1. The classical Chinese phenomenon of letterpress
1. Block-printed books. Ban, commonly known as "version", is used as an adverbial noun, and engraving is used.
2. All the later classics are written in tablet form, which is connected with "Yi". 3. If there are three or two copies of Zhiyin, Zhi: "only", adverb.
⒈Block-printed books: "Ban", the noun is used as a verb, indicating a tool. "Use engraving".
2. Noun as verb: The Five Classics were printed in the Five Dynasties: "print" printing 3. Huoshao Lingjian: "fire", noun as adverbial, expressing the way, "using fire". 4. Then use fire to dissolve the medicine: "fire" is used to bake with fire, and the noun is used as a verb. 5. Wooden grid is stored: "wooden grid", the noun is used as an adverbial, and the expression is "use wooden grid".
6. The noun of paper post is used as a verb, "mark it with a label" ⒈It is covered with rosin, wax and paper ash (to cover it, apply it. Today's common meaning For: to reveal to the outside, to be reckless, to pretend, etc.) ⒉ A board has been written by oneself (from: in addition.
Today’s commonly used meaning is: oneself, from, etc.) ⒊Wen Li has Density (Literature and Science: the texture of wood. Today it refers to the organization of article content, words, etc.) ⒋ Medicine is slightly melted (Medicine: the ancient meaning refers to the rosin, wax and other substances mentioned in the article; today it refers to medicines for treating diseases) ⒌In Qingli, there is Bu Yi Bi Sheng (Bu Yi: ancient meaning refers to common people; modern meaning refers to a kind of clothing) ⒈Ban (1) Block printing of books, which was not yet popular in the Tang Dynasty.
Use carved boards (noun as adverbial) (2) Later classics are all written in wood. Engraved board (noun) ⒉ seal (1) If only three or two copies are printed.
(Printing, verb. Below, in "Block-printed books", "The Five Classics began to be printed in the Five Dynasties", "Want to print", "If hundreds of thousands of books are printed", "The person who printed this is the best" "Seal" is the same as this) (2) Each character is one seal.
(Word seal, seal, noun. The following "is densely covered with character seals", "each byte has several seals", "each word has more than twenty seals", "the seal falls off by itself", " The seal is obtained by the group. "Seal" in "Seal" is the same as this) ⒊Fire (1) Hold it and shine it with fire.
Use fire (verb) (2) Burn Ling Jian with fire. Use fire (noun as an adverbial) (3) Use fire to melt the medicine.
Burn with fire (noun used as verb) (4) Burn with grass. Burning a fire ⒋ can (1) be done in an instant.
Can (verb to be willing) (2) Gao Keer millet is allowed. About (adverb) ⒌if (1) If only three or two copies are printed.
If (conjunction) (2) is not as good as burnt soil. Like (verb) ⒍ post (1), use paper to post it.
Tongtie, label (verb) tiě (2) Each rhyme is one tie. Category, label (noun) tiě ⒎Just (1) Hold on to the fire.
Approach (verb) (2) It is more interchangeable and can be done in an instant. Complete (verb) ⒏ Use (1) to prepare for duplicates in a board.
Conjunction, connecting two clauses, indicating purpose, translated as "to use". (2) Post it with paper/burn it with grass fire/not make it with wood/whistle it with your hand, use (3) Use rosin, wax and paper ash/press it with a flat plate/burn it with grass fire/not use it The preposition for making it out of wood / brushing it with your hands / sticking it up with paper, use, take (4) put the preposition on the iron plate with an iron frame, put ⒐ as (1) The people of the Tang Dynasty have not yet flourished it / each rhyme is one stick ( Do, verb)
(2) are all scripts. Is (verb) (3) The seal is for the group to obtain.
