1. The relationship between Su Shi’s poetry and Ouyang Xiu’s poetry, and the relationship between Su Shi’s poetry and poetry
On Su Shi’s “poetry as poetry” Summary: “Ci” as the so-called The "literature of a generation" was originally a quiet and gentle trickle in the long river of poetry in my country, but Su Shi turned it into a turbulent and majestic torrent with his creative practice of "using poetry as words" .
Through the discussion of Su Shi’s practice of using poems as lyrics, this article realizes that although Su Shi’s attempt to “integrate poetry with words” changed the original aesthetic characteristics of words, it also greatly broadened the realm and subject matter of words. This allows the morals of the article and the personal feelings of children to be coexisted in the ci, and further brings the function of "expressing ambition" of "poetry" into the "ci", greatly improving the literary status of ci. In the field of poetry, Su Shi implemented the literary concepts of "clearing the way and applying it" and "contributing to the world", introduced "the way of poetry" into the creation of poetry, improved the relatively humble style of poetry, and carried and publicized the scholar-bureaucrats in his poetry. Personality strength and subjective spirit, thus achieving the unity of poetry and Ci.
Keywords: Su Shi, using poems as lyrics, poems are different, poems are integrated, and the scholar-officials’ subjectivity has been discussed by predecessors. Whether they praise or criticize Su Shi’s poems, they all regard him as the person who started a new trend in Song poetry. A giant in the literary world. Just as the "Sikuquanshu General Catalog? Categories of Ci and Music? Summary of Dongpo's Ci" says: "Since the late Tang Dynasty, Ci poetry has been based on Qingqie and Wanli, but it changed with Liu Yong, just like the poet Bai Juyi, and Shi Shi In a sudden change, for example, there was Han Yu, a poet who founded the Xin Qiji school in the Southern Song Dynasty. Looking for its origins and tracing back to its origins, one has to call it a different style, but it cannot be said that it is not a work of art.
Therefore, to this day, it is still with flowers. The above quotations compare Su Shi and Han Yu, and believe that Su Shi's status in the history of poetry is roughly equal to Han Yu's status in the history of poetry. Regardless of whether this view is justified, Han Yu's poems are strange and dangerous. Generally speaking, it is indeed impossible not to call it a special style in the history of poetry. This is a conclusion.
And what kind of special style does Su Shi's Ci have in the history of Ci? This is obviously not something that can be explained in a few words, and will be discussed in detail below. The following is a famous saying by Chen Shidao from the Song Dynasty who commented on Su Shi's poetry: "Retreating to use literature as poetry, Zizhan uses poetry as poetry, just like the dance of Ambassador Lei of Jiaofang. Although it is the best work in the world, it is not its true character." < /p>
(1) Chen Shidao’s views are basically consistent with those in the above quotations, and he further pointed out that the basic feature of Su Ci is “poetry as lyrics”. What does Chen Shidao specifically mean by "using poetry as lyrics"? He didn't say it explicitly, but his evaluation of Su's Ci was very clear. The general meaning was that Su's Ci was a special style and alternative in Ci, rather than his true nature. This should be clear and unmistakable.
The question is why "using poetry as words" will lead to "although it is the best work in the world, it must not be its true nature". The reason can only be "the poems are different".
1. Reasons for using poems as lyrics: Poems are different (1) Differences in external form: There are differences in poems that cannot be read in a sentence. In terms of the external form of the words, compared with Qi Yan’s Most of the lyrics in modern style poetry are in miscellaneous style, but there are a few exceptions. Taking "Spring in the Jade House" as an example, the upper and lower columns each have four sentences, each with seven characters.
At first glance, it looks very much like Qi Lv. Therefore, it is inevitable to make mistakes when distinguishing poems only by their appearance.
If the difference between poems and lyrics is limited to this, it will not have any serious impact on the creation of literati, especially for someone like Su Shi. It is just a matter of changing the arrangement of words and sentences, and he is completely competent. But the problem is that the words are used for Xiele singing, so the words need to be filled in according to the sound, that is, according to the prescribed pronunciation relationship, so the words are also called "melody words".
Compared with modern poetry, which is not into music, the relationship between lyrics and music is much closer. It is said that Su Shi often wrote lyrics with discordant rhythms. As Li Qingzhao said: "Su Shi looked at the world of learning and heaven. As a small lyric, it is as if he was drinking water and the sea. However, the poems are not easy to read, and they are often inconsistent. " Rhythm."
