1. Regarding targeted verses
About targeted verses 1. Regarding the 4 questions about ancient poetry, the answers must be targeted
1. "Jiangchengzi·Dreams on the night of the 20th day of the first lunar month of Yimao", "Jiangchengzi" is the word card, and "Jiangchengzi: Dreams on the night of the 20th day of the first lunar month of Yimao" is the name of the word. In fact, not all words have word names, and there are also word cards. The name of the lyrics.
Perhaps when Su Shi wrote this poem, "Dream Recorded on the Night of the 20th day of the first lunar month of Yi Mao" was only used as an inscription, but in order to distinguish it, we used it as the title of the poem. Just like Li Shangyin's "Jin Se", there is actually no title, but in order to distinguish it, we made the first two words of the first sentence a title (Jin Se Unprovoked Fifty Strings).
2. This article first appeared in Volume 689 of "Taiping Yulan", titled "Gu Yange", with no author's name. The selected version in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was often Dou Xuan's Wife's "Song of Ancient Resentment".
Volume 30 of "Yiwen Leiju" records the story of Dou Xuan's wife: "The appearance of Dou Xuan in the later Han Dynasty was completely different, and the emperor married her as a princess. The old wife and Xuan Shu said goodbye: 'Abandoned wife rebuked' The woman respects Bai Dou Sheng: she is humble and humble, not as good as a noble person.
My concubine is far away. I have already kissed you. How can I tell you?
How sad is Dou Sheng? New, people never get tired of it. The sadness is unbearable, and the resentment cannot go away.
Who is the only one who lives in this place?'" It is not mentioned that Dou Xuan's wife composed this song.
I still read "Taiping Yulan" today. This poem is a poem about an abandoned wife. The first two lines are a metaphor for being abandoned and end up falling in love with an old friend, while the second two lines are to convince an old friend that she should also miss her.
This should be regarded as a Yuefu folk song. You must know that folk songs are generally created collectively and have been sung and modified by countless people. Generally, the author's name will not be left, such as "Mulan Ci", such as "Mulan Ci", etc. Peacock Flying Southeast". 3. The story of "The Phoenix Seeks the Phoenix" has a long history. It tells the story of Sima Xiangru's pursuit of Zhuo Wenjun. In order to pursue Zhuo Wenjun, Sima Xiangru wrote a song called "The Phoenix Seeks the Phoenix".
But Kunqu Opera's "Phoenix Seeking the Phoenix" is not this song, but an excerpt from Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber", written by Wang Shifu. Fengqiuhuang·Qinge Wang Shifu There is a beautiful person coming, and you will never forget it when you see it.
I miss you so much after not seeing you for a day. The phoenix is ??soaring, and the phoenix is ??begging for it from all over the world.
But the beauty is here, not on the east wall. Use the qin to express your words, and write your heartfelt chats.
When will I see Xu Xi, I will comfort my hesitation. May your words be worthy of your virtue, and join hands to support each other.
If I can’t fly, I will perish. 4. "Dream in the Garden" is actually several excerpts from Tang Xianzu's "The Peony Pavilion" and is also the most essential part of "The Peony Pavilion".
The dramatist Tang Xianzu's masterpiece "The Peony Pavilion" has been adapted into various operas and has been sung for hundreds of years. The phrase "No matter how beautiful the scenery is in good times, who can enjoy the pleasure at home" is even more popular. In the Suzhou and Hangzhou areas in the south of the Yangtze River, Kun Opera was a very popular opera at that time, and "The Peony Pavilion" has always been a repertoire of Kun Opera.
In "The Peony Pavilion", the most fascinating one is undoubtedly the true and imaginary love story between Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei. Because the teacher taught the words in the Book of Songs, "Guan Guan, the dove is on the island of the river; a graceful lady, a gentleman is fond of hunting." The back garden of my house later became full of sadness. After I came back, I had a romantic relationship with the young master holding a broken willow tree in the garden in my dream. After I woke up from the dream, I went into the back garden alone to look for the lover in my dream. From this, the drama "Wandering in the Garden and Surprised by Dreams" also has several scenes such as Du Liniang's "Visiting in the Garden", "Frightened by Dreams" and "Looking for Dreams" in Kunqu Opera "The Peony Pavilion".