Be (preposition) (4) Extremely fast (verb) (5) It is also a trap (verb, invention) (6) Each word is a seal (verb, engrave) (7) Not with The one made of wood (verb, carve) (8) Manchu Iron Fan is a board (verb, become) (9) It is not simple. It is ⒑ Its (1) the pronoun of its method refers to the pronoun of movable type printing (2) the pronoun of rosin, wax and paper ash is used to refer to the iron plate (3) the pronoun of a flat plate is used to press the surface, referring to the layout. Good calligraphy (4) is a pronoun for its printing, and those (5) is a pronoun obtained by the group, and his (1) Tang people have not yet become popular in referring to "block-printed books" (2) with rosin, The pronoun "this" such as wax and paper ashes (3) Maozhi/Zhijihuoyangzhi/more interchangeably refers to "iron plate" (4) Use paper stickers/wooden grid storage to refer to unused characters ( 5) Turn-engraving refers to "odd characters" (6) Those that are not made of wood refer to movable type molds (7) Those that are made of hand brushes refer to character molds ⒓ (1) Later classics are all in block form (commonly known as " ", preposition) (2) One board has been printed (already, adverb.
The same as "already" in "the second board has been set up" below) ⒔ since (1) one board has been printed Seal (in addition, adverb) (2) Its seal falls (self, pronoun). 2. Who knows about the translation of ancient texts using rigid blocks?
People in the Tang Dynasty did not use rigid blocks to print books on a large scale.
The Five Classics began to be printed in the Five Dynasties, and all subsequent books were printed on engraving boards. During the Qingli period, Bi Sheng, a commoner, invented another trap.
Its method is to use clay to carve characters, which are as thin as the edges of copper coins. Each character is made into a character mold and burned with fire to make it hard. First set up an iron plate and cover it with rosin, wax mixed with paper dust.
If you want to print, take an iron frame and put it on the iron plate, and then arrange the lettering molds densely. When the iron frame is full, it will serve as a plate. Hold it close to the fire and bake it; the medicine will melt slightly. , just take a flat plate and press its surface, then all the characters arranged on the board will be flat like a whetstone. If you only print three or two copies, it cannot be considered simple; if you print dozens or even hundreds or thousands of copies, it is extremely fast.
When printing, two iron plates are usually made. One plate is being printed, and the other plate has been arranged with additional fonts. This plate has just been printed, and the second plate is ready. The two plates alternate. Use it and it can be completed in a very short time. Each character has several character models, such as "Zhi", "Ye" and other characters. Each character has more than twenty character models, which are used to prevent repeated characters in a board.
When not in use, use labels made from paper strips to classify them. Make a label for each rhyme part and store them in wooden grids. If there are rare characters that are not prepared at ordinary times, carve them out immediately and grill them over a grass fire, and they can be made quickly.
The reason why we don’t use wood to make movable type molds is that the texture of the wood can be loose or fine, and it will become uneven if it is stained with water. In addition, the wood and the medicine will stick to each other and cannot be removed; it is better to use clay to bake it. After using the character mold, bake it with fire to melt the medicine, then rub it with your hands, and the character mold will fall off on its own without being stained by the drug at all. After Bi Sheng's death, his calligraphy stencils were obtained by my cousins ??and nephews, and they are still treasured today. 3. Second grade classical Chinese essays "Ma Shuo", "Humble House Inscription", "Nuclear Boat Chronicle" and "Moving Edition"
Translation of "Horse Shuo"
There was Bole in the world, and then there was the thousand-mile horse. A thousand-mile horse often appears, but Bole does not always appear. Therefore, even if there is a famous horse, it will only be humiliated in the hands of the servant groom and die in the stable with the ordinary horses. It will not be famous for traveling thousands of miles a day.
A horse that travels a thousand miles a day can sometimes eat a stone of food after one meal. The person who feeds the horse does not know that it can run a thousand miles in a day without feeding it. Therefore, although such a horse has the ability to travel thousands of miles in a day, it does not have enough food and strength, and its talents and advantages cannot be expressed externally. If you want to be able to do the same as an ordinary horse, how can you expect it to be able to travel thousands of miles a day?
If you don’t drive it according to the method and feed it, it will not be able to give full play to its talents. When a thousand-mile horse neighs, you can’t understand its meaning. You just stand in front of it, holding the whip, and say: "There is no thousand-mile horse in the world." ! "Alas, is there really no thousand-mile horse? I’m afraid I really don’t know Chollima!
