First, the author of the product "Knowing People and Discussing the World"
"Knowing people and discussing the world" was first put forward by Mencius. He believes that in order to understand the works, we must understand the author and the times in which he lived, so as to understand the author and his thoughts and feelings. The so-called "knowing people" is to understand the author's main works, life experiences, the content of poetry and the internal relationship between the author and his works. The so-called "on the world" refers to understanding the era environment in which the author lives and its influence on the author. To improve the ability of appreciating ancient poetry, we must first understand the author's main works, life experiences, the internal relationship between poetry content and the author's temperament, and the environment of the times in which the author lives. For example, Li Yu's poems in Li Houzhu are mainly divided into two categories: the first category, written before the Song Dynasty, mainly reflects court life and love between men and women, with narrow themes and lack of content; The second category is that after the Song Dynasty, Li Yu wrote with the grief of national subjugation and his own feelings, and the achievements of his works in this period greatly exceeded those in the previous period. Representative works include Yu Meiren, Langtaosha, Meeting You Huan and so on. It was all done at this time. After the Song Dynasty, most of Li Yu's ci poems were mainly sad and lonely, full of sad, sorry and sentimental thoughts, and more expressed his yearning for his homeland and his return to his dreams, expressing his infinite nostalgia and regret for the past. Therefore, there is a saying: "Although the late Lord was not good at governing the country, in his words, he was still the king of the South!" Evaluation.
Second, grasp the image and feel the artistic conception
Image is the soul of poetry art and an objective image, which casts the author's subjective feelings in poetry. When appreciating classical poetry and capturing images, we should pay attention to the following three points:
1. Pay attention to the text color and emotional color of the image. Color conveys the poet's different emotional experiences. Poets convey positive and optimistic emotional experience through warm colors, eager to join the WTO, and high-spirited; Communicate negative, depressed, confused, lonely and desolate emotional experience through cool colors. For example, "Two orioles sing green willows and a row of egrets soar into the sky" (Du Fu's quatrains), and the four bright colors of "yellow, green, white and blue" in the poem are intertwined into a beautiful picture, which conveys the author's rich life sentiment and is full of love for life and extremely happy mood.
2. Through the combination of dynamic and static, explore the poetic realm and convey emotions. Such as: "after the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? The dynamic scenery of "moonlight, spring flow, bamboo sound and lotus movement" in Wang Wei's "Autumn Night in the Mountains" conveys that the moonlit night in the mountains is so quiet and full of vitality.
3. The image of poetry is sometimes associated with national history and culture, traditional customs, lifestyle, psychological characteristics and so on. After being endowed with special meaning, it has formed traditional images and special images with symbolic significance in the long process of poetry development. The ancients were good at giving emotions to everything in nature. Mountains and rivers, flowing water, flowers and trees have no feelings, but after the artistic transformation of ancient poets, everything in nature is affectionate and universal. For example, the quality of chrysanthemum-noble, the quality of plum blossom-aloof, unharmonious and vulgar, the quality of lotus-represents love, peach blossom represents beauty, lotus-lead an honest and clean life, peony-symbolizes wealth, lilac-melancholy or complex, and so on.
In classical poetry, the combination of several or several images can create the artistic conception of poetry. Generally speaking, the design and combination of images serve the creation of artistic conception. Generally speaking, artistic conception refers to the image system that combines scene and reality in lyric works, and the aesthetic imagination space induced and developed from it. So how to understand its artistic conception and grasp its "implication" in poetry appreciation? There are three ingenious methods:
1.