2. "Encouraging Learning" puts forward arguments through the mouth of a gentleman to show solemn and targeted sentences
"Encouraging Learning" has a prominent central argument, well-structured and thorough reasoning. He is good at using metaphors to lead the discussion in depth, which reflects the artistic style of Xunzi's articles as the culmination of the thoughts of pre-Qin philosophers.
Xunzi was the last master of Pre-Qin Confucianism and the master of Pre-Qin thought. Among his works "Xunzi", "Encouraging Learning" is the opening chapter, which is the first personal writing in the history of education in my country. It is the representative work of Xunzi's educational thoughts. It comprehensively and systematically expounds his own educational thoughts.
The "learning" mentioned by Xunzi includes the acquisition of knowledge and the cultivation of morality, which integrates knowledge and morality. In "Encouraging Learning", Xunzi's educational thoughts are more comprehensively explained, and the importance, attitude, method, content and purpose of learning are demonstrated.
Middle school textbooks usually excerpt the first paragraph and the first part of the sixth paragraph from fifteen paragraphs. This excerpt discusses the importance of learning and the attitude towards learning that should be adopted.
Point out that in order to learn, you must persevere, accumulate a little, and be dedicated. The full text has four paragraphs.
The first paragraph puts forward the central argument. The following part discusses the meaning, role, methods and attitudes of learning in several parts. The relationship between the central topic and each part is the total score.
The article begins with: "The gentleman says: Learning is no longer enough." This is the first sentence of "Encouraging Learning" and the first sentence of the entire "Xunzi" work.
Xunzi advocated the "theory of evil nature" and believed that the acquired environment can improve people's evil nature, so he advocated "transforming it by clarifying etiquette and justice."
He attaches great importance to the role of learning.
He put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article, and put it forward through the mouth of a "gentleman". The wording was solemn. He did not say that we should continue to learn, but that learning should not stop. The common phenomenon that people cannot persevere in their studies is very pertinent. This naturally leads to the following explanation, which brings the importance of learning to a new level.
The second paragraph discusses the significance of learning. The article uses "green, taken from blue, and blue from blue; ice, from water, and cold from water" to explain that objective things have undergone certain changes. The process can be developed and improved. Use metaphors to tell people that anyone can make progress by studying hard. A person is better than a person. Today's self can be better than yesterday's self. Students can also surpass their teachers. This makes people feel inspired and inspired. People strive for progress.
However, in order to achieve "greener than blue" and "colder than water", we must not stop at it and give up halfway. We must persevere and must keep learning. In other words: "Learning is inevitable." Therefore, these two metaphorical sentences are closely linked to the center, profoundly and powerfully demonstrating the truth that learning cannot stop.
The use of metaphors is flexible, natural, vivid and vivid. Then, the article further makes a metaphor: "The wood is straight in the middle of the rope, the frame is like a wheel, and the curve is in the standard.
Although it is exposed and no longer straight, the frame makes it so." The wood is straight and conforms to the rules. If a straightened ink rope is heated and bent to make a wheel, its curvature will conform to a compass. Even if it is dried in the sun, it will not be straight because it is artificially bent like this.
Xunzi advocated that "human nature is evil", but he believed that learning can make people change from "evil" to "good". Therefore, he emphasized the role of "讼", that is, the importance of learning. Then the article uses metaphors to lead to the conclusion: "Therefore, wood will be straightened by a rope, and metal will be sharpened when sharpened." Wood will become straight after being measured with an ink line, and metal swords and the like will become straight when sharpened on a whetstone. Sharpness further illustrates that objective things can change their original situation through artificial transformation.
In the same way, "A gentleman is knowledgeable and examines himself every day, then he knows what is clear and his actions are faultless." Only when a gentleman studies extensively and examines himself every day will he be well-informed and behave without fault. , become a moral and knowledgeable person.
Echo the first sentence clearly and forcefully, wrap up the above, stick to the center, and make the structure clear. The third paragraph discusses the role of learning. Learning is of great significance, so how to learn? Xunzi believed that learning must make use of external things.