Go to Baidu to find La! ! 4. Translation of the original text of the wooden board
Original text The printing of books on wooden boards was not yet popular in the Tang Dynasty.
The Five Classics began to be printed in the Five Dynasties, and all subsequent classics were printed. In the Qingli calendar, there are commoners who are promoted, and they are also traps.
The method: use clay to carve words, as thin as a coin lip, each word is a seal, and burn it to make it strong. First set up an iron plate, and put rosin, wax, paper ash and the like on it.
If you want to make a seal, place an iron mold on an iron plate, which is densely covered with characters and seals. The iron mold is filled with a plate, hold it in the fire, and when the medicine is slightly melted, press a flat plate on its surface. The characters are as flat as a stone. If you print only three or two copies, it is not easy; if you print hundreds, hundreds, or thousands of copies, it is extremely fast.
Two iron plates are often made, one plate is printed, and the other plate has already printed the words. The person who has just completed the printing will have the second plate ready, and they can be used interchangeably, which can be done in an instant. Each word has a number of seals, such as "Zhi", "Ye" and other characters. Each character has more than twenty seals to prepare for duplication in one board.
If not, use paper stickers, each rhyme is one sticker, and store it on a wooden grid. If there are strange characters that are unprepared, they can be carved with a twist and burned with grass and fire, and they can be completed in an instant.
If it is not made of wood, the texture will be sparse and dense. If it touches water, it will be uneven, and it will stick to the medicine, which is not advisable. If you brush it, the seal will fall off and it will not be stained. After his death, his seal was obtained by Yu Qun and has been preserved to this day.
Word annotation 1. Block-printed books: Books printed with woodblocks. Block printing, printing with engraving.
Ban, the same as "edition." 2. Sheng weizhi: To do this kind of thing on a large scale.
Zhi, refers to "printing books on boards". Sheng, large scale.
p>
To do. 3. Five Dynasties: Refers to the five dynasties after the Tang Dynasty, including the Later Liang, the Later Tang, the Later Jin, the Later Han, and the Later Zhou.
Shi, Cai. The Five Classics: the classics of Confucianism. , refers to the "Book of Changes", "Book of Songs", "Book of Rites", and "Spring and Autumn".
After the Han Dynasty, it is collectively called the "Five Classics". /p>
Same as "Yi". 6. Classics: refers to all kinds of important (documentary) books.
7. Banben: A book printed on a wooden board. 8. Qingli: Song Renzong. Year number (1041-1048).
9. Common people. This refers to scholars who are not officials.
In ancient times, common people wore linen clothes, so they were called common people. : the edge of a copper coin.
11. to make an impression.
13. to mix. /p>
14. Mao: Meng, Gai. 15. Fan: Frame.
16. Hold it to the fire (yáng): put it on the fire.
Just, get close.
Yang, roast. 17. Medicine: refers to the rosin, wax and other substances mentioned above.
18. The character is as flat as a whetstone (dǐ): the character print is as flat as a whetstone. 19. Zhi: Same as "only".
20. Not simple: It cannot be regarded as simple. 21. Tens, hundreds, thousands: dozens or even hundreds or thousands.
22. Zi: Bi Zi, in addition. 23. Tool: Get ready.
24. Geng (gēng) mutual: alternate, take turns. 25. To: used for.
26. Tiě: mark it with a piece of paper. Posts, marked with tags.
27. Each rhyme is a post (tiě), which is stored in wooden grids (zhù): each rhyme character is made into a label and stored in wooden grids. Rhyme refers to the rhyme part.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people divided Chinese characters into 206 rhymes according to the rules of poetry rhyme, and later they were combined into 106 rhymes. 28. Strange (qí) characters: characters that are written in a special way, or are uncommon or not commonly used.
29. Spin: Immediately, quickly. 30. Those who do not use wood to make movable type: the reason why wood is not used to carve movable type.
31. Arts and science: texture, texture. 32. Concurrently: and.
33. Undesirable: cannot be taken down. 34. Burnt (fán) soil: refers to the clay imprint that has been burned by fire.
Burn: burn. 35. End (qì): end, finished.