(2) If the lyrics cannot follow the sound, this is the so-called "poetry that cannot be read correctly." There have always been different opinions on Li Yian's theory, and records of Su Shi's Zhiyin Association are mostly found in Song Dynasty writings.
Since the study of Ci rhythm is almost lost, it is a difficult point in Ci study, especially for a beginner. Therefore, we can only follow the ancient saying "I don't know what I don't know", which is a rough summary.
(2) Differences in artistic conception and theme: Poems are different in terms of their broad realm and long words. The biggest difference among them should be the difference in artistic conception and theme. This is of course the traditional graceful poetry. It is also based on the basic style of Ci, because "graceful Ci" accounts for the vast majority of the total amount of Ci compared to the so-called "bold Ci". Regarding the differences in artistic conception and themes between poems, Wang Guowei made a very insightful comment in "Human Words": "Ci as a form must be subtle and suitable for cultivation. It can express what the poem cannot express, but cannot fully express what the poem has. The so-called "broad realm" means that the artistic conception and subject matter of "poetry" should be majestic and grand compared to "ci". "Long words" means euphemistic and delicate, so the artistic conception it brings is delicate and soft. Therefore, "ci" should be more euphemistic than "poetry".
Is this comment correct?
The following is an example of Wen Tingyun, a scholar of the late Tang Dynasty, as an example: Su Wu Temple In front of the Han Dynasty envoy, Su Wu's soul was lost, and the tall trees in the ancient temple were at a loss.
The wild geese cut off Hu Tianyue by the clouds, and the sheep in Longshang returned to the grass smoke. When I returned to the building, it was not the first tent. When I left, Guan Jian was in the year of Ding.
There is no marquis seal in Maoling, and I am crying towards the autumn waves in the river. The hills of the Bodhisattva Man overlap and the golden light disappears, and the clouds on the temples want to reach the fragrant snow on the cheeks.
Too lazy to paint my eyebrows, too late to put on makeup and wash up. Looking at the flowers in the front and rear mirrors, the images complement each other.
Newly embroidered Luo Ru, both golden partridges. Wen Tingyun is a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty and a representative of the so-called "Huajian School" of poets.
Even those who have not read the above two poetry works and have a little knowledge of poetry can tell that one is poetry and the other is lyrics. As Wang Jing'an said above, there are indeed obvious differences in the artistic conception and themes of poetry.
As far as the works cited above are concerned, the theme of the poem is nostalgia and the theme of the poem is grievances between friends. And the artistic conceptions they create are obviously different. The poems are sad and desolate, while the words are gentle and delicate.
But questions come one after another. Why does the same writer have such obvious differences in artistic conception when he writes poetry and lyrics? And this is not an isolated phenomenon. Comparing the poetry of Song Dynasty literati, you will find many similar situations. The scholar-bureaucrats who usually write poems and essays with a full moral and academic spirit often change completely once they write lyrics, and they look like a completely different person.
The reason must be the understanding of the functional attributes of words-the style of words by the literati and bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty. Song Dynasty. 2. Answers to < >Classical Chinese exercises
Translation: The poems written by Dongpo were recited by people every time they were written.
Every time an article (by Dongpo) was delivered, Ouyang (Xiu) was happy about it all day long, and the before and after (did not understand these two words) were like this. One day while discussing an article with Pei (someone?) about Dongpo, Ouyang Xiu sighed: If you remember my words, 30 years later, people in the world will not talk about me! During the Chongning and Daguan years, overseas poems were very popular, and young people no longer talked about Ouyang Xiu's poems.
At this time, even though the imperial court had banned (overseas poetry) and the reward money was increased to 800,000, the ban was more strict and more transmissions were made, and they often praised each other based on (overseas poetry). Scholar-officials (the term does not need to be translated) feel depressed because they cannot read Dongpo's poems. However, some people say that Dongpo's poems have no rhythm.
⒈Composed/Recited by others ⒉⑴ ① Like ② this ⑵ Scholar-officials who have not read Dongpo’s poems well will feel that they have no face (short of breath). ⒊Key points: open mind. 3. The story of Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu
When Su Shi took the college entrance examination in Beijing, the presiding judge was Ouyang Xiu, a famous literary figure in the Northern Song Dynasty.