"I think about it all day long, and it is not as good as what I learned in a moment." Xunzi used his personal experience and contrasted "thinking all day long" with "learning in a moment" to emphasize that dreaming is not as good as learning.
Then, some common situations in daily life are used to form metaphors to develop the argument: climbing high and calling, calling in the wind, fake horses, fake boats, all have good results: those who see are far away, and those who smell are heard The ability to travel thousands of miles and cross rivers is not something special about people themselves, but is achieved with the help of external conditions because "goodness and falsehood are more important than things". So it is natural to come to the conclusion: "A gentleman is not different from others, and he is good at things."
This means that the reason why gentlemen have talents and virtues that exceed those of ordinary people is because they are good at using learning. To make up for one's own shortcomings, it is in line with the center. In the fourth paragraph, the article discusses the methods and attitudes of learning. It first uses a positive metaphor to introduce the argument: "When soil accumulates, mountains become the wind and rain; when water accumulates, the abyss becomes abyss, and dragons emerge; when good deeds accumulate, virtue becomes great, and the gods are satisfied with themselves, and the holy heart is prepared." ”
It shows that learning should pay attention to accumulation. . As he said in the chapter "Evil Nature": "The accumulation of good deeds will never stop" and "the person who is painted can become Yu".
This also echoes the "learning is too much" mentioned at the beginning. Then, the article makes a statement from the opposite side: "Therefore, if you don't accumulate small steps, you can't reach a thousand miles; if you don't accumulate small streams, you can't build a river."
Further explains the importance of accumulation. One positive and one negative, in contrast, are more convincing.
Then the article repeatedly sets up metaphors and comparisons: first, it compares "a horse can't take ten steps with one leap" and "a horse rides ten times, and the merit lies in not giving up"; "Folding" is compared with "Perseverance can be carved in gold and stone", thus fully demonstrating the great significance of "perseverance". In addition, learning must be "unyielding". In addition to accumulation, it must also be focused and not impetuous.
Therefore, the article further states that earthworms with "no claws and strong muscles and bones" can come and go freely on the ground, while crabs with "six knees and two pincers" cannot even have a small shelter. The hole can't be dug well either. This shows that the effects of "specificity" and "non-specificity", and "accumulation" and "non-accumulation" are completely opposite.
The full text uses a large number of common metaphors in life, which is vivid and moving, and explains the abstract principles clearly, thoroughly, profoundly and in simple terms, and is chewable. Through metaphors layer by layer, learning is repeatedly explained.
3. Ask for 10 pieces of knowledge about ancient poetry
1 Frontier poems
Frontier poems are poems that describe the scenery of the frontier and reflect the life of frontier soldiers as their basic content.
2 Farewell poems
One of the earliest and most common themes in ancient poetry. They usually describe scenery and express parting emotions according to time and place, thereby reflecting the author's thoughts and feelings.
It is mainly used to express separation and separation, or to encourage and exhort, or to express deep friendship, or to express the sorrow of separation.
Because farewell is often associated with mountain climbing and water, it adopts a lyrical method that combines emotions with scenery and blends scenes, so it is also called "landscape farewell poem". For example, I have learned "Farewell to Du Shaofu in Shuchuan" ( Wang Bo), "Farewell to Meng Haoran in Guangling" (Li Bai), "Two Songs of Farewell to Dong Da" (Gao Shi), "Yulin Ling" (Liu Yong), etc.
Common images in farewell poems include Changting, Nanpu, willows, and fine wine. In addition, they also include: setting sun, west wind, painted corners, partridges, spring breeze, autumn moon, fallen leaves, remaining red, fallen lotus, river, thin Rain, autumn cicada, orchid boat, etc.
3 Object-chanting poems
Object-chanting poems are poems that express thoughts and feelings by chanting about natural or social things, expressing ambitions based on objects.
Commonly used techniques: symbolism, analogy, etc. Representative works include Wang Wei's "Lovesickness" ("Red beans grow in the South"), Li Bai's "Egret", Du Fu's "Returning Wild Geese", Lu You's "Bu Shuzi? Ode to the Plum Blossoms", Yu Qian's "Ode of Lime", Wang Mian's "Ode to the Plum Blossoms" "Mo Mei" and so on, are all famous poems that use natural objects to express one's own aspirations.
