Xin Qiji (1140～1207)
A poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. His original name was Tanfu, which was changed to You'an, and his nickname was Jiaxuan Jushi. He is as famous as Su Shi and also called Su Xin. A native of Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong). Thirteen years before he was born, the Shandong area was occupied by the Jin soldiers. In the 31st year of Shaoxing (1161), he led 2,000 people to join the Northern Anti-Jin Rebel Army. The following year, he was sent to the Southern Song Dynasty. He has successively served as the governor of Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian and eastern Zhejiang. Throughout his life, he firmly advocated fighting against the Jin soldiers and regaining lost ground. He once presented "Ten Essays on Meiqin" to analyze the situation between the enemy and ourselves, and proposed a specific plan for strengthening the army and restoring the country; he also submitted the "Nine Discussions" to the prime minister to further elaborate on the ideas of the "Ten Essays"; but none of them were adopted and implemented. When he took office in various places, he conscientiously eliminated the accumulated abuses and actively organized the army to prepare for war. However, he was repeatedly hampered by the capitulationists and was even dismissed from his post. He once lived in Shangrao, Jiangxi for a long time. His great ambition to regain his motherland could not be put to use, so he wrote poems out of loyalty and anger, thus creating a generation of great poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.
There are 629 poems in existence today, ranking the highest among Song poets. The lyrics have a wide range of themes and styles, with generous and tragic patriotic lyrics as their main theme. Among this type of poems, the works that have always been recited include (Yong Yule) "Nostalgia for the Past at Gu Pavilion in the North of Jingkou", (Shui Long Yin) "Deng Jian Kang Shang Xin Pavilion", (Po Zhen Zi) "Composing a Poetry for Chen Tongfu" , (Bodhisattva Man) "Book on the Ostomy Wall of Jiangxi" and so on. There are the largest number of words about leisurely life. Such words often reveal helpless emotions in leisurely life, and their spirit is still consistent with their patriotic words. Many words such as (Qinyuanchun) "A new home with a lake will be completed", (Shui Diao Ge Tou) "Meng Ou" and many other words contain this sentiment. Some of the poems about rural life are fresh and simple, with simple language, such as (Qing Ping Le) "Village Dwelling", (Partridge Sky) "Drama Cottage", (Xijiang Moon) "Walking on the Yellow Sand Road at Night", (Huanxisha) "Changshan" "What Happens in the Road" and so on are all vivid rural style paintings. There are also words about love in Xin's poems, such as (Qing Ping Le) "Sleeping Heavy at Spring Night" is written in a touching and touching way. Xin Qiji has 133 poems in existence, and their content and style are generally the same as his lyrics. There are 17 articles of Xin Qiji in existence today, most of which are practical texts such as memorials and chapters, which can quite reveal Xin Qiji's insights and strategies.
Xin Qiji's poems had many versions in the Song Dynasty, mainly 4 volumes and 12 volumes. The original name of the four volumes is "Jia Xuan Ci", which is divided into four volumes: A, B, D. The original name of the 12 volumes is "Jia Xuan Long Short Sentences". There is no copy of the Song Dynasty blockbuster, but the Siyinzhai blockbuster is the most popular version today. In 1962, the Shanghai Editorial Office of Zhonghua Book Company published "Chronological Notes on Jiaxuan Ci" written by Deng Guangming. In 1975, Shanghai People's Publishing House published a version of "Jia Xuan Long Short Sentences".
Another introduction
Xin Qiji
Xin Qiji has many similarities with Lu You: he has always regarded wiping away national humiliation and regaining lost ground as his lifelong career, and in In his literary creation, he wrote about the expectations and disappointments of the times, and the enthusiasm and indignation of the nation. But Xin Qiji also has many differences from Lu You: as a politician with practical ability, he once achieved a very high status. His pursuit of the cause of fighting against Jin Dynasty was not mainly driven by enthusiasm like Lu You; as a heroic hero His personality is stronger than that of Lu You, and his thoughts are not as "pure" as Lu You; his ideals not only reflect the common aspirations of the nation, but also reflect the desire of a heroic man to play a major role in history. The ambition of self-fulfillment on the stage; therefore, in terms of literary creation, unlike Lu You who likes to write poems, especially the rigorous Qilu format, he devotes all his energy to lyrics, a genre that is more suitable for expressing turbulent and changeable emotions. His collection of lyrics "Jia Xuan Long Short Sentences" contains more than 600 poems.