"All scenery words are sentimental words". To express one's poems by scenery is to put one's feelings in the scenery described. Such as: "Jianghan thinks that returning guests, Gan Kun is a corrupt scholar. The sky is far away, and the moon is always lonely. The heart of the setting sun is still strong, and the autumn wind is sick. In ancient times, you didn't have to walk a long way to save an old horse. " (Du Fu's Jianghan) "Piece of Cloud" and "Lonely Moon" are all real scenes, and they all have meanings. The moon is as lonely as "I"; "A cloud" floats in the air, just like leaving home, in the long night; "Sunset" is a metaphor for old age at dusk, while "autumn wind" is a real scene in front of us. Contrary to the metaphor of "sunset" in the previous sentence, it combines reality with reality. The combination of the two scenes creates an artistic conception of the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the moon is lonely. The setting sun and autumn wind is a bleak feeling, but it is a metaphor for the poet in his later years. The metaphor of "old horse" is used to express the spirit of actively entering the WTO and the feelings of being old and strong. Through the combination of images such as "a cloud", "a lonely moon", "sunset" and "autumn wind", the author creates a magnificent, open and desolate artistic conception, revealing the author's loneliness, boredom and optimism and broadmindedness.
2. Use people and things to express feelings
Most of these poems are about historical figures or major events, and the author uses these events and figures to express his views or his sense of vicissitudes. For example, "Life is a hero, and death is a ghost." I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. "(Li Qingzhao-"Summer quatrains "), with the help of Xiang Yu's righteous act of crushing Wujiang River, expressed the author's lofty ambition of risking his life for the country and the people. Words hit the floor, awe-inspiring, not to let a man, although as a woman, Jingkang's changes are also angry. In particular, the sentence "I miss Xiang Yu so far" makes well-off people feel ashamed and expresses a woman's ardent patriotic feelings. "Life is a hero, death is a ghost hero" means that people should be heroes when they are alive, make contributions to the country, and be ghost heroes when they die. Patriotic passion, beyond words, was really inspiring.
3. Take something and express your wishes.
This kind of poems often express their thoughts or feelings with the help of something with a specific cultural connotation. For example, "the lonely goose flies without pecking." The geese disappear in the sea of clouds, who will pity the geese in the sky? Looking at the horizon, I seem to see the figure of my companion; The voice in the valley seems to hear the voice of the companion. Wild crows are careless and noisy. "(Du Fu's Lonely Goose), this poem about things, was written in the early years of Dali when Du Fu lived in Kuizhou. Due to the political chaos in Sichuan, Du Fu left Chengdu with his family, took a boat out of Sichuan along the Yangtze River and stayed in Kuizhou. In his later years, the poet became ill, his old friends scattered and he was in a difficult situation. He expressed his frustration and sadness through the lonely goose's heart. The poet and the lonely goose "blend things with me", creating a hazy, delicate, lonely and lonely artistic conception for readers. The theme of poetry is often expressed through artistic conception. Generally speaking, it is to let readers feel what "this feeling" of "this person" is in "this moment" and "this scene" The author expresses his feelings by borrowing scenery, people, things and things. , set off the main theme of poetry, and provide readers with infinite daydream space.
Third, grasp the "poetic eye" and appreciate the meaning.
The ancients said "the eye of poetry", which refers to the words or phrases in a poem that can best express the emotional meaning and spiritual connotation of the author. Generally speaking, quatrains and quatrains (first couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet) all have the rhythm and rhythm of "starting, inheriting, turning and merging", in which "merging" is often the highlight of the poet's implication, that is, "poetic eye". Such as: "in the wide sky and strong wind, apes whimper, and birds fly home on the clear lake and white beach." The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. Bad luck has a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " (Du Fu, Ascending the Mountain) In the poem, it is obviously the tail couplet that can best express the author's emotional meaning and spiritual connotation. Wei Lian further wrote that the country is in danger, the career is bumpy, and the old, the weak, the sick and the lonely lead to white hair and beard; Because of illness, I am new to abstinence, so I can't get rid of all kinds of melancholy. As usual, the ancients drank alcohol when climbing the mountain on the Double Ninth Festival, but the poet even lost this joy. This couplet is divided into five or six sentences: "Difficult" is caused by "frequent visits"; "Down and out" is even the result of "many diseases". Tail couplet has changed from white hair, nursing illness and abstinence, which comes down to the fact that the hardships of the times are the root cause of being down and out. In this way, Du Fu's feelings when he was worried about the country and hurt the people jumped from the page, which fully reflected the author's moral.