When he was reviewing the papers, he was fascinated by Su Shi's gorgeous writing style. To prevent favoritism, the examination papers at that time were all anonymous.
So although Ouyang Xiu wanted to rate this article first, he felt that this article was very similar to that written by his disciple Zeng Gong, and he was afraid that it would be true, so he finally rated it second. It wasn't until the release of the list that Ouyang Xiu found out that the author of the article was Su Shi.
After knowing the true situation, Ouyang Xiu regretted it, but Su Shi didn't care about it at all. Su Shi's generosity and talents made Ouyang Xiu admire: "I should avoid the road and let him go." "Diye." It means that such a young talent should really stand out (this is where the idiom "stand out" comes from), and officially accept Su Shi as his disciple.
Extended information: Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi were the dazzling twin stars in the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the poetry reform movement, Ouyang Xiu was the brave and fearless standard-bearer, and Su Shi was a veritable pioneer.
They united a group of talented writers and worked together to create the glory of Northern Song Dynasty literature. Ouyang Xiu was Su Shi's idol when he was a child. After reading his articles and reciting his poems, I wanted to see him as a person and privately became his teacher.
During the Rites Examination in the second year of Jiayou's reign, Ouyang Xiuhui recognized Su Wen and was promoted to the second place in the imperial examination. Although it caused a turmoil, it also caused a great change in the atmosphere of the examination room. Ou and Su were thirty years apart in age, and they became close friends. The two generations of Wenzong successively completed the innovation of poetry and literature in the Northern Song Dynasty, and jointly created the glory of Northern Song literature.
Historically, "Ou and Su" were called together, which inspired future generations in many aspects. Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi were both born in present-day Sichuan, and Bashu culture inspired them both.
Ouyang Xiu and Su Dongpo were good friends in poetry and literature in the Northern Song Dynasty, and their relationship was that of "Bo Le" and "Qianli Ma". Reference 1: Baidu Encyclopedia - Ouyang Xiu Reference 2: Baidu Encyclopedia - Su Shi. 4. What are Su Shi's prose and Ouyang Xiu called together?
Su Shi's prose writings are grand and bold, and he and Ouyang Xiu are called "Ou Su".
Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, lyrics, prose, calligraphy and painting.
1. Su Shi's poems have broad themes, are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors, and have unique style. Together with Huang Tingjian, they are called "Su Huang".
2. Su Shi's poems belong to the bold and unrestrained style. He and Xin Qiji are both representatives of the bold and unrestrained style, and are also called "Su Xin".
3. Su Shi's prose is rich and bold, and he is called "Ou Su" together with Ouyang Xiu.
4. Su Shi, Su Xun, Su Zhe and his son are collectively called the "Three Sus".
5. Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi, and Zeng Gong in the Song Dynasty are collectively known as the "Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Prose", referred to as "Tang and Song Dynasty Prose Writers" "Eight Families".
6. Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Han Yu, and Liu Zongyuan are collectively known as the "Four Masters of Eternal Writing" by later generations.
7. Su Shi was good at calligraphy, and together with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang, they were called the "Four Masters of Song Dynasty".
8. Su Shi was also good at literati paintings, especially ink bamboo, strange rocks, dead wood, etc.
Extended information:
In February of the second year of Jiayou (1057), Ouyang Xiu, who had reached the age of knowing his destiny, became the examiner of the tribute examination of the Ministry of Rites, and presided over the Jinshi as a Hanlin bachelor. Examinations and the promotion of plain writing style had a great influence on the change of writing style in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In this exam, Ouyang Xiu also saw a better answer sheet, with smooth language and thorough reasoning. Ouyang Xiu probably belongs to his student Zeng Gong. This writing style needs encouragement, but after all, he is "one of our own" and it is difficult to take first place, so he took this paper as second place.
After the test paper was opened, it was discovered that the author of this paper was Su Shi. Also admitted to Ouyang Xiu along with Su Shi were his younger brother Su Che and a group of important figures in the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty. Ouyang Xiu made an outstanding contribution to the Northern Song Dynasty court and the entire literary history with his outstanding ability to recognize people.
After Su Shi passed the Jinshi examination, he wrote a letter of thanks to Ouyang Xiu. Ouyang Xiu praised Su Shi for his good writing, saying that he "sweated without feeling" after reading his letter, and felt that he should also avoid this young person. He rewarded Su Shi very much, and Su Shi lived up to Ouyang Xiu's expectations and eventually became another cultural giant after Ouyang Xiu.