1. The life and creation of Xin Qiji
Xin Qiji (1140-1207) was born in Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong), with the courtesy name You'an and Jiaxuan. He was fifteen years younger than Lu You, and the north had long fallen to the Jurchens when he was born. Although his grandfather Xin Zan served in the Jin Kingdom, he always hoped to have the opportunity to "rise up in provocations to relieve the anger of Dai Tian, ????who was not suppressed by his father." "Ten Essays on Meiqin"). At the same time, Xin Qiji also continued to witness with his own eyes the humiliation and pain suffered by the Han people under the rule of the Jurchens. All this made him establish the ambition to restore the Central Plains and serve his country in his youth. On the other hand, precisely because Xin Qiji grew up in the north under the rule of the Jin people, he was less exposed to the traditional cultural education that made people blindly follow the rules. In him, he had a chivalrous spirit like the heroes of Yan and Zhao.
In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1161), the gold lord Wan Yanliang invaded the south on a large scale. The Han people behind him rose up in resistance because they could not bear the harsh oppression of the gold people. Twenty-two-year-old Xin Qiji also gathered 2,000 people to join a massive uprising army led by Geng Jing and served as secretary-general. When internal conflicts broke out among the Jin people, Wan Yanliang was killed by his subordinates on the front line, and when the Jin army retreated north, Xin Qiji was ordered to go south to contact the Southern Song Dynasty court in the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162). On his way back from completing his mission, he heard the news that Geng Jing had been killed by the traitor Zhang Anguo and the rebel army was defeated. He led more than fifty people to attack the enemy camp, captured the traitor and brought him back to Jiankang, where he was handed over to the Southern Song Dynasty court for execution. Xin Qiji's astonishing bravery and decisiveness made him famous for a while. "With his heroic voice, cowards arose, and the Holy Emperor sighed three times at the sight of him" (Hong Mai's "Jia Xuan Ji").
Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty appointed him as the judge of Jiangyin, and he began his official career in the Southern Song Dynasty. He was only twenty-three years old at this time.
Xin Qiji first came to the south and did not understand the cowardice and timidity of the imperial court. In addition, Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou had praised his heroic behavior. Song Xiaozong, who came to the throne soon after, also showed that he wanted to restore the lost territory and He was eager to avenge his humiliation, so in the period before his tenure in the Southern Song Dynasty, he enthusiastically wrote many suggestions on the Northern Expedition against the Jin Dynasty, such as the famous "Ten Essays on Meiqin" and "Nine Discussions". Although these proposals were highly praised and widely read at the time, the imperial court, which was no longer willing to fight anymore, responded indifferently. It was only interested in the practical talents shown by Xin Qiji in the proposals, so it sent him successively to In Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and other places, they held important local official positions such as transit envoys and pacification envoys to manage famine and improve public security. This is obviously very different from Xin Qiji's ideal. Although he did a great job, he felt more and more depressed and painful because he felt that time was passing by, life was short and ambitions were difficult to achieve.
However, reality is harsh to Xin Qiji. Although he had outstanding talents, his heroic and stubborn character and his enthusiasm for the Northern Expedition made it difficult for him to gain a foothold in the timid, diplomatic, and jealous officialdom. He also realized that he was "stubborn and self-confident, and had not been tolerated by everyone for many years" ("On Thieves"), so he had already made preparations to retire and built a garden pavilion by Daihu Lake in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, so that he could settle down after leaving his job. . Sure enough, in the winter of the eighth year of Chunxi (1181), when Xin Qiji was forty-two years old, he was removed from office due to impeachment and returned to Shangrao. In the next twenty years, except for serving as prisoner and pacifier in Fujian once every two years, he spent most of his time in the countryside.
. However, as a passionate man and a man of great influence, he was forced to leave the political stage when he was in his prime, which made him unbearable. Therefore, while he often enjoys the pastoral scenery and the tranquility in it, waves are constantly rising in the depths of his soul. Sometimes he is excited by his life's ideals, sometimes he is angry and discouraged by the ruthlessness of reality, and sometimes he I forced myself to feel relieved and had broad-minded thoughts, and spent the rest of my life in this emotional ups and downs.