36. Fú: wipe, dust away. 37. Not at all: Not at all.
38. Cousins ??(cóng): cousins ??and nephews. Translation: Using woodblock printing, people in the Tang Dynasty had not yet done this on a large scale.
It was not until the Five Dynasties that engravings were used to print the Five Classics. Since then, all classic documents have been printed in engravings. During the Qingli period, commoner Bi Sheng invented letterpress printing.
The method is: use clay to carve a character mold, which is as thin as the edge of a copper coin. Carve each character into a character mold. After carving, bake it on the fire to make it hard. ,firm. First prepare an iron plate and cover it with rosin, wax mixed with paper ash and the like.
When you want to print, put an iron frame on the iron plate, (then) fill it up densely with the typeface, and when it is full, it will be counted as a version, (then) bake it close to the fire, ( When the rosin and wax have melted slightly, put a flat plate on the page and press it down. The printing will be as flat as a whetstone. If you only print two or three copies, it is not easy; if you print dozens or even hundreds of thousands of copies, it is extremely fast.
Usually two iron plates are made. This one is printed, and the other one is already typesetting. This one has just been printed, and that one is ready. The two are used alternately, and the work is done in a very short time. It can be printed. There are several character models for each character, such as "Zhi", "Ye", etc. Each character has more than twenty characters printed to prevent them from being repeated in one edition.
When not in use, mark it with a piece of paper, make a label for each rhyme word, and store it in a wooden grid. When encountering rare characters that are not prepared at ordinary times, carve them immediately, bake them with grass, and they will be ready in a while.
The reason why wood is not used to engrave movable type is that the texture of wood is uneven and becomes uneven when exposed to water. In addition, it is stuck with rosin, etc., making it difficult to handle (when unloading the plate). Unlike the character molds fired with clay, which are baked with fire after printing to melt the medicine, the characters will naturally fall off with a touch of hand, and will not be stained by the medicine at all. After Bi Sheng's death, those calligraphy models were preserved by my cousins ??and nephews, and they are still treasured today. 5. The main feature of the trap is (summary in one word). Around this feature <<; trap&
About the author Shen Kuo (1031~1095 AD), Zi Cunzhong, Qiantang, Hangzhou (now Zhejiang) Hangzhou), scientist and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty.
When he was 1 year old, he moved south to Wuyishan and Jianyang in Fujian, and later lived in seclusion in Youxi in Fujian. In the eighth year of Renzong Jiayou's reign (AD 1063), he became a Jinshi.
During the reign of Shenzong, he participated in Wang Anshi's reform movement. In the fifth year of Xining (AD 1072), he was promoted to Si Tianjian, and the following year he went to Zhejiang and Zhejiang to inspect water conservancy and police services.
In the eighth year of Xining (AD 1075), he went to Liao as an envoy to refute Liao's territorial claims. The following year, he was appointed Hanlin bachelor and Quan Sansi envoy to rectify Shaanxi's salt administration.
Later he learned about Yanzhou (now Yan'an, Shaanxi Province) and strengthened the defense against Xixia. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), the Song army was defeated by Xixia in the battle of Yongle City and was demoted.
In his later years, he wrote "Mengxi Bi Tan" in Mengxi Garden, Zhenjiang based on his life experiences. Shen Kuo's scientific achievements are multifaceted.
He studied astronomy intensively and advocated a new calendar that is similar to today's solar calendar. In terms of physics, he recorded the principles of compasses and various production methods; discovered the existence of geomagnetic declination more than 400 years earlier than Europe; also expounded the principle of concave mirror imaging; and also explained the laws of oscillation and other phenomena. Research.
In terms of mathematics, he created the "Gap Product Technique" (the summation method of second-order arithmetic series) and the "Method of Circles" (given the diameter of a circle and the height of an arc, find the arc's chord and arc length methods).
In terms of geology, he studied the formation of alluvial plains and the erosion of water, and was the first to propose the name of petroleum.
