Evil! I want to know you and live a long life. There is no mausoleum in the mountains, the river is exhausted, the winter thunder bursts, the summer rain and snow, and the heavens and the earth are one, so you dare to be with you.
Guan Ju
Guan Heming's osprey, accompanied by the small continent of the river.
A beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman.
Mix shepherd's purse and salvage it from left to right.
A beautiful and virtuous woman wakes up to pursue her.
If you can't pursue it, the black nightclub misses her during the day.
Miss Long, I can't sleep over and over again.
Mix shepherd's purse and choose from left to right.
A beautiful and virtuous woman came to her with a couple and a couple.
Pull shepherd's purse from left to right.
A beautiful and virtuous woman rings the bell to please her.
A new explanation of Guan Ju
Author: [symbol]
Introduction: Starting with the literal interpretation of the poem Guanju, this paper discusses its true content. The conclusion is that Guan Ju is neither an eulogy of "the virtue of empresses" nor "the free love of working people", but a story of aristocratic men and women enjoying each other.
The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in the history of China literature, and the poems recorded in it can be traced back to the early Zhou Dynasty. This collection of poems has always been considered difficult to read. In addition to the readers' ignorance of the political culture, social background, local conditions and customs of the Zhou Dynasty, the main reason is that the words are too long apart to understand. Explain the text once, and you have understood more than half of the poem. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the interpretation of the text when we explain "Guanju" today.
First, explain
Guan Guan: Bird name: pheasant dove: Waterfowl name: He is the proper name of the Yellow River. Later, it generally refers to the water flow in the north: Zhou: the land in the water: gentle and graceful originally described the depth of the gap and taught leisure to be comfortable. In the literature of the pre-Qin period, it was also used as the meaning of "goodness", but the original meaning of "Shu" was the clarity of water. Since the poet's association takes place at the water's edge, it seems reasonable to describe the beauty of a woman with the clarity of water: the word "gentleman" is not a value evaluation, but a synonym for a noble social person.
There is nothing serious here, but the following two words are a little troublesome. Today, the word "Hao" is often pronounced for the third time as an adjective, but it is less common to pronounce it for the fourth time as a verb. However, in the pre-Qin period, "Hao" was mostly used as a verb and an auxiliary verb, indicating "hobby" and "liking", while "beauty" was less as an adjective. Shi Mao explains the word "autumn" and says: "Pi Ye. It is said that the queen has the virtue of Guan Yu, is a leisurely and single-minded good woman, and should be a good horse of a gentleman. " It is to use "autumn" as a noun, interpret it as "spouse" and use "good" as an adjective. Zheng Xuan, who was born at the end of the Han Dynasty, felt something was wrong. He interpreted "kindness" as the verbs "reconciliation" and "hatred", and quoted the ancients in China as saying that "kindness" means that empresses mediate the contradiction between wives and concubines for gentlemen, which is of course suspected of penetrating the rules. The key here is the part of speech of "autumn". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Mao Heng's Shi Mao's interpretation of The Book of Songs had not yet become the exclusive authority, while Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi was interpreted as "convergence". "The Book of Songs is elegant" also has a sentence "Thinking for the people". Therefore, the word "Qiu" seems to be a verb, and I am afraid it has something to do with "Qiu". Personally, I think that since the word "beg" sounds like "walk" or "beg", it can also be understood as what we call "pursuit" today. If "autumn" is a verb, I'm afraid "good" can hardly be interpreted as an adjective here. The word "good" can be said to be "wanting to pursue" and "yearning". Zheng Kangcheng's training of "autumn" as "autumn" may indicate that there was a version of "autumn" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Autumn" and "autumn" have the same pronunciation in ancient times and can be borrowed from each other. I just don't know whether "autumn" is the word "autumn" or "autumn" is the word "autumn".
Both "resentment" and "horse" in Er Ya are trained, so Mao Heng's explanation is not necessarily wrong, and "good" should be trained as a "good spouse". Two things are better than not knowing what to say.
Everyone says that shepherd's purse is an edible aquatic plant: Liu, Er Ya and Shi Mao are all taught as seeking; Zhu's Biography says: "Go with the flow": "Wake up" means "sleep", and "sleep" means "day and night, all the time"; The word "fu" in the next paragraph has been very litigious. To say "fu" means "thinking", Zheng Xuan said "obedience" and Zhu said "bosom". I think one of the two words "Xiang" and "Fu" should be an modal particle. From the heart, "leisure" has always been interpreted as "worry", "thinking" and "worry": "leisure" should be what we Beijingers call "picking vegetables"
Second, analysis
Judging from the tone of the whole poem, the protagonist is an aristocratic man, and the subjects of "seeking it", "sleeping and thinking about clothes", "tossing and turning", "being friends with the harp" and "having fun with the bells and drums" are all this gentleman, which is beyond doubt. So, who is it? Throughout the Book of Songs, most people who pick wild vegetables are women, such as "curling ears", "picking midges" and "picking green", so they must be women. What does female picking have to do with our aristocratic youth? This ancient explanation is not satisfactory. Mao Heng said: "When picking flowers, the empresses all thought that when the husband married this little wife, he would have company when picking flowers." .