“To end the affairs of the king and the world, and to gain fame both during and after his death, it was all in vain” (“Broken Array”), “But he exchanged ten thousand words for a smooth military strategy in exchange for his master’s tree-planting book” (“Partridge Sky”) 》), in these words, his deep emotions are buried. In the third year of Jiatai of Ningzong (1203), Han Yuzhou, who advocated the Northern Expedition, appointed people from the main war faction. Xin Qiji, who was 64 years old, was appointed as the prefect of Shaoxing and the pacifier of eastern Zhejiang. The old poet's spirit was boosted. The next year, he met Emperor Ningzong of the Song Dynasty and spoke passionately about the Jin Kingdom's "certain chaos and destruction" (Episode B of "Miscellaneous Notes on the Government and the Wilderness Since Jianyan"), and personally went to the front line to take up a post in Zhenjiang.
But he was hit hard again and was forced to resign under the attack of some admonishing officials. In the first year of Kaixi (1205), he returned to his former residence to live idle. Although he was called to serve in the next two years, he was old and sick, and his body was weak, and he finally passed away in the autumn of the third year of Kaixi.
Although, since the fall of the Central Plains, expressing grief and indignation for national humiliation and expressing enthusiasm for serving the country have become the central theme of literature, Xin Qiji's poetry still has an outstanding brilliance in it. This is not only because Xin Qiji grew up in the north that was ravaged by foreigners, and his desire to restore his homeland was stronger than that of ordinary scholar-bureaucrats, but also because while taking the initiative to undertake the national mission, he also actively pursued the glory of his personal life, which is reflected in his poems. Showing an irrepressible spirit of heroism.
When expressing his ambition to serve the country, Xin Qiji's poems often show the courage and heroic self-confidence of soldiers, such as "To pull back the fairy waves of the Milky Way and wash away the sand in the northwest" ("Shui Diao Ge Tou") , "You should swear to yourself when you wrap your body in horse leather, and you will stop repaying your sex with your eyebrows" ("Man Jiang Hong"), "A Taoist man's heart will be as strong as iron until he dies. Let's try his hands and mend the cracks in the sky" ("Congratulations to the Bridegroom")
etc. Wait, all of them are full of pride and anger. He sincerely praised those who had the same courage to serve the country as himself, echoed with them, and encouraged each other, such as the generous enthusiasm of "Shuilongyin·Jiachen Suishuo Hannanjian Shangshu", which was completely different from the ordinary birthday wishes. :
How many people are really good at economics when the horse crosses the river and comes from the south? Chang'an elders, the scenery of Xinting is still pitiful. Yifu people, Shenzhou Shenlu, how many times have you looked back? Counting an army and an army thousands of miles apart, merit and fame are what they are, but are true Confucian affairs known to the public? Kuang Youwen is fighting in the mountains, and the courtyard is full of Tongyin in the clear day. I fell to the ground back then, but now I'm trying to see how the wind and clouds are running.
The green fields are full of wind and smoke, the grass and trees of Pingquan are green, and the songs and wine of Dongshan are beautiful. In his new year, I will put things in order for my husband to live longer.
Xin Qiji had an instinctive disgust for bureaucrats who were vulgar and tactful and did nothing in the face of national peril. In "Millennium Dialogue", he outlined the ugly appearance of such characters: "When drinking wine to others, , Harmony falls first. The most important thing is to be patient and everything goes well."
However, it is this kind of people who fill the officialdom, control the power, and lead a peaceful path. He wrote angrily: "General Li has captured Hu Erma through the ages. Li Cai was a junior, but he was a marquis.
" ("Businessman")
When Xin Qiji led a small number of troops through the battlefield beacon fire and came to the south, he was full of passion and eager to show his ambition, but unexpectedly fell into a mediocre situation. He felt unbearable depression and indignation. When he revisited Jiankang, the first stop of his return south, he wrote the famous "Shui Long Yin: Deng Jiankang Xinxin Pavilion": < /p>
The clear autumn sky is thousands of miles away, and the water is boundless in the autumn. The eyes are far away, and the jade hairpin is in the bun. In the setting sun above the building, the wanderer in the south of the Yangtze River looks at the Wu hook. I took pictures all over, but no one came to see me. Don't say that the sea bass is so good. The west wind and the eagle have not returned yet? , Calling for the red scarf and green sleeves, looking for the tears of heroes.
