Petfi Sándor Petogfi Sandor is a patriotic poet and hero in Hungary, a great revolutionary poet in Hungary, the founder of Hungarian national literature and a bourgeois revolutionary democrat. Born on January 1st, 1823 into a butcher's family, a small Hungarian town on the Afodping Plain on the Danube under the rule of the Austrian Empire, his father was a poor Slavic butcher and his mother was a serf of the Mazar people. According to the laws at that time, his family was at the bottom of society. On July 31st, 1849, petofi, a Hungarian patriotic poet, died in a bloody battle with Russian troops in Cherkeshburg at the age of 26. I lived a vagrant life as a teenager, worked as an actor and served as a soldier. In 1842, he began to publish the poem "The Drunken" and began his writing career. Poems were written in folk songs, developed in form and refined in language, and many excellent poems were created. He believes that "only people's poems are real poems". Among his early works, there are more than 5 poems such as "Millet is ripe", "I walked into the kitchen" and "Evening", which have been set and sung by composers such as Liszt and have become Hungarian folk songs. In 1844, he came to Pace, the capital, from his hometown, and served as the assistant editor of Pace Fashion. With the support of the poet Forrest Martti, he published the first book of poetry, the cypress leaves on the grave of Edelka, the pearl of love and the travel notes, which established his position in Hungarian literature and was highly praised by the German poet Heine. After publishing satirical poems "The Hammer in the Countryside" and revolutionary poems "Song of Patriots" and "Against the King", he joined and led the radical youth organization "Young Hungary" in Perth, engaged in revolutionary activities, and traveled long distances in China, calling on Hungarian people to oppose Austrian national oppression with revolutionary poems. At the end of 1846, he sorted out the manuscript and prepared to publish the complete poems, and wrote the famous proverbial poem "Freedom and Love" in the preface. His "Freedom and Love": "Life is precious, and love is more expensive; If you are free, you can throw both! " Becoming a symbol of the poet's revolution is also his oath to the revolution. Since 1847, poetry creation has involved the political affairs at that time, such as Poems to Poets in the 19th Century and Taking in the name of people as an Example, which expressed the voice of the times. On March 15th, 1848, petofi led a proletarian and petty bourgeoisie uprising against Austria, recited a political poem "Song of the Nation" to the insurgents, and wrote the poem "The Sea Boils" and "Hanging the King", which inspired the people to fight for national freedom and independence, and was hailed as "the first roar of Hungarian freedom". In September, he joined the revolutionary army and joined the Hungarian national independence war. In the national liberation war led by kossuth from 1848 to 1849, petofi joined the army of General Bem in January 1849, fought bravely with the Russian-Austrian Coalition forces as the major adjutant of General Bem. In July 1849, he wrote the last poem "The Moment of Terror" and disappeared in the Battle of Thursburg on July 31 of the same year. Most scholars believe that he was killed in the bloody battle of Thursburg and his body was buried in 15 British soldiers. Petofi's contribution is mainly in poetry creation, especially in lyric poetry. In addition to writing a large number of revolutionary poems in his life, he also wrote a variety of political opinions, dramas, novels and essays. In his life, he wrote about 1, lyric poems and 8 narrative poems, among which the most famous ones are Janos Warrior (translated Brave John) and The Apostle, which have a great influence on the development of Hungarian literature. Lu Xun spoke highly of his life and works. Lu Xun highly praised petofi, saying that "the good point of contention is naturally lyric poetry". Some European literary critics praised petofi as "the king of lyric poetry in Madzar". "Life is precious, and love is more expensive. If you are free, you can throw both." Mention this poem, which has been widely read around the world for more than a hundred years, people will think of its author, Hungarian poet petofi. If we look back at history objectively, people will know that the great Hungarian poet was a heroic fighter in the 1848 European Revolution, which was deeply concerned and praised by Marx and Engels. His poems also left an extremely valuable literary legacy for the oppressed nations all over the world.
■ Growing up in an environment of struggle for national freedom and eulogizing love
On January 1, 1823, Petfi Sándor was born in a small Hungarian town on Avodepan on the Danube under the rule of the Austrian Empire. His father was a poor Slavic butcher and his mother was a serf of Mazar. According to the law at that time, his family was at the bottom of society.
Some ancestors came from Hungary, a tribe of Huns who migrated to the west in China in the Han Dynasty, which was characterized by the fierce collision between eastern and western cultures and occupied a special position in European history. Due to long-term discrimination and oppression by neighboring ethnic groups, Hungarians have been good at using poetry as a horn to encourage their own nation to fight for nearly a thousand years, and a large number of outstanding patriotic poets have emerged in modern times. After the 17th century, Hungary has been ruled by the Austrian Empire and lost its independent status, and the uprising struggle for freedom broke out one after another.
petofi, who lived in this environment, was willing to listen to the legend of the uprising led by the national hero Hus when he was a teenager. In the pub, he talked with his companions about the story of the Hungarian people's struggle for independence, which left a deep imprint on his young mind. This atmosphere of "free forum" also greatly promoted the development and progress of petofi's language. At an early age, he was able to talk freely in Hungarian and Slovak, and Latin also had a certain foundation.