In his later years, Ouyang Xiu often revised articles he had written when he was young. The lady advised distressedly: "You are so old and you still bother with this. Are you still a child and are you afraid that your husband will scold you?" Ouyang Xiu said with a smile: "I am not afraid of my husband scolding me, but I am afraid that my descendants will laugh." This kind of awareness of literary history and His serious attitude made him a literary giant.
Sogou Encyclopedia - The Four Great Masters of the Song Dynasty
Sogou Encyclopedia - Su Shi (a writer, calligrapher and painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties)
Sogou Encyclopedia ——The Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Sogou Encyclopedia——Ouyang Xiu (a politician and writer of the Northern Song Dynasty, one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties) 5. What are the similarities between Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi
Sorry, I didn't realize just now that this year is the 1000th anniversary of the birth of Ouyang Xiu, the literary leader of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Ouyang Xiu is the successor of Han Yu, the founder of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. They advocated writing to convey the truth, advocating that articles should be relevant to the time, and have healthy thoughts, feelings and language, which contributed to the development of literature in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It has a powerful corrective effect. Thirty years after Ouyang Xiu was born, another literary giant of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi, was born in Meizhou, a land of Bashu.
Su Shi was a rising star, and all five of the eight great families of the Tang and Song Dynasties were appreciated and promoted by Ouyang Xiu. "History of the Song Dynasty: Biography of Su Shi" records that "(Shi) later wrote a book to see Xiu, and Xiu Yu Meishengyu said: I should avoid this person to get ahead."
This is the origin of Su Shi's rise to prominence. It can be seen that Su Shi The talent is extraordinary. Ouyang Xiu has made special achievements in the field of prose.
Su Shi's achievements in poetry and lyrics surpassed Ouyang Xiu's. Both of them have talents that have been passed down to the world.
This article only analyzes and researches related to their poems, trying to gain new understanding and enlightenment in the new century. 1. Ouyang Xiu wrote four poems, namely "Ode to the Sound of Autumn", "Ode to Dreams", "Ode to Boxwood Trees" and "Ode to Hate Flies".
Among them, "Qiu Sheng Fu" has the greatest influence, and people throughout the ages have speculated and studied it. "Shu Meng Fu" is a eulogy in memory of his wife who died after two years of marriage.
The themes of the four poems have different aspects, and the conception and language are different but have the same purpose. "Ode to the Sound of Autumn" and "The Drunkard's Pavilion" can be regarded as the masterpieces of Ouyang Xiu's prose.
"The Drunken Old Man's Pavilion" is more widely circulated. "Ode to the Sound of Autumn" was written in 1059, when the author was fifty-three years old.
The full text consists of five natural paragraphs. The author's writing is extraordinary, and the reader is immediately introduced into the atmosphere of the scene - "Ouyang Xiufang was reading at night, and when he heard the sound coming from the southwest, he listened with horror. Said: "What a surprise!" The author's concentrated night reading was interrupted by the sudden sound of autumn, so he showed his surprise. The article is written in the first person.
In the second paragraph, he related the feelings of seasonal changes, knowing autumn with a leaf, secretly realizing the cycle of time, spring and autumn are regular and meaningful, and they are related to the personnel changes in human society. of. Human beings are the primates of all things, and they are also governed by natural laws.
He, who is over fifty years old, couldn’t help but speculate in the fourth paragraph: “Those with bright elixirs should be called haggard trees, and those with black and white hair should be stars. But how can a material other than gold and stone want to compete with vegetation for glory?” Whoever kills a thief can hate Qiu Sheng! "The ruthless years are not all caused by natural factors.
Ouyang Xiu lost his father at the age of four, his wife twice, and his beloved daughter and son.
After he was over fifty, his writing was naturally deep and touching.
"Ode to the Sound of Autumn" only has more than 400 words, but it shows the author's masterful handwriting. The conciseness and conciseness of the words inspire us to care for and cherish life. The sound of wind and rain at night, the number of flowers falling, the intention to impress the readers can be seen here.
"Autumn Sound Ode" has a certain connection in ideological content with Su Shi's "Qian Chibi Ode". "Ode to the Boxwood Tree" was written in 1036. The author was demoted by the court for the first time and served as county magistrate in Yiling (today's Yichang, Hubei Province).