This is the sadness of the broken mountains and rivers, the sadness of the empty aspirations; the years flow by ruthlessly, because this sadness is even more shocking. The poet is writing about his loneliness and sorrow, his pain and tears, and we can still see his self-proclaimed hero and never willing to sink. It was not until he became the prefect of Zhenjiang in his later years that he wrote "Yong Yu Le·Jingkou North." "Guting Nostalgic for the Past" still laments "Throughout the ages, heroes are hard to find, Sun Zhong is looking for a place", while recalling his fighting career in his youth, showing his heroic sentiments of not being willing to grow old but still having something to do:
Forty-three years later, I still remember the beacon fire on Yangzhou Road. I can look back, and there is a shrine of crows and drums under the temple. Who can ask: Lian Po is old, can he still eat?
This heroic nature that can never live in mediocrity has accompanied Xin Qiji throughout his life and has always shined in his poetry.
On the other hand, The helpless situation and the same helpless mood made Xin Qiji, like Lu You, have to find ways to relieve the depression in rural life. He was deeply influenced by the thoughts of Lao and Zhuang. He once said that "there are several books on the case, either Zhuang or Zhuang." "Old" ("Thanks to the Emperor's Grace"). Lao-Zhuang's philosophy allowed him to temporarily forget the troubles of the world, get close to nature and daily life, feel and express the philosophy and beauty contained in "a valley and a hill" in his words. And because of his personality Different from his aesthetic taste, his poems of this type are not as simple and elegant as Lu You's poems, but are fresh, beautiful, lively and smart. For example, "Qing Ping Le" describes the mood of farm life:
Mao The eaves are low and the grass is green on the stream. The sound of Wu is charming in the drunkenness. Who is the old woman with white hair? /p>
"Xijiang Moon·Qianxing" writes about his unrestrained life:
I am drunk and greedy for laughter, but I have to worry about the effort. Recently I have begun to realize that the ancients' books are completely useless. Last night, Songbian fell drunk and asked Songsong, "How can I be drunk?" The mood of sadness and anger changes with age and leisurely life. This is just a momentary forgetfulness, and it is also another form of sadness and anger. Just read the famous "Chou Nuer·Shu Bo Mountain Road Zhongbi". Got it:
Young people don’t know the feeling of sorrow and fall in love with the upper floors. Falling in love with the upper floors, I force myself to express my sorrow in order to compose new words. Now that I know all the sorrow, I want to stop talking. I wanted to give it up, but I said it was a cool autumn.
It is precisely because he has experienced many vicissitudes of life, accumulated too much and too deep depression, and is fully aware of the helplessness of life that he "stops talking". He can only find refuge for his feelings in the quiet pastoral countryside and soothe his traumatized soul. This is a last resort choice for a hero in a mediocre society. Only by understanding this can we understand Xin Qiji's true mentality when he wrote this type of words.
2. The artistic creation of Xin Ci
Song Ci created a bold, broad, open and cheerful style in the hands of Su Shi, but it has never been strongly inherited and developed. It was not until the beginning of the Southern Crossing that Zhang Yuanqian, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Ye Mengde, Zhu Dunru and others wrote poems with the theme of resisting the Jin Dynasty and avenging shame, and most of them inherited Su Shi's style of writing, which served as a link between the past and the future. However, their lyrics of this type were mainly the result of inner passions in a special era context, and did not become a conscious artistic pursuit, nor did they expand to other themes to a greater extent, so their achievements were not very high. By the time Xin Qiji appeared in the world of poetry, he not only followed the direction of Su's poetry and wrote many majestic works, but also used his heroic spirit of defying all conventions, his rich knowledge, and extraordinary talent. , creating creations with strong personal characteristics in the field of Ci, which not only promotes the style of Su Ci, but also breaks through the scope of Su Ci and opens up a broader world of Ci.
Both Xin Ci and Su Ci are famous for their broad realm, forthright and cheerful emotions, but the difference is that Su Shi often experiences life with a broad mind and a transcendent view of time and space, and often displays a philosophical style. The perception of life, and using this insight into life, makes emotions return from impulse to deep calm. Xin Qiji always embraces life with fiery emotions and lofty ideals, showing more heroic pride and heroic grief and indignation. Therefore, the strong subjective emotions and the persistence of subjective ideas constitute a major feature of Xin's Ci. In his poems, such as "The general lost his reputation after hundreds of battles. He looked back thousands of miles to the river and lost his old friends. The water was rustling and the wind was cold in the west. The people's clothes were like snow. A strong man, but his tragic song was not complete" ("Congratulations to the Bridegroom" ), "In the middle of the night, the sad wind rises while singing madly, listening to the clanging sound of the horses standing on the eaves.