In medicine, there are many records of effective prescriptions and many medical works. In addition, he recorded in detail the scientific development and production technology at that time, such as Bi Sheng's invention of movable type printing and metal smelting methods.
The original text of "Trapboard" is a board-printed book ①, which was not yet popular in the Tang Dynasty ②. The Five Classics ④ were first printed during the ③ period of the Five Dynasties, and later ⑤ classics ⑥ were all written in tablet form ⑦.
In Qingli ⑧, there is Bu Yi ⑨ Bi Sheng, which is also a trap. The method is to use clay to engrave characters, which are as thin as a coin lip ⑩, each character is a seal (11), and the fire makes it strong (12).
First set up an iron plate, with rosin, wax and (13) paper dust on it (14). If you want to make a seal, place an iron model (15) on an iron plate, which is densely covered with characters. The iron model is a plate, and hold it against the fire (16). When the medicine (17) is slightly melted, press it with a flat plate. The face is as flat as a stone (18).
If it is only (19) to print three or two copies, it is not easy (20); if it is to print dozens of hundreds or thousands (21) copies, it is extremely fast. Often two iron plates are used, one plate is used for printing, and the other plate has been printed (22). The person who has just completed the printing will have the second plate (23), and they can be used (24) with each other, and the (25) can be done in an instant. .
Each word has a number of prints, such as "Zhi", "Ye", etc. Each word has more than twenty prints to prepare for duplication in one board. If not, use paper posts (26), one post for each rhyme, and store them in wooden grids (27).
If there is a strange word (28) that you are not prepared for, you can carve it with a spin (29) and burn it with grass and fire, and it can be done in an instant. If it is not made of wood (30), Wenli (31) will be sparse and dense, and it will be uneven if it touches water. Also (32) it will stick to the medicine, so it is not advisable (33); it is not as good as burnt soil (34), and it will be used up. (35) Then use fire to melt the medicine, then brush it with your hand, and the seal will fall off without being stained (36).
After ascending to death, his seal was obtained by Yu Quncong (37) and has been preserved to this day. Notes on words: ①Block-printed books: That is, books are printed with wood board engraving.
Block printing, woodblock printing. ②Shengweizhi: do (use) on a large scale.
It refers to "block-printed books." ③Five Dynasties: refers to the five dynasties after the Tang Dynasty, including the Later Liang, the Later Tang, the Later Jin, the Later Han, and the Later Zhou.
④Five Classics: The classics of Confucianism, referring to "Yi", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Book of Rites", and "Spring and Autumn". After the Han Dynasty, they were collectively called the Five Classics.
⑤After: in the future. Already, through "with".
⑥Classics: important documents and books. ⑦Banben: A book printed on a wooden board.
⑧Qingli: The reign of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (1041~1048). ⑨Buyi: civilians.
In ancient times, people without official positions wore cloth clothes, so they were called cloth clothes. ⑩ Qian Lip: The edge of the copper coin.
(11) Seal: impression. (12) Ling Jian: Make it hard.
(13) and (hu^): mixed. (14) Mao: Meng, Gai.
(15) Fan: frame. (16) Hold it to the fire (y2ng): put it on the fire and roast it.
Just, get close. Yang, roast.
(17) Medicine: refers to the rosin, wax and other substances mentioned above. (18) The characters are as flat as a whetstone (d!): (All the characters arranged on the board) are as flat as a whetstone.
(19) Stop: only. (20) Not simple: It cannot be regarded as simple.
(21) Tens, hundreds, thousands: dozens or even hundreds or thousands. (22) Zi: Do not Zi, in addition.
(23) Tool: Get ready. (24) Update (g5ng) mutual: alternate, take turns.
(25) Just: Completed. (26) Post it with paper: (Category the movable type) Mark it with paper strips.
Posts, marked with tags. (27) Each rhyme is a post, and it is stored in wooden grids: it means to classify the characters according to rhyme and place them in wooden grids.
(28) Odd words: uncommon words. (29) Spin: Immediately, quickly.
(30) Those who do not use wood for wood: The reason why wood is not used to carve movable type. (31) Arts and science: texture, texture.