There are no more than two natural segments in this composition. The author was boating in the river and looked at the yellow sun trees in the Yiling Valley. He was moved by the scenery. The whole text is like a rigorous poem chanting things.
Ouyang Xiufang was in his thirties when "Ode to the Boxwood Tree" came out. In the article, the author compares the five oak and double paulownia trees carefully cared for by craftsmen in the palace with the boxwood trees growing in the barren mountains. At the end, he sighs - "Wow! The sun is thinning, the clouds are dim, the smoke is flying, and the dew drops are falling; the energy is exhausted. Who appreciates the festival? "Who recognizes the lonely heart?" However, the boxwood tree has not changed its original intention, its roots are twisted and rocky, and it stands firm and strong between the sky and the earth, so it attracted the author's praise, "The festival grows late and grows stronger with each passing year." It’s already cold but not easy.”
This kind of ethics in life gave the author a silent inspiration and gave him the courage to fight the torrent of life and open up a new realm of life. Compared with "Ode to the Sound of Autumn", the author deliberately portrays the boxwood tree - "How could I know that the green moss and green moss, the green cliffs and green walls, the branches are lush with mist, the roots are twisted and stony; the fallen trees are not pines, and the pavilions are like cypresses .
The mountain top is thin, and below there are turbulent waves; the stream is cut off and there is no path, and the forest is high and silent; I lean on the most dangerous place, and there is no sign of being alone; the river has turned. But you can still see that the peaks gradually return and become slightly separated. "All scenery words are love words, and it is not difficult for us to understand the author's praise for it in the lines of the poem."
Human life should have the belief that it transcends ordinary plants. The writing is like the person, and it also reflects his character.
Wang Anshi, the famous prime minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, admired him so deeply in "Sacrifice to Ouyang Wenzhonggong" that "such as the profoundness of public utensils and the lofty knowledge, supplemented by the subtlety of scholarship, it is reflected in articles and seen in discussions. It is powerful and handsome, strange and graceful. The one that accumulates in the middle is as vast as the stagnant water of the river; the one that emerges from the outside is like the brilliance of the sun and stars.
The sound is as quiet as the floating sky. When the wind and rain come suddenly, his eloquent words and arguments are as fast as the galloping of a light chariot and a horse. Scholars in the world don't know whether they know it or not, but they can be understood by reading his words."
Wang Anshi. It is also said that he "achieves great fame and never leaves. He advances and retreats where he comes from, and he is like a heroic spirit. He does not decay with foreign objects, but grows on the side of Jishan Mountain and on the bank of Yingshui River." A few words outline Ou Gong's tallness.
Ouyang Xiu's official career has been ups and downs for forty years. He was also a minister of the imperial court, once served as prime minister, and also presided over the imperial examination selection examination. He spared no effort to promote righteousness. When we read Ou Gong's posthumous writings today, it is indeed as Wang Anshi wrote, "Reading his writings will reveal the person he was."
His struggle for life ideals is reflected in history. Wang Anshi also said in his memorial text, "Wow! Since I have been an official for forty years, I have been traveling up and down, and I have felt the ruggedness of the world. Although I am blunt and trapped, and I am scolded and displaced, I can't hide it in the end. Because I have a public discussion of right and wrong, I can suppress it and recover." Since ancient times, it has been difficult for officials to be evaluated like this.
By borrowing Wang Anshi’s original words of praise at that time, we can understand Ouyang Xiu more truly, restore Ouyang Xiu, and deeply understand the significance of commemorating Ouyang Xiu. "Reciting Dreams" is not well known.
The conception of "Ode to Hate Flies" is also quite different from "Ode to Autumn Sound" and "Ode to Boxwood Trees". Generally speaking, the literary value of these two odes is not comparable to that of "Ode to Qiu Sheng" and "Ode to Huangyang Shuzi", so they are not widely circulated.
2. Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi have a teacher-student relationship and have been friends for many years. Su Shi's talent and influence in the history of Chinese culture surpassed that of his teachers.
In May 2004, Guangzhou Publishing House published "Eight Masters of Prose of the Tang and Song Dynasties", in which Su Shi's essays ranked first, with fifteen articles included. Among them are "Ode to the Former Red Cliff", "Ode to the Later Red Cliff" and "Ode to the Shrewd Rat".
Also.