The south and the north are splitting apart" ("Congratulations to the Bridegroom"), and even "the hatred is so intense that it cannot be worn away." Chang Hong's affairs and humanity later, his blood turned into green in three years" ("Lanling King"), are all sad and resentful voices that can't control their anger, such as "the wind, the sea and the rain", which shock the readers with great intensity. Soul. Xin Qiji also believed in Lao Zhuang and used broad-minded language in his poems, but he could not turn his impulsive feelings into calm, but vented his inner sorrow and anger in a low and even desperate direction, such as "Yuan Long is old, You might as well lie down high and curl up on the mat to cool down. The rise and fall of the ages, the sorrow and laughter of the centuries, can be seen in a moment." ("Water Dragon Song"), "It is so great that I have declined. I have been desolate all my life, and my friendships have been scattered, with only a few left now. The white hair hangs three thousand feet in the sky, and everything in the world is empty with a smile." ("Congratulations to the Bridegroom"), "When I was born in a wine glass, everything was empty. "Three or five heroes from ancient times, wherever the rain and wind blow, they are the palace of Han and the palace of Qin" ("Langtaosha"). On the surface, these sentences may seem broad-minded and decadent, but they make people feel the extremely high expectations in his heart. Destruction becomes an indelible pain in despair.
The heroism and despair of his heroes are intertwined, with sharp ups and downs, and a strong contrast, which forms a waterfall-like impact, such as "Broken Zhenzi·Ode to Chen Tongfu". From the beginning, it describes the imaginary scenes and atmosphere of military training and killing enemies. It is full of joy and majesty. However, after "Finishing the king's affairs in the world and winning his reputation during his lifetime", he suddenly picks up the last sentence. "Poor things happen in vain" points out that all those dreams are in vain. The fact is that the gray hair is heartless and the aspirations are in vain, just like a ladle of ice water poured on a fierce fire, which makes people shocked.
Xin Qiji also has his own characteristics in the use of imagery. He rarely uses orchids, willows, flowers, grass, and pink beauties commonly seen in traditional lyrics. This is consistent with the sad and majestic emotional tone he wants to express. Many of the natural scenery have a towering and arrogant style, such as "The gorge is opposite the Cangjiang River, and when you pass the dangerous building, you want to fly but still hold back" ("Water Dragon Song"), "Who believes that the peaks in the sky are flying to the ground, and they are close to each other." The lake is thousands of feet wide and the green wall is green" ("Man Jiang Hong"); the historical figures he collected are also mostly heroic, unrestrained, or generous and tragic, such as "A horse riding across the Tiger Mountain, the cracking stone and the sound of the strings" Li Guang ("Eight Sounds of Ganzhou"), Liu Yu ("Yong Yu Le") who "gold and iron horses, swallowing thousands of miles like a tiger", Sun Quan ("Nanxiang") who "was young and thousands of years old, and the war in the southeast has not ended" "Zi"), etc. This kind of selection of natural and historical materials perfectly matches the emotional power of the words, which is exciting.
So, they both belong to the bold and majestic style of Su Shi. The poems tend to be free-spirited, open-minded and bold, while Xin's poems give people a sense of generous elegance and passion.
