my liver and gallbladder intact. "On the 28th, Tan Siping and other six gentlemen were killed at Caishikou in Beijing. During the execution, he looked up to the sky and shouted, "If you want to kill the thief, you can't save yourself." Death is well deserved, happy, happy! "He was only 33 years old when he was killed. Everyone who heard it shed tears with regret.
26. Master Hongyi (1880-1942)
A mixture of sorrow and joy. ("Chronology of Master Hongyi" )
Li Shutong, a famous musician, art educator, calligrapher, and drama activist, later became a monk and was later revered as Master Hongyi. There is this record in the "Chronology of Master Hongyi": "On the afternoon of August 28, I wrote three pieces of will. ""On the first day of September, the four words "Sorrow and Joy" were written, together with the waiter Miao Lian, as the final masterpiece. "
Mr. Ye Shengtao explained the word "Xin". He has lived "well" all his life, and now he has "died well", happy and satisfied, with no regrets. Professor Qian Renkang believes that "'compassion' is compassion "Happiness" for the suffering of all living beings means being happy to be liberated." Master Da Kong said, "What the master calls 'compassion' is sorrow for the indulgence in life and death of all living beings, sorrow for the eight sufferings of Saha, sorrow for the catastrophe of the world that is not over, and sorrow for the Dharma. The precepts and vehicles are all declining, the compassion for the stupidity and slowness of sentient beings is difficult to change, and the compassion for the Buddha's kindness is deep and vast. In short, it is called "great compassion" that arises out of compassion for all living beings. What does the master mean by "enjoyment"? He desires the ultimate happiness, is happy to be reborn, is happy to see Amitabha and perfects the Buddha's path, is happy to be reborn in the Pure Land and can transform the ten directions."
Author of "The Biography of Master Hongyi" Professor Chen Jianhui of Taiwan Province said, "Hong Gong handed the 'Sorrow and Joy' to his Dharma partner, Master Miao Lian, to tell Miao Lian that he had decided to 'pass away'. "Sorrow and joy" was the scene when Hong Gong was about to die. This is a state in which one sees the Buddha while reciting the Buddha's name, feeling sad and happy at the same time. People who have not seen the Buddha have no idea that compassion can arise from reciting the Buddha's name." This statement is wonderful, and it fully describes the state of mind of Master Hongyi at that time, and this state cannot be expressed in words. What can be expressed can only be known by those who have experienced it, and only those who have the same feelings can tell it.
27. Wang Guowei (1877-1927)
Fifty years, only a short time. Once dead, after this incident, there is no more humiliation. (Wang Guowei's suicide note)
Wang Guowei, also known as Jing'an, was a famous scholar with international reputation during the intersection of modern and modern China. During the Republic of China, he was one of the "Tsinghua Four". The first of the "Great Teachers", a master of Chinese studies.
On June 2, 1927, Wang Guowei left his office, hired a rickshaw, and headed to the Summer Palace. After smoking a cigarette, he jumped up and plunged headfirst into the Summer Palace. In the water, Yuzao Xuan of Kunming Lake in the garden sank. Later, people found a suicide note in his underwear pocket. The suicide note said: "Fifty years, all I owe is one death." After this world has changed, justice will no longer be insulted..."
Liang Qichao said: "His usual pessimism about the current situation is extremely profound. In the most recent massacre, Lianghu scholars Ye Dehui and Wang Baoxinzhi were shot. ...Jinggong was deeply saddened by this, so he followed the example of his son and fell into the deep sea. He closed his eyes and never looked back. "Chen Yinke said: "The deeper you are transformed by culture, the more you feel the pain of cultural decline. The gentleman saw his independent and free will in one death, and it is not about the grievances and grievances of one person or the rise and fall of a surname.
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