(32) And: and. (33) Undesirable: Can’t take it off.
(34) Burnt (f2n) soil: It is the above-mentioned "carving with clay and burning with fire to make it strong". Burn: burn.
(35) End (q@): Completed. (36) Not at all: not at all.
(37) For Yu Qun Cong (z#ng): by my younger brothers and nephews. Group, crowd, all.
Cong, second to the closest relative, for example, cousins ??are Cong brothers, nephews are Cong sons, and uncles are Cong father. Just say "from" means someone who is younger than yourself.
The people of the Tang Dynasty did not use woodblock printing to translate poetry and prose on a large scale. It was not until the Five Dynasties that engravings were used to print the Five Classics. Since then, all classic documents have been printed in engravings.
During the Qingli period, Bi Sheng, a commoner, created letterpress printing. His method was to use clay to engrave characters and seals, which were as thin as the edge of a copper coin. Each character was imprinted. After engraving, bake it with fire to make it hard and firm.
First prepare an iron plate and spread things like rosin, wax and paper ash on it. When you want to print, put an iron frame on the iron plate, and then arrange the characters one after another. When the lines are full, it will be considered a plate. (Then) take it to the fire and bake it until the rosin and wax melt slightly. Just put a flat plate on the page and press it down, and the characters will be as flat as a whetstone.
If you only print two or three copies, it is not simple; if you print dozens, hundreds or even thousands of copies, it is very fast. (It is best to) always prepare two iron plates, one for printing and one for typesetting at the same time. This one has just been printed, and the other one has been arranged. Use the two alternately, and the printing can be completed in a very short time.
Each word has several word prints, like. 6. Please tell me about various aspects of writing phenomena in "Xu Xing" (Tongjia characters, variant characters, ancient and modern characters, etc.)
What are Tongjia characters? When the ancients created words, they created a word to express a meaning, but which word should be used to express a certain meaning? Sometimes there are certain rules; but some words are still being formed and there are no certain rules. You may use this word to express a certain meaning, or you may use a homophone to express that meaning. This homophone is "tongjiazi", tongjiao. The character that the character replaces is called the "original character". For example, "What's more, I'm not being kind to you" ("Foolish Old Man"). At that time, "Hui" was generally used to express wisdom, but sometimes "Hui" could also be used to express it, so "Hui" became This is the Tongjia character for "wisdom". Another example is "Lie Que thunderbolts, hills and mountains collapse." ("Tian Mu"), according to the general situation, it should be written as "Lie Que", but in ancient times, "Lie" can also be used instead of "Split". Therefore, "Lie" became a pseudonym for the original character "cleave". This method has been preserved to such an extent that Mr. Sun Yat-sen in the 20th century also wrote according to this method, such as "Those who advocated the Three People's Principles and the Five-Power Constitution thirty years ago, and for whom the martyrs did not hesitate to sacrifice their lives to fight for them, cannot do so." The implementation is the same as before ("Huanghuagang"). "Sing" is the alias for "advocate".
Another reason why the ancients used Tongjia characters is that the original characters can represent many meanings. Later, in order to reduce the burden of this character, a new character was created, but the old character was still found in ancient books. In the eyes of later generations, the old characters were Tongjia characters and the new characters were Benzi characters. For example, "Block-printed books were not yet popular in the Tang Dynasty." ("Floor Banner") "Ban" was used as "ban" at that time. "Board" can mean either a wooden board or a printing plate. Later, in order to reduce the burden of "ban", a special character "ban" was created to represent printing plate, so "ban" became the pseudonym for "ban", and "ban" became the original character.
In most cases, the pronunciation of Tongjiazi and the original character are the same, because Tongjiazi is the homophone of the original character. However, due to the great changes in pronunciation from ancient times to the present, the pronunciation of some Tongjia characters is inconsistent with the original characters. For example, "The teacher of the boy, who teaches the book and learns his sentences, is not what I call the person who teaches his way and solves his confusion ("Shi Shuo")", the pseudo character "read" replaces the original character "dou". The pronunciation of "read" is dú, and the pronunciation of "du" is dòu.