However, the above only refers to the mainstream artistic style of Xin Qiji's poems. /p>
A major contribution of Xin Qiji in the history of poetry lies in the expansion of content and broadening of themes. His more than 600 existing poems write about politics, philosophy, the love of friends, and the love of lovers. He wrote about pastoral scenery, folk customs, daily life, and reading experiences. It can be said that he wrote everything in his poetry that could be written in any other literary style at that time, and the scope was much wider than Su's poetry. , changes in subject matter and changes in emotional tone, Xin's Ci's artistic style has also undergone various changes. Although his Ci is mainly majestic, unrestrained and powerful, he is also very comfortable writing Ci in the traditional graceful style. For example, in the famous "Moyu'er·Chunxi Jihai...", the upper column is written about the spring, and the lower column is about palace resentment. In the tone of a woman, a lonely and melancholy mood is written layer by layer in a very tortuous and euphemistic way. It is soul-stirring and the writing is extremely delicate. Many of his works describing rural scenery and farmers' life are so simple, beautiful and full of vitality, such as the bottom line of "Partridge Sky":
"The mountains are far and near. The road is sloping, and there are people selling wine in Qingqi. The peaches and plums in the city are worried about the wind and rain, and the shepherd's purse flowers are blooming in the spring at Xitou. "And the following line of "Moon over Xijiang": "Seven or eight stars are outside the sky, and two or three points of rain are in front of the mountain. In the old days, by the forest of Maodian Society, I suddenly saw a bridge over a stream when the road turned. "Seeing crispness and sophistication in simplicity is a state that is difficult for ordinary people to achieve. Therefore, Liu Kezhuang's "Preface to the Collection of Xin Jiaxuan" said: "The work of the public, with a loud voice and a small voice, has cut across the world and swept away the entire world. Since the beginning of the world, it has been Nothing. The fineness and density of his rice grains are not inferior to those of Xiao Yan and Qin Lang. "This is a more comprehensive and fair evaluation.
Xin Qiji and Su Shi are both powerful pioneers in the language skills of poetry. The predecessors said that Su Shi used poetry as lyrics, and Xin Qiji used literature as lyrics. Of course, this is a bit simplistic, but it does point out that in the hands of Xin Qiji, the language of Ci is more free and liberated, changing without any reason, and there are no more rules in Xin's Ci. , that’s misleading. "It's true that I don't miss home" ("Partridge Sky"), "I've been so worried lately, who can take pity on me?" Who understands each other's pity, and makes the sorrow come to heaven" ("Ugly Slave"), there are also classical Chinese sentences mixed with many function words, such as "Those who do not know the clouds are rain, and those who do not know the rain are clouds" ("Han Gong Chun") "), "If you don't hate the ancients, I don't see them; if you hate the ancients, I won't see you." ("Congratulations to the Bridegroom"); there are lively conversations, self-questions and answers, and even shouts, such as "Who is the rival of the world's heroes? Cao Liu" ("Nanxiangzi"), "Bei, come forward! " ("Qinyuan Chun") also has quite strict couplets, such as "Eight hundred miles away, the sun is burning under the command, and the sound of fifty strings turning over the Great Wall" ("Po Zhenzi")
... To sum up, , a major feature of Xin Ci in terms of language skills is that its form is loose, its semantics are fluid and coherent, and its sentences are often written in relatively long lengths.
The method often used in literati's poetry to combine dense images into sentences and jump to connect sentences to form an overall artistic conception is completely broken in Xin's poetry. But this does not mean that Xin Qiji's so-called "writing as words" no longer has a musical rhythm. While using a lot of prose sentences and paying attention to maintaining a vivid tone, he was still able to use various means to create changing rhythms. For example, in "Water Dragon Song", "The sun sets above the building, and in the sound of broken bells, a wanderer in the south of the Yangtze River. I looked at the Wu hook, patted the railings all over, and no one saw me, and I came to the idea." The meaning is coherent, and it is very long in the poem. Sentences, but distinct, sonorous and powerful, are by no means just a paragraph of article wrapped in the form of words.
Another major feature of Xin's Ci in terms of language skills is his extensive citation of vocabulary, sentences and historical allusions from various classics, histories, classics and previous poems, melting or inlaying them into his own In the words. This can easily lead to harshness and difficulty, but with Xin Qiji's talent, most of it can be used appropriately, naturally, or with special interest. Just as Liu Xizai of the Qing Dynasty said in his "Art Summary": "The theory in any ancient book Once used, language and thin language will become popular." Take the article "Yong Yu Le·Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgic" as an example. The length of more than a hundred words narrates the deeds of five historical figures, Sun Quan, Liu Yu, Liu Yilong, Tuoba Tao, and Lian Po, and is in line with what the author wants to express. The subjective emotions and thoughts are very thorough; not only the connotation is extremely rich, but also the tone is flying and the expression is clear, which is really not easy.
Of course, Xin Qiji's poetry often suffers from the problems of scattered culture, too much discussion, and the so-called "dropping the book bag", that is, using too many allusions and ancient idioms, but in any case, he did greatly transform his poetry ; His words are not only "no intention cannot be entered, no matter cannot be expressed", but also any "meaning" and "thing" can be expressed freely and fully. In this way, the creation of words completely gets rid of the fetters and enters the realm of freedom.