The metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties are generally described as decadent and reactionary. In fact, the Wei and Jin Dynasties happened to be a period when philosophy was re-liberated, thinking was very active, many questions were raised, and the harvest was very fruitful. Although it is inferior to the pre-Qin period in terms of time, breadth, scale and genre, the purity and depth achieved by speculative philosophy are unprecedented. The metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, represented by the genius boy Wang Bi, not only far surpassed the cumbersome and superstitious Confucianism of the Han Dynasty, but also surpassed the sober and mechanical Wang Chong. After all, the times are moving forward. This era is a liberating process that breaks through the dominant consciousness of hundreds of years and rediscovers and establishes theoretical thinking.
Human awakening. It happened to be the sound of historical progress as we gradually emerged from the slave society. In the Han Dynasty, when human activities and concepts were completely succumbed to the control of theological teleology and prophetic fatalism, it was impossible to have such an awakening. But this kind of awakening starts, moves forward and is realized through various tortuous and complicated ways. Literature, art and aesthetic psychology are more sensitive, direct and clear than other fields.
This emphasis on life and death, sadness, and lamentation about the short life, from Jian'an to Jin and Song Dynasties, from the middle and lower classes to the royal aristocracy, pervaded the neutral space for a considerable period of time, becoming the entire Typical tone of the era. The Cao family and his son once said, "Singing to wine, life is like dew in the morning, and the passing days are bitter" (Cao Cao); "People also have a saying, worrying about making people grow old, complaining that my hair is gray, how early I am born" (Cao Pi); "Life is like a lifetime, passing away is like dew in the morning... Self-care is not gold or stone, and it is sad to be angry" (Cao Zhi); Ruan Ji said "Life is like dust and dew, and the path of heaven is long and long... Confucius came to Changchuan, and he regretted his passing as if he was floating" Lu Ji said: "Believe in the way of heaven and respect the replacement, live a long and peaceful life, be generous only in life, look down and be sad"; Liu Kun said: "The achievements have not been completed in time, the setting sun suddenly flows to the west, the time is not with me, and the departure is as if the clouds are floating"; Wang Xizhi once said, "Death and life are both big things. Isn't it painful? I know that life and death are empty, and the mourning of Qi and Peng is a vain effort. The future will look at the present as the present looks at the past. How sad!" Tao Qian said, "It's easy to be sad at the dawn of the morning." In the evening, I feel that the long and hard work of life will last for a hundred years. How can we be happy and sad when we have few people?"...
The core is the persistence in life under the philosophical trend of skepticism. What seems to be such a decadent, pessimistic, and negative sigh on the surface is exactly its opposite, which is a strong desire and nostalgia for life, life, destiny, and life. And they were born on the basis of suspicion and denial of the originally dominant ideology of slavery - from scriptures to fate, from ghosts and gods to superstition to moral integrity. It is the doubt and denial of external authority that leads to the awakening and pursuit of inner personality.
They are not trustworthy or valuable. It is true only that people are bound to die, and it is true only that short life is always filled with so many sorrows and misfortunes of life and death. ...In that case, why not seize life and enjoy it to the fullest? Why don't you value yourself and your life? Therefore, "The days are short and the nights are long, why not travel by candlelight"; "
It profoundly expresses the pursuit of life and life under the specific historical conditions at that time. Life is impermanent and life is easy. It is a universal proposition throughout the ages. The reason why the chanting of this eternal proposition in Wei and Jin poems has such touching aesthetic charm and has been passed down through the ages is inseparable from the specific era content contained in this kind of thoughts and feelings.
It essentially marks a kind of human awakening, that is, people's rediscovery, thinking, grasping and pursuit of their own life, meaning and destiny under the condition of doubting and denying the old traditional standards and belief values. New attitudes and perspectives. Because of this, the content of those poems that openly advocate "the joy of life" is still different from the corrupt works of later generations, and most of the excellent poems that have been handed down are in this kind of sigh of life. It expresses a kind of upward and inspiring emotions, which have different specific contents according to different specific periods. Underneath "Singing over wine, the geometry of life" is "the martyr's twilight years, full of ambition." "The old man has a long hiss, and the sorrow of Jian'an's life is blended with the "generousness and spirit" of his achievements. Behind "Death and life are big things, isn't it painful?" is "Although the group is different, it is suitable for me. "It's nothing but new", trying to find the comfort of life and philosophical rest in the embrace of nature. During this period, such as the informal etiquette of Zhengshi celebrities, and the "can't sleep with pillows in Taikang and Yongjia, and can only think while shaking clothes" (Lu Ji ), the political grief and indignation of "How could a hundred tempered strength turn into softness around the fingers" (Liu Kun)... all have certain specific positive contents. It is precisely because of this content that the so-called "human awakening" does not flow. Due to decadence and depression; it is precisely because of someone's awakening that this kind of content has aesthetic depth. , on the contrary, what is obtained is a positive emotion with a certain depth, and this is why.
What seems so decadent, pessimistic and negative on the surface is precisely its opposite. , is a strong desire and nostalgia for life, life, destiny, and life.
They are precisely the original dominant ideologies - from the classics to fate, from superstition to ghosts and gods. It is the doubt and denial of moral integrity that leads to the awakening and pursuit of inner personality.
On the surface, it seems to be a shameless pursuit of pleasure, corruption, and depravity. In fact, on the contrary, it is a profound expression of the pursuit of life and life under the specific historical conditions at that time.
Under the condition of doubting and denying the old traditional standards and belief values, people rediscover, think, grasp and pursue their own life, meaning and destiny. This is a new attitude and perspective. That is the awakening of man.
Most of the excellent poems that have been handed down express an upward and inspiring mood and emotion in this sigh of life. They have different meanings in different specific periods. Different specific content.
Human awakening is achieved through the destruction, confrontation and doubt of old traditions, old beliefs and old customs.