Wang Wei and Meng Haoran's hermit complex and other poets' landscape feelings —— Focusing on Wang and Meng: the influence of Zongshen's thought on the emotional style of poetry.
Its "to the fortress" cloud:
Riding a bike to visit the border and passing through Juyan County. Pengpeng also floated out of Korea, and the geese heading north also flew into the sky. The vast desert is lonely, and the Yellow River sets the yen. When I arrived at the small pass, I met a spy waiting for the knight and told me that Dou Hu was in Yan.
With the spirit of luxury and leisure, it is integrated into the wonderful scenery description, forming a magnificent poetic meaning. The endless river, the sunset on the vast horizon and the beacon smoke on the lonely castle in the desert reveal the heroic spirit of the poet when he went west to the end of the day.
However, what established Wang Wei's position as a master in the history of Tang poetry was his pastoral poems expressing his feelings of seclusion. He is proficient in music and good at painting. In his poems describing the natural landscape, he created a quiet Ming Xiu poetic scene with pictures in the poems and poems in the paintings, which is exquisite and difficult to interpret. For example, an autumn night in the mountains:
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
In the fresh, quiet and vibrant landscape, I feel the endless fun of life, and my spirit has sublimated to the realm of ethereal lightness. The beauty of nature and the beauty of the soul are completely integrated, creating a pure and beautiful poetic realm that is inseparable like a hidden mirror.
The beauty of empty mirror and tranquility is the crystallization of Wang Wei's pastoral poems. Because of his emptiness, he observes nature very carefully and feels very keen. Like a painter, he is good at capturing the light and color of natural things in the dynamic, and shows a very rich sense of color hierarchy in his poems, such as:
As the sun sets, the rivers and lakes are white and the tide rises all over the sky. ("Xing Guizhou")
The spring water in the mountains hits the dangerous rocks, and the sun in the pine forest is cold. (Ji Xiang Temple)
The stream of the river has been flowing for less than a day, and white stones are exposed on the riverbed. The weather is getting colder and the red leaves on the branches are becoming scarce. There is no rain on the winding mountain road, the smoke is misty in the dense pine trees, and the water vapor is heavy, as if to flow, and then the clothes of passers-by. ("In the Mountains")
The white clouds merged behind, and the blue mist melted into the mountains and disappeared. The central mountain peaks separate the southwest, and the valleys are different. (Zhong Nanshan)
As the sun sets, the rivers and lakes become whiter; The tide came to the sky, as if the sky and the earth were full of the blue of the tide. One is the contrast of colors, and the other is the mutual development of colors. The color of the sun is warm, and it feels cold because of the cool color of the pine forest, which is the function of conditional color. Red leaves wither and evergreen trees are greener. This emerald is full of space, ethereal and dripping, and there is a feeling of wet clothes without rain, which is also the role of conditional color. As for clouds, when I look back, I am followed by fog. When I enter them, they disappear, they are blurred, and the clouds gradually disappear, like a blurred picture with ink. With the painter's eyes and the poet's feelings, what Wang Wei wrote was interesting, quiet, beautiful and ethereal.
At that time, Meng Haoran was a poet as famous as Wang Wei, and he was also good at writing natural landscapes. He was born and died earlier than Wang Wei, but he became famous after Wang Wei.
Meng Haoran (689 ~ 740), a native of Xiangyang, was a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and lived in seclusion all his life. Before the age of 40, he lived in seclusion in the south of Hanshui River, not far from Lumen Mountain. He traveled south to Jiang and Xiang, and north to Youzhou. He once stayed in Luoyang and traveled in Vietnam. In the 16th year of Kaiyuan (728), he entered Chang 'an, made friends with Wang Wei and Zhang Jiuling, and began to make friends with many poets. The following year, the secret province of poetry was composed, and the capital was moved by Wei Yundan, Han and Lan Shu Wu Tong. But unfortunately, it came last. Later, he went south to wuyue to show his attachment to mountains and rivers. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737), he entered Jingzhou and Zhang Jiuling, where there were many songs. Three years later, he died before he achieved his goal.