Poetry about objects has two major characteristics:
① It borrows objects for sustenance and expresses feelings. They may express the sorrow of their lofty ideals and the worries of their country; or they may write about their feelings of not being able to appreciate their talents and being late as scholars.
② It is the borrowed thing. It is not only the embodiment of the author's ideals, purpose, and integrity, but also the carrier of the theme and image of the work.
4 Poems about chanting history and remembering ancient times
Poems about chanting history and remembering ancient times are poets who chant or comment on historical stories and historical figures when reading history books or visiting historical sites, and incorporate the poet's unique Insights include using history to remember people, using history to recite people, using history to rule history, and using history to describe the present. Most of them use concise words and selected images to integrate feelings about nature, society, and history, or lament the rise and fall of dynasties, or lament the fleeting years. It changes, or satirizes the shameless debauchery of those in power, thereby expressing the author's reflections after reading all the vicissitudes of life, and contains a deep sense of nostalgia for the past and the sorrow of the present. As the saying goes, borrowing the ancients' wine cup to pour one's own troubles. Representative works include Zhang Jie's "Book Burning Pit", Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng", Du Mu's "Ti Wu Jiang Pavilion", Du Fu's "The Prime Minister of Shu", Liu Yuxi's "Woyi Lane", "Stone City", Su Shi's "Niannujiao" "Chibi Nostalgia", Xin Qiji's "Yongyu Le? Jingkou Beiguting Nostalgia", Zhang Yanghao's "Slope Sheep? Tong Caring for the Ancient", etc. Among them, Su Shi's "Nian Nujiao? Red Cliff Nostalgia" can be regarded as a model of this poem.
Poems about epic poems have the following characteristics:
⑴. Borrowing the past to hurt the present, and borrowing the past to satirize the present;
⑵. Poetry has a strong realistic focus
⑶. The "people, things, scenes, and objects" in poetry are just "media" and cathartic materials for the author to express his emotions and embody his own thinking about history. Therefore, there is a certain distance between the scenery or other people and things in the epic poem and the people and things in reality. They are all "scenes with me" and are used to convey certain ideas and emotions of the author.
5 Recording poems
Recording poems are also called travel poems, travel poems and travel poems. It may describe personal travel experiences, or express feelings of homesickness and nostalgia, combining narrative and lyricism. This type of poetry is inseparable from the description of landscapes, so it is also called "landscape poems". For example, Du Fu's "Sentiments on a Night Journey" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn Thoughts" cannot be regarded as landscape poems.
Images are often used to express feelings of affection for relatives: the bright moon, swan geese, letters from home, dreams, etc. We should also pay attention to some special festivals.
6 Poems about Huaihua
The characteristic of poems about Huaihua is to express one's feelings immediately, to express one's feelings through the narration of specific events, and to express one's personal ambitions, hatred of farewell, nostalgia for distance, separation and sadness. A work of time and emotion. The author often feels something about something and writes it into a poem, which is to express his feelings.
The main expression techniques include metaphor, symbolism, association, etc.
Representative works include Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" and "Fording the River", Li Bai's "The Journey Is Difficult" and "About to Enter the Wine", Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taige", Su Shi's "Ding Feng Bo?" "Encounter on the Shahu Road", Lu You's "Book of Anger" and so on.
7 Allegorical Poems
Poems that use satire or persuasion to expose the darkness of society and the desolation of the world, and to express the voice of the people or upright people. Such as "Shuo Shu", "Cutting Sandalwood", "Bee" (Luo Yin of the Tang Dynasty), "Light Fatty", "Inscribed on Lin'an Residence" (Southern Song Dynasty? Lin Sheng), "Drunken Taiping" ("Scorning those who are greedy for small profits" Yuan Dynasty (Anonymous) etc. Allegorical poems have fewer titles.
8 Poems on Paintings
Poems on paintings come from pictures, but are not bound by the pictures. They often develop from the content of the picture or one of its points, and are written perfunctorily. . "Poetry conveys meaning beyond painting, and it is important to have the state in painting" (Volume 13 of Yang Shen's "Sheng'an Poetry Talk").