Fourth, understand rhetoric and the author's feelings.
In ancient poetry, for the need of visualization and lyricism, various rhetorical devices are often used to express it, the most important of which is metaphor ("more leisure and less sorrow?" Yichuan smoke, full of wind, plum yellow rain. "He Zhu's Jade Case"), the poet's description of leisure worries is as endless as smoke and grass, as chaotic as the wind dancing in the city, as long as the continuous rain of Huangmei, which is impossible to send away. Anthropomorphic ("In the fragrance of rice flowers, frogs can be heard", and Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon"), the fragrance of rice flowers is refreshing, full of frogs, noisy and quiet, full of local flavor. In the fragrance of rice and flowers, it is not others but frogs. The frog's cry seems to be "bumper year, bumper year", and the poet himself is intoxicated with the joy of a bumper harvest in sight. Exaggeration (such as "Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days" and Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall") and the word "flying" describe the scene of the waterfall spewing out very vividly; "Straight down" not only describes the steep slope of the mountain, but also indicates the urgency of the water flow. The sky is falling and unstoppable. After all, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock in June. The next day, the lotus leaf is infinitely blue, and the lotus color is different. " Yang Wanli), the poet painted amazing pictures for us with sentences full of strong color contrast: green lotus leaves rush to the horizon, making people feel like they are in endless green; And the beautiful lotus, in the sun, is more gorgeous. A rhetorical question (such as: "Jiangnan is good, the scenery is old." When spring comes, the sun rises from the river, the flowers on the river are brighter than red, and the green river is greener than the blue grass. Can you not remember Jiangnan? "Bai Juyi's" Recalling Jiangnan "), from the early days, the flowers on the riverside and in the river gained color, and because of the dry dyeing method, they formed an imaginary picture. Colorful and dazzling, rich in layers, almost no need for more associations. The spring scenery in Jiangnan has come to the fore. " Can you not remember Jiangnan? This rhetorical question emphasizes the infinite yearning and love for the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. Synaesthesia ("Birds sing like scissors, the exotic flowers on the other side burn" Lin Dongmei's "West Lake Pavilion"), the previous sentence writes that birds sing like scissors, and the communication between hearing and vision; The last sentence says that flowers are burning, colorful, like burning, and vision moves to touch. Birds and colors, but listening to their voices, depending on their temperature, the abnormal image is distinct. Contrast (such as: "The king plays lightly with all the machines, and does his best in one song. "Jade chariot has ascended to heaven, and only the trees in the Forbidden City can live forever." "Guo Hua Qing Palace" Li Yue), compared with the past, the past is unbearable, singing and dancing life, the current miscellaneous trees, the palace is desolate. Poets express their feelings by chanting history and lamenting the rise and fall of dynasties. Things are different, and today is not the same.
In a word, understanding and distinguishing various rhetorical devices is one of the important ways to understand the author's original intention, the poet's true feelings and artistic conception.
Fifth, pay attention to reading and chew the key points.
In the appreciation of ancient poetry, reading is the premise of understanding ancient poetry, and only through repeated reading can we appreciate the connotation of poetry. There are two main ways to read classics: one is reciting and the other is chanting. Multimedia courseware can be used in class, read aloud repeatedly in the form of music, and experience the feelings expressed by the author in the atmosphere created by music. According to the characteristics of poetry style, we can chew keywords and phrases by adding one, subtracting one, changing one and comparing one. Let students appreciate the beauty of language use in comparison and grasp the charm of classical poetry.
There is an old saying in China that it is better to teach people to fish than to teach them to fish. Everyone teaches people how to learn knowledge, so it is better to teach people what they already have. The same is true of our teaching of ancient poetry appreciation. Teachers should make students develop the attitude of "being happy to learn" and master the skills of "learning" in the teaching process, thus forming the lifelong quality of "self-study".
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