In others' eyes, Meng Haoran is a real recluse poet. Li Bai said: Master, I cheered you from my heart, and your reputation rose to the sky. In the rosy youth, you gave up the importance of hats and chariots and chose pine trees and clouds; Now whitehead. ("A Word to Meng Haoran") In fact, Meng Haoran did not intend to be an official. Like other poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, he had a strong desire to help the world. His poem "To Prime Minister Zhang of Dongting Lake" said:
The autumn water rises and almost blends with the shore, mixing water and sky with the sky. Ozawa's water vapor transpiration on the cloud soil is white, and the waves seem to shake the whole Yueyang. I'm going to cross the water to find a boat and paddle. It's a shame to return home in the sacred age. Sitting around watching other people's hard river fishing can only envy the fish caught in the fish.
This poem is dedicated to Zhang (Zhang Jiuling). The forest fish sit and watch the fish, showing the urgency of hoping to get a career through Zhang's quotations, and there is a sense of luxury that is unwilling to be lonely. Therefore, this poem is written in a broad realm and is magnificent, especially "Clouds and Dreams, Clouds and Mists, United with Yueyang City", which is the extraordinary voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Meng Haoran is aloof and pure. Although he always has the ambition to help the world, he is unwilling to bend down and follow. Zhang Jiuling can recommend Wang Wei, but he can't. When he had to come second, he sang my gaffes and was exiled by the wise ruler. I was ill for so long that I couldn't see my friends, gave up being an official and went to the mountains and rivers to show the sublimity of different customs. He said in "Thinking of Xin in the South Summer Pavilion":
The shadow of the mountain rises suddenly, and the moon in the pond rises slowly from the east. Hang your hair in the shade at night, open the window and lie down in a quiet and spacious place. The evening breeze sent waves of lotus fragrance, and the dew on the bamboo leaves made a crisp sound. I thought I would want to make a song, make a song, I just hate my friends in front of me. Feeling for a night, I miss my old friends all night, and it is hard to miss them in my dreams.
The feeling when enjoying the cool alone, but, alas, who here will understand? It shows the poet's lofty and complacent loneliness. With the feelings of mountains and rivers, it blends with the clear light of the pool moon, the fragrance of the lotus wind and the clear sound of bamboo dew, and it feels clear and bright. Purified feelings, expressed by purified scenery, have a pure and clear beauty.
Because of the different living environment and temperament, Meng Haoran and Wang Wei are different in poetry creation and artistic style. His pastoral poems are closer to his own life, and the words I and Yu often appear in his poems. For example, passing through the old village: prepare chicken rice for me, old friend, and you entertain me on your farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city. Another example is climbing Yanshan with friends: the reincarnation of the world, the reincarnation of ancient and modern times. Now we can climb the mountain to visit the historical sites preserved all over the country. The description of scenery in Meng Haoran's poems is often a part of his living environment, with the characteristics of improvisation and true carving. Such as "Spring Dawn":
Sleeping sickness in spring unconsciously broke the morning, and the chirping of birds disturbed my sleep. How many flowers fall after a stormy night.
Writing about my feelings at dawn, casual speculation reveals a beautiful and pleasant spring, which seems to have a feeling of regret, but there is no trace to be found. Compared with Wang Wei's poems, the language of poetry is natural and pure, which is reflected in beauty, and seems to be more simple and closer to the realm of Tao Yuanming's extravagant poems.
Meng Haoran has traveled many times in his life, preferring to swim in the water. He wrote many landscape poems in the process of roaming wuyue water town by boat. When he meets the scenery, he often writes from a height, lingers from a lonely place, and inadvertently touches the scene, forming a dull and far-reaching poetic realm of Ming Xiu. For example, the night berth on Jiande River:
Stop the boat in a foggy small state, when new worries come to the guest's heart. The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon.