9 Landscape Poetry
Landscape poetry originated from Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty (Song Dynasty), pastoral poetry originated from Tao Yuanming in the Jin Dynasty, and was represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in the Tang Dynasty.
This type of poetry takes landscapes and pastoral areas as its aesthetic objects, and casts delicate brushstrokes on the quiet mountains, forests, and leisurely fields, creating a pastoral life to express the poet's love for nature, yearning for freedom, dissatisfaction with reality, and pastoral life. The yearning and love, as well as the leisurely, indifferent and leisurely contented state of mind. The poetry is timeless and beautiful, the style is quiet and elegant, the language is clear and concise, simple and natural, and the line drawing technique and the lyrical method of borrowing scenes to express emotions are mostly used.
4. What are the poems about education
1. "Teacher's Theory"
Tang Dynasty: Han Yu
Ancient scholars must There is a teacher. A teacher is the one who preaches the truth, receives karma and resolves doubts. People are not born with knowledge, how can they be free from confusion? If you are confused and do not follow the teacher, it is confusion, and you will never be able to understand it. Those who were born before me, they heard the Tao before me, and I learned from them; those born after me, they heard the Tao before me, and I learned from them. My teacher, do you know who was born to me one year or another? Therefore, there is neither high nor low, neither long nor short. Where the Tao exists, the teacher exists.
2. "Yuanshi"
Tang Dynasty: Bai Juyi
Bai Shuzi of Donggong, Zen Master Yuan of Nansi.
Where to meet each other from a distance, when there is nothing in mind.
3. "Lin Qinnan Respects the Teacher"
Qing Dynasty: Anonymous
When Xiao Lianshu, Lin Qinnan of Fujian County, was six or seven years old, he studied as a teacher. The teacher was so poor that he had no rice for cooking. Lin Zhizhi wanted to return home urgently, so he filled his socks with rice and carried them to his teacher. The teacher was angry and called him a thief, but he couldn't bear it. Lin Gui reported to his mother, who laughed and said, "If you have a good heart, how can this be the gift of repair?" He called Bei and sent rice and a stone to the private school, and the teacher accepted it.
4. "Gift to Meng Haoran"
Tang Dynasty: Li Bai
I love Master Meng, and his love is known all over the world.
The beauty abandons her crown, and her white head lies in the pine clouds.
The drunken moon frequently attracts saints, and the lost flowers are of no concern to you.
You can look up to the high mountains, just to bow to the clear fragrance.
5. "Questioning"
Qing Dynasty: Liu Kai
Confucius was not ashamed to ask questions, and his master was wise. The ancients regarded asking questions as a virtue, but did not see it as shameful. Later gentlemen argued that asking questions was a shame. However, what the ancients were deeply ashamed of, there are many people in later generations who practice it without feeling shame. Sad man!
5. Poems, lyrics and famous sayings about dedication
1. The spring silkworms will not run out until they die, and the wax torches will shed tears before they dry up. (Li Shangyin's "Untitled")
2. Falling red is not a heartless thing, it turns into spring mud to protect the flowers. (Gong Zizhen's "Miscellaneous Poems of Ji Hai")
3. With a cold eyebrow, he points his finger at a thousand men, bowing his head and willing to be a Ruzi Niu. (Lu Xun)
4. Dedicate yourself to death. (Zhuge Liang)
5. The roots buried in the ground make the branches produce fruits, but they do not ask for anything in return. (Tagore)
6. Lying in a lonely village, I don’t feel sorry for myself, but I still think about guarding the Luntai for the country. (Lu You's "Wind and Rain on November 4th")
7. Come with a heart and leave without half a blade of grass. (Tao Xingzhi)
8. If you want to eliminate evil things for the sake of sage, you are willing to cherish your remaining years. (Han Yu's "Moving to the Left to Languan to Show His Nephew Xiang")
9. After collecting hundreds of flowers and turning them into honey, it will be sweet to whomever you work hard for. (Luo Yin)
10. My only hope is to contribute more.
(Bethune)