A good friend's wife once said to me: I hope he marries a little woman and can carry my wallet! A joke turns into a joke, and such a "good wife" is probably rare. Later generations probably felt this difficulty. Zhu thought it was just fun and said, "If there are ragged shepherd's purse, there is no way to flow." This gentle and graceful lady, when I don't forget to ask for it "; Nonsense: "because of the flow of shepherd's purse, it is possible to make a lady happy." "The more you understand, the more difficult it is to understand, and the more you speak, the farther you go.
I thought to myself: "My Fair Lady" picked the flowers; It was the "gentleman" who saw her picking flowers at the water's edge who had a feeling of yearning. It is also easy to misunderstand that women who pick wild vegetables are not necessarily working people. In The Book of Songs, it is written that the daughters and families of nobles pick wild vegetables.
The birds singing in the river can be said to be auspicious, and it is more accurate to describe the location, environment and atmosphere.
The poet yearns for this girl, thinking: What a beautiful couple such a carefree and beautiful woman deserves a gentleman like me. This reminds people of the beautiful and clever princess and the handsome and rich prince in Arabian Nights.
The beautiful image of the girl stroking the shepherd's purse drifting along the river made the poet unforgettable day and night. I long for her but I can't get her. She tortures young people all day and keeps them awake all night. He wants to exchange an elegant harp for a girl's friendship; Exchange moving bells and drums for girls' joy.
Zhu said to him, "Hares and harps are seldom enjoyed. ... bells and drums, the greatest joy. " What I saw was very pertinent.
Elegant "little music" is suitable for intimate atmosphere, and "friends of the harp and harp" should be used; Loud "big music" is suitable for happy and lively scenes, and "bell and drum music" should be used
The girl's every move when picking flowers is deeply imprinted in the poet's heart. One describes the beauty of her picking, and the other imagines the joy of her * * * harps, bells and drums. One is near and one is far, one is real and the other is empty. In the poem, it appears alternately, hovering back and forth, doing its best.
Third, comments.
Confucius' evaluation of Guan Ju is the earliest poetry comment since China recorded it in writing.
The Book of Songs has always been said to be the pinnacle of China's poetic art and a model for generations: Nan Zhou is the first of the fifteen countries, the foundation of Wang Hua, and the correct style of poetry; Guan Ju is the first song of Nan Zhou, and its position in the history of China literature is too important. After Confucius, everyone came to evaluate. The change in the evaluation of Guanju is a portrayal of the evolution of literary concepts in past dynasties.
"Lushi" in the early Han Dynasty said: "The King of Kang Yan Chao,' Guan Ju' as a satire", and thought it was written to satirize Zhou Kangwang for indulging in the harem and not getting up in the morning. Shi Mao thinks that it was written by queens looking for a "quiet and virtuous woman" for a gentleman. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu believed that Zhou Wenwang, a "palace maid", saw Tess's excellent moral character and wrote poems to praise her. Lushi has long been lost, and we don't know why he said so. Shi Mao said that a wife looking for a concubine for her husband was too anxious to sleep all night, which seemed far from reasonable. However, Shi Mao has an iron backing, that is, Xia Zi, a student of Confucius, who has been circulating for a long time, wrote a Preface for The History of Poetry.
"Preface" said: "Guan Yu is happy to be a gentleman for his wife, and he is worried about being a sage, but he doesn't want to be lascivious ... which is also Guan Yu's meaning." Most Song Confucians don't believe in "A Little Preface", so Zhu has another explanation, but he still can't jump out of the saying of "the virtue of empresses". After 1949, mainland literary critics didn't believe this, thinking it was a poem of "simple working people" touching each other by the river and a portrayal of "boldly breaking the shackles of feudal ethics".
Personally, I think all this is to make literary criticism serve politics. I have a "guiding ideology" in my mind first, and then I misinterpret the original poem in order to conform to it. Mao Heng and Zhu certainly fell into the trap of "the virtue of empresses", and today's people are also trapped in the well of "praising the simple love of working people".
To say that the hero is an aristocratic youth is not only because of the word "gentleman", but also because of his elegance, moderation and wealth. His pursuit is not a naked confession of love, which is what he wants, nor is it sad or self-destructive, nor is it rude. Instead, I want to win the friendship of ladies with the sound of harps and harps, and reap the joy of ladies with the music of bells and drums. He deserves to be a "rich and polite" person. This poem is not so much about "the virtue of empresses" as about "the wind of gentlemen". Therefore, Confucius said, "Guan Yu, be happy without lewdness, be sad without injury", which is really an eternal hard-won theory.