In p>1835, petofi, a 12-year-old poor boy, had the opportunity to study in Oside. In three years, he showed his intelligence and wisdom, and organized a progressive student group to read and study the history of the French Revolution and the works of Hungarian classical writers. In 1838, petofi wrote his first satirical poem Farewell. This poem inherits and develops the tradition of Hungarian classical poetry, and initially embodies the characteristics of the popularization of poetic language that he has been following all his life. He was a soldier, a wandering actor and an assistant editor of Pace Fashion. His rich social experience deepened the source of his creation.
In September p>1846, 23-year-old petofi met Sendley Yulia, the daughter of Earl Naudts, at the dance. The purity and frankness of this slender and beautiful girl with light blue eyes made the young poet fall in love at first sight, but the earl who owns a lot of land manor refused to marry his daughter to a poor poet like petofi. In the face of resistance, petofi's affection for Julia maesa is still irresistible. In half a year, he sent out a series of love poems, such as To Julia maesa, I am a person with love, You love spring, The bleak autumn wind whispers in the Woods, Give me twenty kisses at once and so on. The treasures in these lyric poems encouraged Yulia to break through the shackles of her father and family and enter the wedding hall with petofi a year later.
At this moment, the revolutionary flood has surged in Europe, and the Hungarian people's uprising is like surging magma. Petofi's honeymoon was intertwined with joy and melancholy. Unwilling to indulge in private life, he wrote the famous proverbial poem "Freedom and Love": "Life is precious, love is more expensive ..." This masterpiece has been a moving poem that inspired the progressive youth in the world for the next hundred years.
■ Striving for national independence with poetry as the horn
In the spring of p>1848, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions in Hungary under Austrian rule had reached a feverish level. Petofi witnessed the people being invaded and enslaved, and shouted loudly, "Are we going to be slaves from generation to generation? Will we never have freedom and equality? " The poet began to closely link the ideal with the revolution, determined to rely on the poor people to fight, and wrote a series of concise poems as a horn to inspire people to move towards the national democratic revolution.
On March 14th, he and other leaders of the uprising agreed on the uprising in a cafe in Pace, and adopted the political program "Twelve Articles" aimed at bourgeois reform. That night, petofi wrote the uprising "Song of the Nation":
Get up, Hungarians, the motherland is calling!
it's time to do it now, it's not too late!
Would you like to be a free man or a slave?
Choose for yourself, that's the question!
On the morning of 15th, the March Uprising in Perth, which shocked the world, began. More than 1, insurgents gathered in front of the National Museum, and petofi recited his Song of the Nation in public. The insurgents thundered and quickly occupied Budapest and made it the center of European revolution at that time. In April of the following year, the Hungarian Parliament also adopted the Declaration of Independence and established a Republic. Engels once pointed out: "Hungary is the only country that completely abolished farmers' feudal obligations in law and practice since the March Revolution."
In the face of Budapest Uprising, Austrian Emperor Ferdinand, who was determined to maintain the old order in Europe, immediately joined forces with Russian Tsar Nicholas I, and 34, Russian-Austrian allied forces violently pressed Hungary with a population of only 5 million. At the time of national crisis, petofi sent a letter to Bem, the most skillful general: "Please let me go to the battlefield with you. Of course, I will still try my best to serve my country with my pen ..." In the war-torn year of 1848, petofi wrote as many as 16 lyric poems. In January of the following year, petofi became a major officer. At the same time, he wrote poems and directly took up arms to fight against the Russian-Austrian Coalition forces.
■ More than 8 poems were left in his short life under the spear of Cossack cavalry
In the summer of p>1849, the Hungarian Revolutionary Army fought to the last moment under the oppression of powerful enemies. On the morning of July 31st, General Bem formed a cavalry unit with 3 people who could still fight, and specially told petofi to stay before the fighting started. The poet, however, disobeyed the general's orders and set off behind the cavalry. These heroic Hungarian fighters were quickly submerged and melted when they stuck together with many times the enemy. The thin poet was surrounded by two Russian Cossack cavalry, and a machete came at him fiercely. The poet dodged, but at the same time another sharp spear had pierced his chest, and the poet fell down in pain ...
In the following decades, the Hungarian people never wanted to believe that their poet was no longer alive, and legends kept appearing. Some people said that they had seen him in a farmer's house, while others said that they had seen petofi in Russia after being captured. The Hungarian parliament also conducted a special investigation, but it is disappointing that this "witness" has never been a soldier, nor has he been captured ...
After the resistance struggle of the Hungarian people, the Austrian Empire was forced to sign an agreement with Hungary in 1867, recognizing that a dualistic joint state regime could be established on the premise that the Austrian emperor was the unified head of state, and the name of the country was also renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed at the end of World War I, and Hungary achieved complete independence at the end of 1918.
petofi was only 26 when he died, leaving behind a 22-year-old wife and a 1.5-year-old son. In his life, he wrote more than 8 lyric poems and 8 narrative poems, in addition to more than 8, words of novels, political essays, plays and travel notes, and quite a few of them were completed in the war. Such a high yield is very rare in the history of European literature.
petofi occupies a unique position in the history of Hungarian literature and even the whole nation. He laid the cornerstone of Hungarian national literature, inherited and developed the fighting tradition of Enlightenment literature, and was hailed as "a thorny rose that grew in the fertile black soil soaked with the blood of slaves". For more than a century, petofi, as a banner for national liberation and literary revolution, has also been recognized by progressives all over the world. His well-known poems are still widely read today.