Another example is "boating in the west field":
The scenery is clear, bright and radiant. Clarify what is in the water of love. If you are in the pot, what can you do? Whitehead fisherman, Xinhua makeup artist. Look at each other like acquaintances, but you can't talk.
The previous song was about the guests' worries and loneliness when they were boating in the sunset, because the boundless low altitude and the approach of Jiang Qingyue became more and more boundless. The latter shows the lightness and ease of boating in the evening. The old man and the girl look at each other, natural and graceful, pure and clean, and get rid of the secular. The sentences are so bland that almost no traces of poetry can be seen, but the poetry is very mellow. If Wang Wei's folk songs are good at expressing the quiet beauty of empty mountains, then Meng Haoran's boat songs give people a feeling of washing everything and purifying feelings. The language is light and integrated with poetic Ming Xiu, and the natural and pure beauty of mountains and rivers is vividly expressed.
Natural plainness is the style feature of Meng Haoran's landscape poems. Although there are also neat sentences in his poems, such as "There are trees like a row of grass on the horizon" and "Ships on the River" (Zhang's "Qiu Lai Denglan Mountain"); The wind blows the leaves on both sides, and the moon crosses me alone (a berth in Tonglu, a friend in Yangzhou). But I didn't mean to be a model mountain, just improvise. Throughout his whole poem, he wrote in a single line and finished it in one breath, leaving no trace of description; Beauty flows away naturally, diluting leisure, and working without looking for a job.
Wang Wei and Meng Haoran enjoyed a high reputation and great influence in the poetic circles of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Cui Xingzong called Wang Wei a contemporary poet (Preface to Reward Wang Wei), and Wang Shiyuan called Meng Haoran's five-character poems beautiful in the world (Preface to Meng Haoran's Collection). At that time, with Wang and Meng as the core, a group of poets with similar poetic styles appeared, such as, Chu Guangxi,, and Chang Jian.
Pei Di once lived in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan with Wang Wei, and was deeply influenced by Wang Wei in life interest and creative style. His Twenty Poems of Wangchuan is a duet between them. Such as "Hua Zigang":
The sun goes down, the wind goes fast, and the grass is sparse at home. Cloud light invades shoes, and mountain green clothes brush people's clothes.
This is a better poem he wrote. Although it can't be compared with Wang Wei's works on the same subject, the creative tendency of trying to write poems clearly is still obvious.
Chu Guangxi's life experience is rather tortuous. After he was promoted to Jinshi, he served as county commandant in Anyi and other places, and soon resigned and returned to his hometown. He lived in seclusion with Wang Wei and others in Zhong Nanshan for many years. Xuan returned to his official position, was captured by the rebels in the Anshi rebellion and accepted a fake post. Then he was exiled to the south and died in a relegation place. Many of his poems have been handed down to this day, such as Ten Encounters with Wang Sanwei, Eight Miscellaneous Poems, Family Affairs and so on. , is his masterpiece of writing rural life directly. In these poems, because the author wants to express the thoughts of returning to nature, nourishing nature and pleasing feelings, it is said that Hyunri has many elements and is not successful in art. Chu Guang -xi wrote five miscellaneous poems, four poems in the south of the Yangtze River and other works that show seclusion and interest. Such as "Fish Bay" in Five Miscellaneous Poems:
Fishing in Green Bay comes in spring, and apricot blossoms come in spring. The pool is clear and shallow, and the lotus knows the fish are scattered. Waiting for lovers at dusk, the boat is green and the shore is green.
The small scene of Ming Xiu, which is composed of apricot flowers, spring water, fish swimming in the pool and lotus flowers, has a profound charm (comment on Yin Lan's "He Yueling Photo Album"), which is integrated with the poet's keen feeling and quiet state of mind. In terms of natural style, it is very close to Meng Haoran's poems.